Syllabus - Università degli Studi della Tuscia

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES The aim of the course is to provide students with the main notions of the analysis mathematics aimed at making students learn techniques necessary to study the functions, solve problems based on integral calculus and solve some easy differential equations. Where possible, the concepts covered will be applied to build and study mathematical models of real phenomena related to applied sciences, in particular biology. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1) Acquire knowledge • the concepts of function, limits and derivability of the functions of one real variable and all the notions that allow you to study a function; • the notion of integral, integration methods and the main ones applications of integral calculus; • differential equations and some solving methods. Ability to apply acquired knowledge (Dublin descriptor 2) Knowing how to use the concepts learned for • solve equations and inequalities; • calculate limits, derivatives, integrals and study functions; • solve differential equations. Judgment autonomy (Dublin descriptor 3) • Be able to identify the appropriate rules to apply to solving new problems, similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills (Dublin descriptor 4) • Students' ability to talk, reason and will be stimulated discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics treated. Learning skills (Dublin descriptor 5) • Be able to discuss some scientific topics by building simple mathematical models. - FRAGNELLI Genni (syllabus) Functions and number sets Introduction: operations among sets. Function; domain, co-domain, image and graph of functions. Injective, surjective, inverse function and composition. Increasing and decreasing, odd and even functions, Number sets N, Z, Q, R. Elementary functions Review on lines, parabolas, exponential, logarithmic and trigoniometric functions. Absolute value. Neighborhood of a real number. Limit and continuity Finite and infinite limit; sign permanence theorem. Right-side and left-side limit. Existence and uniqueness of the limit. Comparison theorem. Algebra of limits and indeterminate forms. Infinite and infinitesimal. Vertical, horizontal and oblique asymptote. Continuous functions. Weierstrass theorem. Intermediate value theorem. Intermediate zero theorem. Derivatives Definition of derivative and its geometric interpretation. Calculation of derivatives. Differentiability and continuity. Point of non differentiability. Higher derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's theorem. De L’Hôpital's theorems. Taylor's theorem and McLaurin's expansion. Fermat's theorem. Maximum and minimum points. Convexity and concavity. Inflection point. Study of a function. Integral Definition of indefinite integral and its properties. Straightforward anti-derivatives. Integration by parts. Integration by substitution. Definite integral and its properties. The fundamental theorem of calculus. generalized integral. Area. Differential Equations Differential Equations: an introduction. Differential Equations of first and second order and Cauchy problems. Separate variables differential equations. Malthus model; bacterial growth; epidemic diffusion; radioactive decay. Logistic growth. (reference books) Elementi di calcolo. Versione semplificata per i nuovi corsi di laurea di Paolo Marcellini, Carlo Sbordone Editore: Liguori Data di Pubblicazione: febbraio 2016 EAN: 9788820736651 ISBN: 8820736659 Books should be completed with the notes of the lessons. It is suggested not to take notes from Internet.	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of geology. The course introduces the composition of the Earth, the dynamics of the planet and its deep and superficial structure. The lithogenetic cycle and the exogenous and endogenous processes that lead to the formation of rocks are central themes of the course. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on the internal constitution of the Earth and on the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. He will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks relating them to the processes of their formation. He will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy, the main geological structures and the large-scale dynamic processes. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will be able to: distinguish and classify the main types of rocks and their fundamental mineral constituents, use the main concepts of stratigraphy and structural geology, read and interpret topographic and geological maps. Making judgments At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on geological phenomena in different contexts and on information related to the main aspects of geology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geological characteristics of a simple areal context, and to deepen independently the main aspects of geology. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Shape and dimensions of the Earth. The internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust. Lithosphere and asthenosphere. Notes on plate tectonics. Elements of mineralogy: main physical and chemical properties, main minerals of rocks. Magmatic processes and igneous rocks. Magmatic consolidation. Structure and texture of igneous rocks. Methods of classification of intrusive, extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. Characteristics of the main igneous rocks. Volcanism: types of eruptions and types of volcanoes. Pyroclastic rocks. Exogenous processes and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation and diagenesis. Classification and characteristics of sedimentary rocks: silicoclastic; carbonatic; evaporitic; other chemical and biochemical rocks, residual rocks. Properties of sedimentary rocks. Principles of stratigraphy. Metamorphic processes and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic factors: temperature, pressure and fluid phase. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic facies and types of metamorphism. Main metamorphic rocks. Outline of structural geology: folds, faults and thrusts. Earthquakes: causes, mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes. Overview of the chronology of Earth. Topographical maps. Geological maps. (reference books) Grotzinger J.P., Jordan T.H. (2014) Understanding Earth. W. H. Freeman.	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments At the end of the training the student, will be able to make a judgment on the geomorphological and geological phenomena applied in different contexts, and on the information related to the main aspects of geomorphology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geomorphology and applied geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geomorphological and geological characteristics of a simple geological context, and to deepen independently the main aspects connected to them. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons (mandatory attendance) Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - Rules of Zoological nomenclature B - General (3 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature C - Biological functional systems (3 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals D - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). (reference books) Any recent textbook of Zoology (i.e..: M. Casiraghi, M. de Eguileor, C. Cerrano, S. Puce, 2018. Zoologia. UTET Università ISBN:9788860085184) Other information found on the Web. Other material provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 SWEENEY Shula mary (syllabus) The course includes language sessions to improve the four basic skills - listening, reading, speaking and writing - and to bring students up to a B1 level. As regards listening, this means listening to original texts relating to a variety of everyday situations and featuring a number of regional accents. Reading involves the study of texts that are both generic and more specialist and related to the students' area of study, with the focus on learning the techniques needed to correctly read the texts and answer multiple choice questions. Writing exercises include a review of the basic grammar knowledge required for B1 level and writing a variety of types of texts - emails, notices, business letters, reports, reviews, opinion essays. The course focuses less on speaking skills given the number of participants, but, in any case, there is always a chance to interact with the teacher and other students in English during all lessons. (reference books) Material provided by teacher Reference Grammar: English Grammar In Use, 5th edition - Raymond Murphy - Cambridge University Press	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118929 - COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to introduce students to a general knowledge of computer science, to two programming languages widely used in science Pyton and Matlab and to the principles of numerical calculation for the solution of equations and systems of linear algebraic equations -linear. Knowledge and understanding: develop programming skills in Python; Develop programming skills in the Matlab environment, understand, set up and solve numerically mathematical and physical problems. - CASTRIGNANO TIZIANA (syllabus) The following course is centered on the study of technologies required to transform and manipulate biological and environmental data. Specifically, it focuses on tools that facilitate the analysis of large sequencing data sets and environmental phenotypic data with the aim of achieving reproducible and robust biological results. For this reason, 3 credits of the course are dedicated to introducing the Linux environment and the tools it includes for data manipulation. The second half of the course (the remaining 3 credits) is dedicated to the use of specific software and databases. (reference books) "Fluency: Knowing and Using Computer Science"	6	INF/01	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE B - GEOMATICA (objectives) The course aims to provide the tools and methodologies for analysing the territory at the planning scale. the main training objectives are: - Knowledge and comprehension skills: during the course, the student will acquire comprehension and problem-solving skills through analysis methodologies that simulate real contexts; - Applied knowledge and comprehension skills will be developed by the student through teaching integrated with laboratory activities in classrooms equipped with dedicated GIS software; - Autonomy of judgement in the "problem solving" phase in the risk contexts addressed during the course; - Communication skills through the drafting of reports and projects to be presented during the examination; - Ability to learn. - Recanatesi Fabio (syllabus) The georeferenced data in the GIS environment. Vector and raster representation and database management. The morphometric analysis of the territory, the hydrographic basin, the soil cover. The USLE erosive model and its applications in the GIS environment. Risk analysis and risk management with particular reference to the hydraulic and hydrogeological ones. WMS services and the main national geoportals. (reference books) - TERRITORIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Principles and applications. Authors: Federica Migliaccio; Daniela Carrion. UTET Editions. - Lecture notes. All teaching materials (handouts, texts, notes) are available in the shared folder accessible via the MOODLE-UNITUS portal.	6	AGR/10	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118931 - GENETICS (objectives) The course aims to provide students with the fundamental concepts of classical and molecular genetics by examining the models of inheritance of Mendelian characters, the mechanisms of coding, replication and expression of genetic information, genetic variability and some diseases caused by genetic mutations, the genetic composition of groups formed by individual members of the same species (populations) and the ways in which this composition changes over time and space. - Derived from 118978 Genetica in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 MOSESSO Pasquale (syllabus) Genetic Program (6CFU) Undergraduate Course of Natural and Environmental Sciences (L-32) Prof. Pasquale Mosesso AA: 2022-2023 1. Mendelian inheritance and chromosome theory of inheritance Mendel’s postulates and elements of mendelian genetics applied to man and agriculture. Laws of probability and their relevance to explain genetic events (the product law and the sum law); Use of chi-square analysis to evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data, interpretation of chi-square calculations. Cell cycle; mitosis, meiosis and concordance between meiosis and genetic mendelism. Demonstration of chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomal sex-determining system; sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance. 2. Extentions of mendelian genetics Alleles alters phenotypes in different ways: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles. Environment and gene expression: Effects of “internal” and “external” environments. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction. Epistasis and pleiotropy. 3. Molecular structure and replication of genetic material Molecular structure of DNA and RNA: Identification of DNA as genetic material (experiments of Hershey and Chase). Characteristics of nucleic acids (experiments of Chargaff). Replication of DNA in the prokaryots and eucharyots. Demonstration that reproduction of DNA is by semiconservative replication (experiments of Meselson e Stahl). 4) Molecular properties of genes Structure and function of genes: Components of the eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA, histonic and non-histonic protein); Chromatin structure and nucleosomes; Repetitive DNA sequences and DNA satellite; How genes work (hypothesis one gene one protein); Colinearity between gene and protein. Complementation and mutation sites. Mechanisms of transcription of DNA; Translation of mRNA; Structure and functions of tRNA. The genetic code; Studies by Niremberg, Matthaei and Others led to the deciphering of the code; Early studies established the basic operational pattern of genetic code: The triplet nature of the code; the nonoverlapping nature of the code; the commaless and degenerate nature of the code. 5) Mechanisms of production of genetic variability Definition and classification of mutations: Gene mutations: base pair substitutions, insertions, deletions; reversion and suppression of mutations; phenotypic effects of gene mutations. Fluctuation test and spontaneous mutation in bacteria (neo Darwinian theory). Chromosome mutations: structural (chromosomal aberrations) and numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy). Environmental agents which damage DNA: Ionizing electromagnetic radiations (X-rays, γ-rays, betatron-synchrotron radiations); Ionizing subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles neutrons). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C); UV and ozone. Chemical mutagens: alkylating agents; environmental pollutants in the cities [car exhaust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, asbestos]; food additives and contaminant of aliments (aflatoxins, ochratoxins nitrosamines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, phenols of vegetal origin, etc); therapeutic agents (mitomycin-C, bleomycin, nitrogen mustards, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II, cytostatic agents); pesticides. Biological mutagens: microbial and viral pathogens; transposable elements. DNA repair systems: fotoliase, alchiltransferases, “nucleotide excision repair” (NER), “base excision repair (BER), “mismatch repair” (MMR), “SOS” repair, recombinational repair: repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and DNA double strand breaks (HR e NHEJR); DNA damage, activation of cellular “checkpoints. 6) Population genetics Allele frequencies in populations vary in space and time. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in an ideal population. The Hardy-Weinberg law can be used in human populations for multiple alleles, X-linked traits and estimating heterozygote frequencies. Natural selection is a major force driving allele frequecy change: Natural selection, fitness and selection, selection in natural populations. Mutation creates new alleles in a gene pool. Migration and gene flow can alter frequencies. Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies in small populations. Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequency but not allele frequency: Inbreeding; genetic effects of inbreeding. 7. Evolutionary Genetics (hints) The origin of species; Cladogenesis (allopatric, parapatric or sympatric); Phylogenetic trees and molecular evolution. (reference books) Recommended textbooks: Peter J. Russel “Genetics: A Molecular Approach; Griffiths A.J., Doebley J., Peichel C., Wassarman D.A. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis"; Griffiths A.J.F, Wessler S.R., Carrol S.B., and Doebley J. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";	6	BIO/18	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE A - VEGETABLE BIOLOGY (objectives) Knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the plant cell in relation to the functions performed by each tissue and organ of the plant. Understanding of the main anatomical-functional differences between Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme, Angiosperme and their evolutionary meaning. Knowledge of the main morphological modifications of the plant phenotype in response to environmental gradients. Ability to compare the reproductive cycles of Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme and Angiosperme. - Di Filippo Alfredo (syllabus) The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions. Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells. The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata. Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics. Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots. Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels. Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport . Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes: phylum Pterophyta (ferns) phylum Conipherophyta (conifers) phylum Antophyta (angiosperms) Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination. Flower structure in plants. The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.). Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees. The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients. Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism. (reference books) Suggested Textbooks: Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin. Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli. Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli. Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi	7	BIO/03	48	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118937 - MICROBIOLOGY (objectives) Formation goals The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, phisiological and metabolical charctersistic of microrganisms (mainly procariotes); their role in nature and the interactions with other organisms. Moreover, i twill consent to acquire some basic techniques for the manipulation f microorganisms in Laboratory. The cours will supply a reference framework to comprehend modern aspect related to the microbial world and their potential applications. The course will supply the basic formation for further specialised studies in microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology. learning results Knowledge and understanding ability. To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of the microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms and other organisms, their potential in biotechnology. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganism and mankind and environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the microbial world. Independent judgement. The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of the microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms. Learning ability. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences. - Derived from 15294 MICROBIOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 FENICE Massimiliano, GORRASI Susanna (syllabus) 1) History of microbiology: discovery of the microbial world; the “Abiogeny” dispute, microorganisms and their environment, impact of microorganisms on man: pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms. 2) The laboratory of microbiology: the microscope, mentions of optical physics, preparation of microscope slides, electron microscopy and other microscopy techniques. The pure culture, microbial nutrition and preparation of culture media. Theory and practice of sterilization. 3) Cytology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: general concepts, structure and ultra-structure of bacterial cells, structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, transports through the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, structure and function, the cell wall of Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaeal and eukaryotic cell walls, capsules and other envelopes, motility, flagella and chemotaxis, endospores structure and function, mentions of eukaryotic spores. 4) Cell physiology: brief reminders of chemistry and cell biochemistry (redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport, high energy compounds), biological energy production, glycolysis and alternative pathways; NAD re-oxidation: fermentations (alcoholic and lactic); aerobic respiration (TCA, electron transport phosphorylation, energy balance in respiration), mentions of anaerobic respiration and biosynthesis. 5) Microbial growth: growth of a single cell and of a microbial population, diauxic growth, effect of environmental parameters on growth (pH, temperature, etc.), methods for the control of microbial growth. 6) Principles of molecular and bacterial genetics (reminders): DNA structure, restriction enzymes, DNA replication, genetic elements, gene rearrangement, transposons, transcription, structure and function of mRNA and tRNA, translation and protein synthesis, genetic code mutations and mutagens; bacterial recombination, transformation, transduction, plasmids and conjugation. 7) Microbial classification and phylogeny (mentions) 8) Virology: “anatomy” and structure of viral particles; viral counts; general concepts of viral reproduction, principles of viral genetics, RNA/DNA phages, temperate and lytic bacterial viruses; principal animal and plant viruses (mentions). 9) Microbial ecology: isolation and identification of microorganisms (recalls), interactions among microbial population and between microorganisms and other organisms; microbial ecosystems; methods for the study of microbial ecology and diversity; biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulphur, etc.), role of microorganisms in environmental decontamination, aerobic/anaerobic catabolism of environmental pollutants, treatment of water and wastewater. 10) Microbial Biotechnology (mentions): microorganism of industrial interest, screening for industrial metabolites/enzymes. Bioreactors, structure and design, scale-up, primary and secondary metabolites; production of antibiotics, enzymes, etc. (mentions). Enzyme and cell immobilization (mentions) 11) Pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms; mentions of medical microbiology Some practical/laboratort lectures will be added to better explain some topics of laboratory tecniques (reference books) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Vol.1 e 2 (or any other more recent edition) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Vol. 1 e 2A Biologia dei microrgamismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2018. The lectures slides (PDF) are available on line. During the course, some scientific publications will be distributed and discussed. Other recent textbooks of General Microbiology could be used after a preliminary check with the teacher.	6	BIO/19	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE A - HYDROLOGY (objectives) The course has as a training objective the knowledge of hydrological processes for the understanding and management of problems inherent in the hydrological cycle. Three primary objectives can be identified: Know the hydrological phenomena. Specifically, the notions concerning the properties of precipitation and the dynamics of the formation of river floods will be deepened. Understanding and learning the concept of project flow, central training objective being the basis of most hydraulic designs. Learn and apply the Rational Formula which represents the training objective of the modeling type with a more practical and less phenomenological implication. In addition to the three main objectives, the student will also be trained directly on some soft-skills related to the topics of the course, such as basic IT tools (spreadsheets, GIS). - GRIMALDI Salvatore (syllabus) Hydrological Cycle. Meteorology (basic notions): Precipitation genesis. Meteorological Maps (GFS – 850Hp). Quantitative characterization of main hydrological phenomena. Rainfall measurements and instrumentations. Discharge definition, measurements and instrumentations. Rating curve. Watershed and flood definition. Return Period, definition and estimation. Basic notions of statistical methods for return period estimation. Design peak discharge, Rational formula, concentration time. Rainfall analysis for applying the rational formula: IDF curves. (reference books) Applied Hydrology, Chow, Maidment, Mays, McGraw-Hill In addition to the textbook, papers and materials will be available on GOMP useful for the Lab exercise and the project development.	6	AGR/08	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118936 - ECOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to provide robust basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine both the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relations with the environment. Knowledge and Understanding The students will acquire knowledge on the basic principles of ecology, with particular emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of this discipline. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program that runs through the hierarchical layers of ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), passing through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) up to the structure and functioning of communities (community ecology). Applied Knowledge and Understanding The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluatint the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be applied by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. Independent Evaluation The ability to formulate independent evaluations will be exercised thanks to the interdisciplinary and multilevel reasoning required by this discipline and by the analysis of the case studies proposed, that need the merging of complex and heterogeneous data to be understood. Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities, especially during field exercises. Ability to learn The many concepts learned and the connections linking them all will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process, essential to fully understand ecological mechanisms. - Derived from 17517 ECOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 CIMMARUTA Roberta (syllabus) General Ecology - The historical development of ecology. Ecology of the interactions between organisms and the physical environment: Conditions; Spatial and temporal variations; Adaptations in response to variations in environmental conditions; Limiting factors; Tolerance ranges; Environmental optima; Biological rhythms - climatic factors; Classification of climates; Phytogeographic zonation; Hints of paleoclimatology; Biomes. Evolutionary Ecology - Genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; Genetic variability; Evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; Balanced polymorphisms; Linkage disequilibrium; supergenes; Genetic divergence; Species concept; Reproductive isolation mechanisms; Speciation mechanisms; Hybrid zones and reinforcement; Sibling species; Biodiversity at the genetic level. Population ecology - Demography and dynamics: population structure and growth; Demographic parameters; Demographic tables; Intrinsic growth rate - numerical regulation of populations; Density dependent and independent factors; Exponential growth; environmental carrying capacity - logistic growth curve. Interspecific interactions: symbiosis; commensalism; inquilinism; antibiosis; parasitism; adaptations to parasitic life; coevolution; predation - adaptations to predation; cryptism; mimicry; intraspecific competition; interspecific competition; ecological niche; Principle of competitive exclusion; character displacement; r and K selection. Community and Ecosystem Ecology – What is community and its diversity, diversity indices, natural successions. Principles of Biogeography and islands biogeography. Ecosystems: structure, primary and secondary productivity, flux of energy through the ecosystem, trophic webs. (reference books) M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore.	9	BIO/07	48	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE B - FLORISTICS AND GEOBOTANICS (objectives) Understand the diversity of plants at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks. Knowing how to correctly use the scientific names of plant taxa. Master a picture of the diversity of Italian tracheophytes. Knowing how to use the identification techniques of vascular plant species. Being able to recognize the most common families of conifers and angiosperms of Italian flora in the field. Get a picture of the flora and vegetation of Italy. Master the basics of biodiversity and environmental distribution of vascular plants and simple applications (elements of floristic monitoring). - Filibeck Goffredo (syllabus) Plant taxonomy principles. International code of plant nomenclature. Plant phylogeny. The phyla of the kingdom Plantae. Elements of non-vascular plant systematic. How to identify a plant specimen. Taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and identification of the following families: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Orchidaceae, “Liliaceae” s.l., Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae. The Italian flora. Flora vs. vegetation. Species ranges. Habitat factors. Plant successions. Life-forms. The vegetation of Italy. Alien species. Measuring floristic diversity. Floristic monitoring. (reference books) - Pasqua-Abbate-Forni "Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale", 4a edizione, PICCIN - Marchi et al. "Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane: 1-140", Università La Sapienza - further information will be given during the classroom lectures	8	BIO/03	56	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119009 - dendroecology (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary for the identification, biology, and ecology of Italian tree species. Particular attention will be paid to the ontogenetic cycle of trees and the state and dynamics of forest populations with insights related to the naturalness of ecosystems (old forests, managed forests, degraded forests), the dynamics of forest vegetation, and the impact of climate change. At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to apply the criteria of taxonomic identification of trees of forest interest and be able to understand the environmental needs and the bio-ecological role of each species in the dynamism of forest populations. During the course, students will be stimulated to develop independent judgment, communication skills, and the ability to learn. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) General part Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees. Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation. Special part Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses. Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris. THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics (reference books) Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher. Websites (Acta plantarum) and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119010 - Geopedology (objectives) The main objective of the teaching is to provide the knowledge necessary to interpret the genesis, the evolution of a soil, and its link with the landscape, with particular reference to paleoenvironmental interpretations and the Quaternary geology. The bases will be provided to understand the processes of formation of a soil and the link with environmental (climate, geology, morphology) and anthropic factors (use and management of the soil). The student will learn the basics to understand the spatial distribution of soils and their temporal evolution within the landscape, through practical examples of interpretation of soil maps and reading of the pedo-landscape. - Priori Simone (syllabus) Physico-chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics of soils. Pedogenetic factors (climate, lithology, morphology, time, and biota, including humans). The main forms of the landscape (karst, glacial, river, slope, structural) that guide the distribution and evolution of soils Pedogenetic processes that drive the development of soil horizons. Soil profile and genetic horizons. International classification of soils and distribution of soils in the world. The soil survey and the interpretation of a profile. Soils as an archive of the past: paleopedology Recognize and study paleosols and relict soils, witnesses of different environmental conditions of the past and important indicators of climate change. (reference books) - Certini G., Ugolini F.C.; Basi di pedologia, Edagricole - Lecture notes by the teacher	6	AGR/14	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119008 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LABORATORY
- MODULE A - CHEMICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO A inglese The course introduces and deepens the concepts and main experimental approaches on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring through the knowledge and practice of the main instrumental methods for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic and inorganic substances present in the environment. Knowledge will focus in particular on chemical monitoring of water and soil. A) Educational objectives: To build a theoretical and applicative competence on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: the knowledge will concern in particular the chemical monitoring of superficial water and soil; 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: part of the course will be dedicated to carrying out practical exercises from an applicative applicative point of view, simulating real situations; 3) Autonomy of judgment: knowledge and practical application will allow autonomy of judgment and planning skills; 4) Communication skills: knowledge and application practice will also be useful in the development of communication skills through the reading and interpretation of the instrumental data obtained; 5) Ability to learn: the ability to learn will be evaluated through exercises concerning theory and interpretation of instrumental data. - BOTTA LORENZO (syllabus) Data Quality: Principal parameters for the validation of an analytical method: detection and quantification limits, sensibility, robustness, recovery and use of certified materials; analytic approximation referred to law limits and interpretation of experimental data; expression of analytical results; systematic and random contribution to the approximation. (DM 260/2010, allegato 1, Pag 29-30). Sampling and sample preparation: sampling representativeness considering the adopted sampling technique; sample storage; compatibility of the sample with the instrumental techniques; sample pretreatment: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction; sample purification. Principles of Organic-Analytical Chemistry: mixtures separation: crystallizzation, solvent extraction: extrazion with supercritic fluids, distillation, cromathografy. Chromatography: theoretical considerations, partition coefficient, resolution. Chromatographic techniques: adsorption, partition, ionic exchange, exclusion. Cromathographic methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas cromathography (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Spectroscopy: the electromagnetic spectrum, radiation-matter interaction, effect of the chemical structure on the absorption, Lambert-Beer law. Principal environmental applications of the atomic and molecular spectroscopy: flame and graphite atomizers for the atomic absorption; plasma spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, infrared (IR). Calibration Methods: external calibration, use of an internal standard, adding method. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Environmental chemistry: water: alkalinity and acidity, oxidation, reduction, complexation and chelation reactions. Organic and Inorganic pollutants: organics: hydrocarbons; polimers; oils and lubrificants. Polichlorophenyls and derivatives (polichlorobiphenyls, furans e dioxins). Surfactants: persistence, solubility, transport and hydrolytic reactivity. inorganics: N-NH4, N-NO3, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen (LIMeco descriptors). Laboratory: liquid-liquid extraction, spectrophotometric analysis of N-NH4, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen, GC-MS and NMR analyses of the organic pollutants (Analytical Methods Acque-APAT, IRSA). (reference books) Chimica Ambientale, Casa Editrice: Zanichelli; Autore: C. Baird. Chimica dell'ambiente, Casa Editrice: Piccin; Autore: S.E. Manahan. Identificazione spettrometrica di composti organici; Editore: CEA; Autore: R. M. Silverstein	6	CHIM/06	24	24	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
- MODULE B - BIOLOGICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO B inglese Understanding the meaning of the use of biological indicators for environmental monitoring. Acquisition of general skills for the use of the biological methodologies provided for by the laws in force on environmental monitoring, in particular that of aquatic systems, through the integral application of a biological index. A) Educational objectives: to develop design and execution skills for biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: The acquired knowledge will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns, and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality. 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: The application of knowledge will be focused on a methodological study of the indexes currently used to assess the ecological status of environmental matrices, considering in particular soil and inner watercourses, through practical activities in the field and in the laboratory. 3) Autonomy of judgment: The ability to formulate independent assessments can be exercised in the interpretation phase of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at motivated judgments. 4) Communication skills: These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities. 5) Ability to learn: The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices. - BELLATI Adriana (syllabus) Changes in environmental quality, pollution and environmental monitoring (quality of air, soil, water); Biological monitoring of air: atmosphere and impacts; bioindicators of air quality; IBL index. Biological monitoring of soil: soil matrix and impacts; bioindicators of soil quality; QBS index. In-depth activity: sampling techniques and recognition of pedofauna; determination of the QBS-ar index. Biological monitoring of costal waters: general aspects and impacts; bioindicators and ecological indices; legal aspects (WFD amd MSD). Biological monitoring of inland water bodies: general characteristics of inland waters: classification and impacts; biological indices (of diversity, the saprobic system and the biotic indices -BMWP, ASPT, IBE). The river: self-purifying capacity, metabolic efficiency, river continuum concept, ecological and hydroclimatic factors; The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 / EC): typing, different types of monitoring, reference conditions; The elements of biological quality (EQB): Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Diatoms and Pisces; In-depth activity: definition of the ecological status of a river course through macrobenthos and the elements of chemical-physical and hydromorphological quality in support; determination of the STAR_ICMi index. The most recent methodologies for the isolation and the analysis of diagnostic DNA markers for the resolution of the biological diversity for environmental monitoring: sampling techniques, including complex environmental matrices, collection and biological conservation tools. (reference books) Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) IRSA manuals ISPRA manuals Atlases and identification cards The texts will be provided by the teacher, who will indicate the links for the retrieval	6	BIO/05	24	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118938 - IDROGEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the comprehension of the main hydrogeological processes for the management and protection of groundwater resources. Students will be introduced to the understanding of how water gets into the ground (recharge), how it flows in the subsurface (through aquifers), how groundwater interacts with the surrounding soil and rock (the geology) and how flows out in different ways (different kinds of springs). For the understanding of these processes the hydrogeological features, interaction between surface water and groundwater and chemical-physical parameters will be analysed in the framework of protection and sustainable management of water resources. 1) Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge about the main hydrogeological features of rocks and soils, about the mechanisms governing groundwater flow circulation and distributions and about water quality. The student will be also able to classify different types of aquifer and spring categories, and he/she will be able to analyse the relationship between groundwater and other water bodies (rivers, lakes, sea, etc.). The student will be able to understand the principle of sustainable exploitation and vulnerability of groundwater also in the framework of current legislation. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of training activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: read and analyze a hydrogeological map; critically analyse hydrodynamic aquifer parameters, carry out a piezometric map also defining the main features, classify waters basing on their chemical-physical characteristics, the student must be able to evaluate vulnerability and degree of exploitation of groundwater resources. 3) Making judgments The student through the topics discussed during the course and during cartographic, numerical, and practical exercises will be able to make an individual judgment about groundwater flow circulation, groundwater quality and and degree of exploitation, dealing with different settings and environments concerning many aspects about the hydrogeology of an area. 4)Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during theoretical lessons and tutorial activities, necessary to interact with specialists involved in analyses, management and planning of activities in hydrogeological and environmental fields. The communication skills will be verified during class discussions and the oral examination. 5) Learning skills The student must demonstrate to be able to analyse hydrogeological features of a territory even if the settings are different from those considered during classes. The student mut also be able to define the key hydrogeological features of an environment useful to protect, monitor and correct manage groundwater resources. - SBARBATI Chiara (syllabus) Introduction: The concept of Hydrogeology, the importance of groundwater as fundamental resource for human and for the environment. Groundwater in the subsoil and Aquifer properties: study of groundwater distribution and movement in the unsaturated and saturated zone; definition of the main hydrogeological properties (porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, specific yield) and how they can influence groundwater circulation; the Darcy Law and estimation of flow rate; Aquifer classification. Aquifer recharge and interaction with different water bodies: the concept of continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system (hydrological cycle), hydrological water balance and definition of recharge, infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff; construction and interpretation of piezometric maps, definition of groundwater flow direction, hydraulic gradient and relationship between surface and groundwater; spring classification; study of the relationship between fresh and seawater in coastal environments (Ghyben- Herzberg Law); groundwater chemistry, elements of water-rocks interaction, geochemical classification of groundwater (Chebotarev, Schoeller and Piper Diagrams); definition of groundwater origin through groundwater isotopes. Groundwater and anthropogenic activities: different ways for groundwater exploitation and purpose (drinking water exploitation, irrigation, thermal use, dewatering, etc); the utility of pumping tests to gain different aquifer properties; aquifer contamination occurrence, definition of the main classes of pollutants, basic elements of contaminant transport in groundwater; the concept of aquifer vulnerability and brief description of implemented methods to assess the vulnerability, groundwater resource protection principle in accordance with the regulation. (reference books) Pietro Celico (2003) – Elementi di Idrogeologia – Liguori Editore Massimo Civita (2005) – Idrogeologia applicata ed ambientale Slides and additional material provided by the teacher during the course.	6	GEO/05	40	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118942 - INTERNSHIP	2		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
- - ELECTIVE COURSE	12		96	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Optional materials and exam in a foreign language

Language

118943 - FINAL TEST

4

-

Final examination and foreign language test

ITA

Optional group: Opzionali di Indirizzo Analisi dei Rischi Ambientali - (show)

18

118944 - ENERGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (objectives) The fundamental objective of the "Energy and Environmental Protection" course is to provide the student with the knowledge and technical and practical skills for the choice, the rough dimensioning and the development of plant solutions aimed at the production of energy from sources renewable energy. 1) knowledge and understanding: the expected learning outcomes are knowledge of the criteria and strategies aimed at choosing, analyzing and optimizing aspects related to energy and the environment, with a view to sustainable development ; 2) applied knowledge and understanding: theoretical and practical notions associated with the energy cycle, the types of fossil fuels compared to those from renewable sources with obvious references to the dynamics of environmental pollution, biomass, biochemical processes of energy production (biochemical processes, in particular anaerobic digestion with biogas upgrading and thermochemical processes, in particular the gasification process), geothermal energy with low enthalpy plants, solar energy (both thermal and photovoltaic), bioliquids and biofuels, wind energy and hydroelectricity. Furthermore, the practical tools typically required in the field of biomass energy characterization in accredited laboratories will be discussed; 3) independence of judgement: at the end of the course the student will have practical and theoretical notions relating to the main types of plants for the exploitation of renewable energy sources, strengthening the skills already developed in the three-year degree course and having the ability to solve related problems to topics that are also new or that require multidisciplinary approaches, in any case deriving from the sector being studied. 4) communication skills: at the end of the course the student will be able to communicate his conclusions clearly and unambiguously to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors operating in the renewable energy sector; 5) ability to learn: among the expected results, there is the student's having developed a learning ability that allows him to explore the issues addressed independently, adapting to the needs he will encounter in the workplace. - Derived from 18390 ENERGIE RINNOVABILI: PROCESSI E TECNOLOGIE in INGEGNERIA INDUSTRIALE L-9 CARLINI Maurizio (syllabus) 48 hours Course, divided into the following topics: Classification of fuels (2h). Energy sources and RES (2h). Environmental pollution (2h). Energy balance (2h). Biomasses (2h). Anaerobic digestion and related exercise (4h). Biofuels (2h). Thermochemical processes and related exercise (4h). Solar energy: solar thermal and PV plants and related exercise (4h). Geothermal energy and related exercise (4h). Wind energy and related exercise (4h). Hydraulic energy and related exercise (4h). Compound Parabolic Concentrators: applications and R&D activities (3h). COMSOL Multiphysics case study (numerical simulation for engineering) (3h). Theory and exercise final overview (6h). (reference books) Slides and lecture notes.	6	ING-IND/09	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118946 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AGRO-ZOOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS (objectives) A first objective of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary to understand the complexity of agro-zootechnical systems in relation to the main animal species bred for the production of food intended for humans. The main objective of the course is to represent the most important aspects of the environmental impact of breeding activities according to a logic that will take into consideration the entire chain that goes from the production of food for livestock to the consumption of meat, milk and eggs. Another objective of the course is to provide knowledge about the interventions that can be implemented to reduce the environmental impact of the production of food of animal origin. At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to recognize the main threats to environmental protection deriving from breeding activities and to identify possible strategies for reducing their impact. - GROSSI Giampiero (syllabus) I. To provide the necessary knowledge to understand the complexity of agro-livestock systems and their relationship with the main animal species raised for the production of food for human consumption. 1. Animal production and the planet's biocapacity 2. Dairy cattle farming 3. Beef cattle farming 4. Pig farming 5. Poultry farming 6. Animal welfare II. To analyze the environmental impacts generated by livestock activities and represent the main aspects associated with these impacts. 7. Rumen metabolism and methane emissions 8. Release of macro and micronutrients into the environment III. To deepen the main categories of environmental impact associated with the livestock sector. 9. Greenhouse gases 10. Eutrophication 11. Acidification 12. Water consumption IV. To provide knowledge about the interventions that can be implemented to reduce the environmental impact generated by the production of animal-origin foods. 13. Techniques for mitigating impacts V. To illustrate the systems used to evaluate the environmental impact of livestock systems. 14. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 15. LCA software 16. Environmental certifications (reference books) 1. Animal Production. Anna Sandrucci, Erminio Trevisi (2022). 2. Animal Farming and Environmental Sustainability. Principles (Vol. 1) Bruno Stefanon, Marcello Mele, Giuseppe Pulina (2018) 3. Animal Farming and Environmental Sustainability. Technologies (Vol. 2) Bruno Stefanon, Marcello Mele, Giuseppe Pulina (2018)	6	AGR/19	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118947 - HYDROLOGICAL RISK (objectives) The course has as a training objective the knowledge of the processes and methods for understanding and managing hydrological risk. Three main objectives can be identified: Understanding and learning the notions and the concept of risk in its general definition and contextualized to the case of hydrological risks. Understand and learn the methodologies for the study of hydrological processes in preparation for the management of hydrological risks. Understand and learn the main modeling tools useful for defining hazard and hydraulic risk mappings. In addition to the three main objectives, the student will also be trained directly on some soft-skills related to the topics of the course, such as basic IT tools (spreadsheets, GIS) and more advanced hydrological models. Referring to the Dublin descriptors, the learning outcomes learned can be declined as follows: Knowledge and understanding. The student will be stimulated to the knowledge of hydrological processes (precipitations and flow rates) with diversified approaches both classical theoretical and direct understanding and analysis (real-time monitoring of phenomena, illustrative videos, research on the net). Knowledge and understanding applied. The concepts with a more technical and applicative aspect (hydraulic risk mapping) will be consolidated through both traditional (exercises) and design (application of models) practical exercises. Autonomy of judgment and communication skills It will be stimulated through the development of a project for the estimation of hydraulic hazard maps in which the student will be able to evaluate the role of the parameters of the model applied. - PETROSELLI Andrea (syllabus) Elements of hydraulics preparatory to the understanding of one-dimensional and two-dimensional propagation models. Hydraulic propagation models. Exercise of hydraulic propagation models. Concept of Risk, Damage and Hydraulic Hazard. Residual risk concept. Hazard and risk mapping: PAI - hydrogeological planning plans. Technical visit to the Civil Protection Functional Center - Headquarters. Seminar at the Central Apennine District Authority on: PAI - Authority role - Use and constraints imposed by the flood mapping. Continuous models - COSMO4SUB. Semi-distributed models. (reference books) material furnished by the teacher	6	AGR/08	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118948 - SENSORS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RISK (objectives) The main objectives of the course are the introduction of the fundamental concepts of measurements and electromagnetic compatibility, the functioning of the main measuring instruments, the study of conducted, radiated and electromagnetic coupling emission / immunity phenomena, the analysis of commonly used models to estimate the levels of interference and disturbance, the introduction to the regulations, the instruments and measurement methods for checking the electromagnetic compatibility of electronic devices in pre-compliance and in compliance with the technical regulations of the sector. Referring to the Dublin descriptors, the learning outcomes learned can be declined as follows: Knowledge and understanding. Know the definitions of static metrological characteristics, know the definitions of the units of measurement, understand the meaning of probability distribution linked to the measurement, know the classic models that describe the radiated and conducted disturbances that lead to the definition of the problems of electromagnetic compatibility. Knowledge and understanding applied. Have an understanding of the correct scientific approach in the field of measurements. Understanding the significance of the results through applied statistics. Understanding the concepts with a more technical and applicative aspect will be through both practical and traditional exercises (exercises). - TABORRI JURI (syllabus) The detailed program is as follows: - Topic 1 Metrology, calibration and statistics (6 hours): Measurement process, Systems of measurement units, Transducer, Static metrological characteristics, IInfluencing variables, Design criteria of measurement chains, Dynamic metrological characteristics -Topic 2 Uncertainty (2 hours) Gauss curve and deviation mean value standard, Student's t-distribution, , Uncertainty of type A, Uncertainty of type B, Propagation of uncertainties; - Topic 3 Meaurements of current, voltage and resistance (4 hours): ammetter, voltmeter, Wheatstone bridge, methods with 2, 3 and 4 wires, multimeter - Topic 4 Temperature measurements (4 hours): Resistance thermometers, Thermistors, Thermocouples, - Topic 5 Measurements of electromagnetic field and exposition rate (4 hours): magnetometers and dosimeters Laboratory (2 hours): measurements of current, voltage and resistance (reference books) For the achievement of the exam, it is sufficient the materials provided by the teacher and uploaded on moodle. For further details, it is suggested to consult the following books: VALLASCAS Fondamenti di misure meccaniche e termiche, Hoepli VALLASCAS, PATANÈ Misure meccaniche e termiche, Hoepli E. O. DOEBELIN Strumenti e metodi di misura, Mac Graw Hill (some chapters) - MINUCCI Simone (syllabus) Fundamentals of circuit theory. AC circuits and three-phase systems. Fundamentals of electromagnetics. Maxwell equations, electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic spectrum. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility. Radiated and conducted emissions. Indtroduction to laws about electromagnetic compatibility.	6	ING-IND/31	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	- -	ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

118950 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND REWILDING - PIOVESAN Gianluca	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-		-	ITA
119718 - Climatology - BONAMANO SIMONE	6	GEO/12	32	16	-	-		-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES The aim of the course is to provide students with the main notions of the analysis mathematics aimed at making students learn techniques necessary to study the functions, solve problems based on integral calculus and solve some easy differential equations. Where possible, the concepts covered will be applied to build and study mathematical models of real phenomena related to applied sciences, in particular biology. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1) Acquire knowledge • the concepts of function, limits and derivability of the functions of one real variable and all the notions that allow you to study a function; • the notion of integral, integration methods and the main ones applications of integral calculus; • differential equations and some solving methods. Ability to apply acquired knowledge (Dublin descriptor 2) Knowing how to use the concepts learned for • solve equations and inequalities; • calculate limits, derivatives, integrals and study functions; • solve differential equations. Judgment autonomy (Dublin descriptor 3) • Be able to identify the appropriate rules to apply to solving new problems, similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills (Dublin descriptor 4) • Students' ability to talk, reason and will be stimulated discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics treated. Learning skills (Dublin descriptor 5) • Be able to discuss some scientific topics by building simple mathematical models. - FRAGNELLI Genni (syllabus) Functions and number sets Introduction: operations among sets. Function; domain, co-domain, image and graph of functions. Injective, surjective, inverse function and composition. Increasing and decreasing, odd and even functions, Number sets N, Z, Q, R. Elementary functions Review on lines, parabolas, exponential, logarithmic and trigoniometric functions. Absolute value. Neighborhood of a real number. Limit and continuity Finite and infinite limit; sign permanence theorem. Right-side and left-side limit. Existence and uniqueness of the limit. Comparison theorem. Algebra of limits and indeterminate forms. Infinite and infinitesimal. Vertical, horizontal and oblique asymptote. Continuous functions. Weierstrass theorem. Intermediate value theorem. Intermediate zero theorem. Derivatives Definition of derivative and its geometric interpretation. Calculation of derivatives. Differentiability and continuity. Point of non differentiability. Higher derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's theorem. De L’Hôpital's theorems. Taylor's theorem and McLaurin's expansion. Fermat's theorem. Maximum and minimum points. Convexity and concavity. Inflection point. Study of a function. Integral Definition of indefinite integral and its properties. Straightforward anti-derivatives. Integration by parts. Integration by substitution. Definite integral and its properties. The fundamental theorem of calculus. generalized integral. Area. Differential Equations Differential Equations: an introduction. Differential Equations of first and second order and Cauchy problems. Separate variables differential equations. Malthus model; bacterial growth; epidemic diffusion; radioactive decay. Logistic growth. (reference books) Elementi di calcolo. Versione semplificata per i nuovi corsi di laurea di Paolo Marcellini, Carlo Sbordone Editore: Liguori Data di Pubblicazione: febbraio 2016 EAN: 9788820736651 ISBN: 8820736659 Books should be completed with the notes of the lessons. It is suggested not to take notes from Internet.	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of geology. The course introduces the composition of the Earth, the dynamics of the planet and its deep and superficial structure. The lithogenetic cycle and the exogenous and endogenous processes that lead to the formation of rocks are central themes of the course. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on the internal constitution of the Earth and on the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. He will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks relating them to the processes of their formation. He will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy, the main geological structures and the large-scale dynamic processes. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will be able to: distinguish and classify the main types of rocks and their fundamental mineral constituents, use the main concepts of stratigraphy and structural geology, read and interpret topographic and geological maps. Making judgments At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on geological phenomena in different contexts and on information related to the main aspects of geology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geological characteristics of a simple areal context, and to deepen independently the main aspects of geology. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Shape and dimensions of the Earth. The internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust. Lithosphere and asthenosphere. Notes on plate tectonics. Elements of mineralogy: main physical and chemical properties, main minerals of rocks. Magmatic processes and igneous rocks. Magmatic consolidation. Structure and texture of igneous rocks. Methods of classification of intrusive, extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. Characteristics of the main igneous rocks. Volcanism: types of eruptions and types of volcanoes. Pyroclastic rocks. Exogenous processes and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation and diagenesis. Classification and characteristics of sedimentary rocks: silicoclastic; carbonatic; evaporitic; other chemical and biochemical rocks, residual rocks. Properties of sedimentary rocks. Principles of stratigraphy. Metamorphic processes and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic factors: temperature, pressure and fluid phase. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic facies and types of metamorphism. Main metamorphic rocks. Outline of structural geology: folds, faults and thrusts. Earthquakes: causes, mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes. Overview of the chronology of Earth. Topographical maps. Geological maps. (reference books) Grotzinger J.P., Jordan T.H. (2014) Understanding Earth. W. H. Freeman.	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons (mandatory attendance) Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - Rules of Zoological nomenclature B - General (3 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature C - Biological functional systems (3 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals D - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). (reference books) Any recent textbook of Zoology (i.e..: M. Casiraghi, M. de Eguileor, C. Cerrano, S. Puce, 2018. Zoologia. UTET Università ISBN:9788860085184) Other information found on the Web. Other material provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 SWEENEY Shula mary (syllabus) The course includes language sessions to improve the four basic skills - listening, reading, speaking and writing - and to bring students up to a B1 level. As regards listening, this means listening to original texts relating to a variety of everyday situations and featuring a number of regional accents. Reading involves the study of texts that are both generic and more specialist and related to the students' area of study, with the focus on learning the techniques needed to correctly read the texts and answer multiple choice questions. Writing exercises include a review of the basic grammar knowledge required for B1 level and writing a variety of types of texts - emails, notices, business letters, reports, reviews, opinion essays. The course focuses less on speaking skills given the number of participants, but, in any case, there is always a chance to interact with the teacher and other students in English during all lessons. (reference books) Material provided by teacher Reference Grammar: English Grammar In Use, 5th edition - Raymond Murphy - Cambridge University Press	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments At the end of the training the student, will be able to make a judgment on the geomorphological and geological phenomena applied in different contexts, and on the information related to the main aspects of geomorphology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geomorphology and applied geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geomorphological and geological characteristics of a simple geological context, and to deepen independently the main aspects connected to them. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118929 - COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to introduce students to a general knowledge of computer science, to two programming languages widely used in science Pyton and Matlab and to the principles of numerical calculation for the solution of equations and systems of linear algebraic equations -linear. Knowledge and understanding: develop programming skills in Python; Develop programming skills in the Matlab environment, understand, set up and solve numerically mathematical and physical problems. - CASTRIGNANO TIZIANA (syllabus) The following course is centered on the study of technologies required to transform and manipulate biological and environmental data. Specifically, it focuses on tools that facilitate the analysis of large sequencing data sets and environmental phenotypic data with the aim of achieving reproducible and robust biological results. For this reason, 3 credits of the course are dedicated to introducing the Linux environment and the tools it includes for data manipulation. The second half of the course (the remaining 3 credits) is dedicated to the use of specific software and databases. (reference books) "Fluency: Knowing and Using Computer Science"	6	INF/01	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118931 - GENETICS (objectives) The course aims to provide students with the fundamental concepts of classical and molecular genetics by examining the models of inheritance of Mendelian characters, the mechanisms of coding, replication and expression of genetic information, genetic variability and some diseases caused by genetic mutations, the genetic composition of groups formed by individual members of the same species (populations) and the ways in which this composition changes over time and space. - Derived from 118978 Genetica in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 MOSESSO Pasquale (syllabus) Genetic Program (6CFU) Undergraduate Course of Natural and Environmental Sciences (L-32) Prof. Pasquale Mosesso AA: 2022-2023 1. Mendelian inheritance and chromosome theory of inheritance Mendel’s postulates and elements of mendelian genetics applied to man and agriculture. Laws of probability and their relevance to explain genetic events (the product law and the sum law); Use of chi-square analysis to evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data, interpretation of chi-square calculations. Cell cycle; mitosis, meiosis and concordance between meiosis and genetic mendelism. Demonstration of chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomal sex-determining system; sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance. 2. Extentions of mendelian genetics Alleles alters phenotypes in different ways: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles. Environment and gene expression: Effects of “internal” and “external” environments. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction. Epistasis and pleiotropy. 3. Molecular structure and replication of genetic material Molecular structure of DNA and RNA: Identification of DNA as genetic material (experiments of Hershey and Chase). Characteristics of nucleic acids (experiments of Chargaff). Replication of DNA in the prokaryots and eucharyots. Demonstration that reproduction of DNA is by semiconservative replication (experiments of Meselson e Stahl). 4) Molecular properties of genes Structure and function of genes: Components of the eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA, histonic and non-histonic protein); Chromatin structure and nucleosomes; Repetitive DNA sequences and DNA satellite; How genes work (hypothesis one gene one protein); Colinearity between gene and protein. Complementation and mutation sites. Mechanisms of transcription of DNA; Translation of mRNA; Structure and functions of tRNA. The genetic code; Studies by Niremberg, Matthaei and Others led to the deciphering of the code; Early studies established the basic operational pattern of genetic code: The triplet nature of the code; the nonoverlapping nature of the code; the commaless and degenerate nature of the code. 5) Mechanisms of production of genetic variability Definition and classification of mutations: Gene mutations: base pair substitutions, insertions, deletions; reversion and suppression of mutations; phenotypic effects of gene mutations. Fluctuation test and spontaneous mutation in bacteria (neo Darwinian theory). Chromosome mutations: structural (chromosomal aberrations) and numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy). Environmental agents which damage DNA: Ionizing electromagnetic radiations (X-rays, γ-rays, betatron-synchrotron radiations); Ionizing subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles neutrons). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C); UV and ozone. Chemical mutagens: alkylating agents; environmental pollutants in the cities [car exhaust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, asbestos]; food additives and contaminant of aliments (aflatoxins, ochratoxins nitrosamines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, phenols of vegetal origin, etc); therapeutic agents (mitomycin-C, bleomycin, nitrogen mustards, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II, cytostatic agents); pesticides. Biological mutagens: microbial and viral pathogens; transposable elements. DNA repair systems: fotoliase, alchiltransferases, “nucleotide excision repair” (NER), “base excision repair (BER), “mismatch repair” (MMR), “SOS” repair, recombinational repair: repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and DNA double strand breaks (HR e NHEJR); DNA damage, activation of cellular “checkpoints. 6) Population genetics Allele frequencies in populations vary in space and time. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in an ideal population. The Hardy-Weinberg law can be used in human populations for multiple alleles, X-linked traits and estimating heterozygote frequencies. Natural selection is a major force driving allele frequecy change: Natural selection, fitness and selection, selection in natural populations. Mutation creates new alleles in a gene pool. Migration and gene flow can alter frequencies. Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies in small populations. Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequency but not allele frequency: Inbreeding; genetic effects of inbreeding. 7. Evolutionary Genetics (hints) The origin of species; Cladogenesis (allopatric, parapatric or sympatric); Phylogenetic trees and molecular evolution. (reference books) Recommended textbooks: Peter J. Russel “Genetics: A Molecular Approach; Griffiths A.J., Doebley J., Peichel C., Wassarman D.A. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis"; Griffiths A.J.F, Wessler S.R., Carrol S.B., and Doebley J. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";	6	BIO/18	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE B - GEOMATICA (objectives) The course aims to provide the tools and methodologies for analysing the territory at the planning scale. the main training objectives are: - Knowledge and comprehension skills: during the course, the student will acquire comprehension and problem-solving skills through analysis methodologies that simulate real contexts; - Applied knowledge and comprehension skills will be developed by the student through teaching integrated with laboratory activities in classrooms equipped with dedicated GIS software; - Autonomy of judgement in the "problem solving" phase in the risk contexts addressed during the course; - Communication skills through the drafting of reports and projects to be presented during the examination; - Ability to learn. - Recanatesi Fabio (syllabus) The georeferenced data in the GIS environment. Vector and raster representation and database management. The morphometric analysis of the territory, the hydrographic basin, the soil cover. The USLE erosive model and its applications in the GIS environment. Risk analysis and risk management with particular reference to the hydraulic and hydrogeological ones. WMS services and the main national geoportals. (reference books) - TERRITORIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Principles and applications. Authors: Federica Migliaccio; Daniela Carrion. UTET Editions. - Lecture notes. All teaching materials (handouts, texts, notes) are available in the shared folder accessible via the MOODLE-UNITUS portal.	6	AGR/10	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118937 - MICROBIOLOGY (objectives) Formation goals The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, phisiological and metabolical charctersistic of microrganisms (mainly procariotes); their role in nature and the interactions with other organisms. Moreover, i twill consent to acquire some basic techniques for the manipulation f microorganisms in Laboratory. The cours will supply a reference framework to comprehend modern aspect related to the microbial world and their potential applications. The course will supply the basic formation for further specialised studies in microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology. learning results Knowledge and understanding ability. To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of the microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms and other organisms, their potential in biotechnology. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganism and mankind and environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the microbial world. Independent judgement. The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of the microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms. Learning ability. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences. - Derived from 15294 MICROBIOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 FENICE Massimiliano, GORRASI Susanna (syllabus) 1) History of microbiology: discovery of the microbial world; the “Abiogeny” dispute, microorganisms and their environment, impact of microorganisms on man: pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms. 2) The laboratory of microbiology: the microscope, mentions of optical physics, preparation of microscope slides, electron microscopy and other microscopy techniques. The pure culture, microbial nutrition and preparation of culture media. Theory and practice of sterilization. 3) Cytology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: general concepts, structure and ultra-structure of bacterial cells, structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, transports through the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, structure and function, the cell wall of Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaeal and eukaryotic cell walls, capsules and other envelopes, motility, flagella and chemotaxis, endospores structure and function, mentions of eukaryotic spores. 4) Cell physiology: brief reminders of chemistry and cell biochemistry (redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport, high energy compounds), biological energy production, glycolysis and alternative pathways; NAD re-oxidation: fermentations (alcoholic and lactic); aerobic respiration (TCA, electron transport phosphorylation, energy balance in respiration), mentions of anaerobic respiration and biosynthesis. 5) Microbial growth: growth of a single cell and of a microbial population, diauxic growth, effect of environmental parameters on growth (pH, temperature, etc.), methods for the control of microbial growth. 6) Principles of molecular and bacterial genetics (reminders): DNA structure, restriction enzymes, DNA replication, genetic elements, gene rearrangement, transposons, transcription, structure and function of mRNA and tRNA, translation and protein synthesis, genetic code mutations and mutagens; bacterial recombination, transformation, transduction, plasmids and conjugation. 7) Microbial classification and phylogeny (mentions) 8) Virology: “anatomy” and structure of viral particles; viral counts; general concepts of viral reproduction, principles of viral genetics, RNA/DNA phages, temperate and lytic bacterial viruses; principal animal and plant viruses (mentions). 9) Microbial ecology: isolation and identification of microorganisms (recalls), interactions among microbial population and between microorganisms and other organisms; microbial ecosystems; methods for the study of microbial ecology and diversity; biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulphur, etc.), role of microorganisms in environmental decontamination, aerobic/anaerobic catabolism of environmental pollutants, treatment of water and wastewater. 10) Microbial Biotechnology (mentions): microorganism of industrial interest, screening for industrial metabolites/enzymes. Bioreactors, structure and design, scale-up, primary and secondary metabolites; production of antibiotics, enzymes, etc. (mentions). Enzyme and cell immobilization (mentions) 11) Pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms; mentions of medical microbiology Some practical/laboratort lectures will be added to better explain some topics of laboratory tecniques (reference books) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Vol.1 e 2 (or any other more recent edition) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Vol. 1 e 2A Biologia dei microrgamismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2018. The lectures slides (PDF) are available on line. During the course, some scientific publications will be distributed and discussed. Other recent textbooks of General Microbiology could be used after a preliminary check with the teacher.	6	BIO/19	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE A - VEGETABLE BIOLOGY (objectives) Knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the plant cell in relation to the functions performed by each tissue and organ of the plant. Understanding of the main anatomical-functional differences between Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme, Angiosperme and their evolutionary meaning. Knowledge of the main morphological modifications of the plant phenotype in response to environmental gradients. Ability to compare the reproductive cycles of Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme and Angiosperme. - Di Filippo Alfredo (syllabus) The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions. Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells. The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata. Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics. Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots. Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels. Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport . Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes: phylum Pterophyta (ferns) phylum Conipherophyta (conifers) phylum Antophyta (angiosperms) Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination. Flower structure in plants. The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.). Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees. The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients. Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism. (reference books) Suggested Textbooks: Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin. Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli. Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli. Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi	7	BIO/03	48	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118936 - ECOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to provide robust basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine both the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relations with the environment. Knowledge and Understanding The students will acquire knowledge on the basic principles of ecology, with particular emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of this discipline. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program that runs through the hierarchical layers of ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), passing through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) up to the structure and functioning of communities (community ecology). Applied Knowledge and Understanding The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluatint the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be applied by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. Independent Evaluation The ability to formulate independent evaluations will be exercised thanks to the interdisciplinary and multilevel reasoning required by this discipline and by the analysis of the case studies proposed, that need the merging of complex and heterogeneous data to be understood. Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities, especially during field exercises. Ability to learn The many concepts learned and the connections linking them all will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process, essential to fully understand ecological mechanisms. - Derived from 17517 ECOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 CIMMARUTA Roberta (syllabus) General Ecology - The historical development of ecology. Ecology of the interactions between organisms and the physical environment: Conditions; Spatial and temporal variations; Adaptations in response to variations in environmental conditions; Limiting factors; Tolerance ranges; Environmental optima; Biological rhythms - climatic factors; Classification of climates; Phytogeographic zonation; Hints of paleoclimatology; Biomes. Evolutionary Ecology - Genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; Genetic variability; Evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; Balanced polymorphisms; Linkage disequilibrium; supergenes; Genetic divergence; Species concept; Reproductive isolation mechanisms; Speciation mechanisms; Hybrid zones and reinforcement; Sibling species; Biodiversity at the genetic level. Population ecology - Demography and dynamics: population structure and growth; Demographic parameters; Demographic tables; Intrinsic growth rate - numerical regulation of populations; Density dependent and independent factors; Exponential growth; environmental carrying capacity - logistic growth curve. Interspecific interactions: symbiosis; commensalism; inquilinism; antibiosis; parasitism; adaptations to parasitic life; coevolution; predation - adaptations to predation; cryptism; mimicry; intraspecific competition; interspecific competition; ecological niche; Principle of competitive exclusion; character displacement; r and K selection. Community and Ecosystem Ecology – What is community and its diversity, diversity indices, natural successions. Principles of Biogeography and islands biogeography. Ecosystems: structure, primary and secondary productivity, flux of energy through the ecosystem, trophic webs. (reference books) M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore.	9	BIO/07	48	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119009 - dendroecology (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary for the identification, biology, and ecology of Italian tree species. Particular attention will be paid to the ontogenetic cycle of trees and the state and dynamics of forest populations with insights related to the naturalness of ecosystems (old forests, managed forests, degraded forests), the dynamics of forest vegetation, and the impact of climate change. At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to apply the criteria of taxonomic identification of trees of forest interest and be able to understand the environmental needs and the bio-ecological role of each species in the dynamism of forest populations. During the course, students will be stimulated to develop independent judgment, communication skills, and the ability to learn. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) General part Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees. Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation. Special part Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses. Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris. THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics (reference books) Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher. Websites (Acta plantarum) and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE A - HYDROLOGY (objectives) The course has as a training objective the knowledge of hydrological processes for the understanding and management of problems inherent in the hydrological cycle. Three primary objectives can be identified: Know the hydrological phenomena. Specifically, the notions concerning the properties of precipitation and the dynamics of the formation of river floods will be deepened. Understanding and learning the concept of project flow, central training objective being the basis of most hydraulic designs. Learn and apply the Rational Formula which represents the training objective of the modeling type with a more practical and less phenomenological implication. In addition to the three main objectives, the student will also be trained directly on some soft-skills related to the topics of the course, such as basic IT tools (spreadsheets, GIS). - GRIMALDI Salvatore (syllabus) Hydrological Cycle. Meteorology (basic notions): Precipitation genesis. Meteorological Maps (GFS – 850Hp). Quantitative characterization of main hydrological phenomena. Rainfall measurements and instrumentations. Discharge definition, measurements and instrumentations. Rating curve. Watershed and flood definition. Return Period, definition and estimation. Basic notions of statistical methods for return period estimation. Design peak discharge, Rational formula, concentration time. Rainfall analysis for applying the rational formula: IDF curves. (reference books) Applied Hydrology, Chow, Maidment, Mays, McGraw-Hill In addition to the textbook, papers and materials will be available on GOMP useful for the Lab exercise and the project development.	6	AGR/08	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE B - FLORISTICS AND GEOBOTANICS (objectives) Understand the diversity of plants at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks. Knowing how to correctly use the scientific names of plant taxa. Master a picture of the diversity of Italian tracheophytes. Knowing how to use the identification techniques of vascular plant species. Being able to recognize the most common families of conifers and angiosperms of Italian flora in the field. Get a picture of the flora and vegetation of Italy. Master the basics of biodiversity and environmental distribution of vascular plants and simple applications (elements of floristic monitoring). - Filibeck Goffredo (syllabus) Plant taxonomy principles. International code of plant nomenclature. Plant phylogeny. The phyla of the kingdom Plantae. Elements of non-vascular plant systematic. How to identify a plant specimen. Taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and identification of the following families: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Orchidaceae, “Liliaceae” s.l., Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae. The Italian flora. Flora vs. vegetation. Species ranges. Habitat factors. Plant successions. Life-forms. The vegetation of Italy. Alien species. Measuring floristic diversity. Floristic monitoring. (reference books) - Pasqua-Abbate-Forni "Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale", 4a edizione, PICCIN - Marchi et al. "Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane: 1-140", Università La Sapienza - further information will be given during the classroom lectures	8	BIO/03	56	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119010 - Geopedology (objectives) The main objective of the teaching is to provide the knowledge necessary to interpret the genesis, the evolution of a soil, and its link with the landscape, with particular reference to paleoenvironmental interpretations and the Quaternary geology. The bases will be provided to understand the processes of formation of a soil and the link with environmental (climate, geology, morphology) and anthropic factors (use and management of the soil). The student will learn the basics to understand the spatial distribution of soils and their temporal evolution within the landscape, through practical examples of interpretation of soil maps and reading of the pedo-landscape. - Priori Simone (syllabus) Physico-chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics of soils. Pedogenetic factors (climate, lithology, morphology, time, and biota, including humans). The main forms of the landscape (karst, glacial, river, slope, structural) that guide the distribution and evolution of soils Pedogenetic processes that drive the development of soil horizons. Soil profile and genetic horizons. International classification of soils and distribution of soils in the world. The soil survey and the interpretation of a profile. Soils as an archive of the past: paleopedology Recognize and study paleosols and relict soils, witnesses of different environmental conditions of the past and important indicators of climate change. (reference books) - Certini G., Ugolini F.C.; Basi di pedologia, Edagricole - Lecture notes by the teacher	6	AGR/14	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119008 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LABORATORY
- MODULE A - CHEMICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO A inglese The course introduces and deepens the concepts and main experimental approaches on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring through the knowledge and practice of the main instrumental methods for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic and inorganic substances present in the environment. Knowledge will focus in particular on chemical monitoring of water and soil. A) Educational objectives: To build a theoretical and applicative competence on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: the knowledge will concern in particular the chemical monitoring of superficial water and soil; 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: part of the course will be dedicated to carrying out practical exercises from an applicative applicative point of view, simulating real situations; 3) Autonomy of judgment: knowledge and practical application will allow autonomy of judgment and planning skills; 4) Communication skills: knowledge and application practice will also be useful in the development of communication skills through the reading and interpretation of the instrumental data obtained; 5) Ability to learn: the ability to learn will be evaluated through exercises concerning theory and interpretation of instrumental data. - BOTTA LORENZO (syllabus) Data Quality: Principal parameters for the validation of an analytical method: detection and quantification limits, sensibility, robustness, recovery and use of certified materials; analytic approximation referred to law limits and interpretation of experimental data; expression of analytical results; systematic and random contribution to the approximation. (DM 260/2010, allegato 1, Pag 29-30). Sampling and sample preparation: sampling representativeness considering the adopted sampling technique; sample storage; compatibility of the sample with the instrumental techniques; sample pretreatment: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction; sample purification. Principles of Organic-Analytical Chemistry: mixtures separation: crystallizzation, solvent extraction: extrazion with supercritic fluids, distillation, cromathografy. Chromatography: theoretical considerations, partition coefficient, resolution. Chromatographic techniques: adsorption, partition, ionic exchange, exclusion. Cromathographic methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas cromathography (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Spectroscopy: the electromagnetic spectrum, radiation-matter interaction, effect of the chemical structure on the absorption, Lambert-Beer law. Principal environmental applications of the atomic and molecular spectroscopy: flame and graphite atomizers for the atomic absorption; plasma spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, infrared (IR). Calibration Methods: external calibration, use of an internal standard, adding method. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Environmental chemistry: water: alkalinity and acidity, oxidation, reduction, complexation and chelation reactions. Organic and Inorganic pollutants: organics: hydrocarbons; polimers; oils and lubrificants. Polichlorophenyls and derivatives (polichlorobiphenyls, furans e dioxins). Surfactants: persistence, solubility, transport and hydrolytic reactivity. inorganics: N-NH4, N-NO3, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen (LIMeco descriptors). Laboratory: liquid-liquid extraction, spectrophotometric analysis of N-NH4, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen, GC-MS and NMR analyses of the organic pollutants (Analytical Methods Acque-APAT, IRSA). (reference books) Chimica Ambientale, Casa Editrice: Zanichelli; Autore: C. Baird. Chimica dell'ambiente, Casa Editrice: Piccin; Autore: S.E. Manahan. Identificazione spettrometrica di composti organici; Editore: CEA; Autore: R. M. Silverstein	6	CHIM/06	24	24	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
- MODULE B - BIOLOGICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO B inglese Understanding the meaning of the use of biological indicators for environmental monitoring. Acquisition of general skills for the use of the biological methodologies provided for by the laws in force on environmental monitoring, in particular that of aquatic systems, through the integral application of a biological index. A) Educational objectives: to develop design and execution skills for biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: The acquired knowledge will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns, and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality. 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: The application of knowledge will be focused on a methodological study of the indexes currently used to assess the ecological status of environmental matrices, considering in particular soil and inner watercourses, through practical activities in the field and in the laboratory. 3) Autonomy of judgment: The ability to formulate independent assessments can be exercised in the interpretation phase of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at motivated judgments. 4) Communication skills: These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities. 5) Ability to learn: The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices. - BELLATI Adriana (syllabus) Changes in environmental quality, pollution and environmental monitoring (quality of air, soil, water); Biological monitoring of air: atmosphere and impacts; bioindicators of air quality; IBL index. Biological monitoring of soil: soil matrix and impacts; bioindicators of soil quality; QBS index. In-depth activity: sampling techniques and recognition of pedofauna; determination of the QBS-ar index. Biological monitoring of costal waters: general aspects and impacts; bioindicators and ecological indices; legal aspects (WFD amd MSD). Biological monitoring of inland water bodies: general characteristics of inland waters: classification and impacts; biological indices (of diversity, the saprobic system and the biotic indices -BMWP, ASPT, IBE). The river: self-purifying capacity, metabolic efficiency, river continuum concept, ecological and hydroclimatic factors; The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 / EC): typing, different types of monitoring, reference conditions; The elements of biological quality (EQB): Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Diatoms and Pisces; In-depth activity: definition of the ecological status of a river course through macrobenthos and the elements of chemical-physical and hydromorphological quality in support; determination of the STAR_ICMi index. The most recent methodologies for the isolation and the analysis of diagnostic DNA markers for the resolution of the biological diversity for environmental monitoring: sampling techniques, including complex environmental matrices, collection and biological conservation tools. (reference books) Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) IRSA manuals ISPRA manuals Atlases and identification cards The texts will be provided by the teacher, who will indicate the links for the retrieval	6	BIO/05	24	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118938 - IDROGEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the comprehension of the main hydrogeological processes for the management and protection of groundwater resources. Students will be introduced to the understanding of how water gets into the ground (recharge), how it flows in the subsurface (through aquifers), how groundwater interacts with the surrounding soil and rock (the geology) and how flows out in different ways (different kinds of springs). For the understanding of these processes the hydrogeological features, interaction between surface water and groundwater and chemical-physical parameters will be analysed in the framework of protection and sustainable management of water resources. 1) Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge about the main hydrogeological features of rocks and soils, about the mechanisms governing groundwater flow circulation and distributions and about water quality. The student will be also able to classify different types of aquifer and spring categories, and he/she will be able to analyse the relationship between groundwater and other water bodies (rivers, lakes, sea, etc.). The student will be able to understand the principle of sustainable exploitation and vulnerability of groundwater also in the framework of current legislation. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of training activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: read and analyze a hydrogeological map; critically analyse hydrodynamic aquifer parameters, carry out a piezometric map also defining the main features, classify waters basing on their chemical-physical characteristics, the student must be able to evaluate vulnerability and degree of exploitation of groundwater resources. 3) Making judgments The student through the topics discussed during the course and during cartographic, numerical, and practical exercises will be able to make an individual judgment about groundwater flow circulation, groundwater quality and and degree of exploitation, dealing with different settings and environments concerning many aspects about the hydrogeology of an area. 4)Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during theoretical lessons and tutorial activities, necessary to interact with specialists involved in analyses, management and planning of activities in hydrogeological and environmental fields. The communication skills will be verified during class discussions and the oral examination. 5) Learning skills The student must demonstrate to be able to analyse hydrogeological features of a territory even if the settings are different from those considered during classes. The student mut also be able to define the key hydrogeological features of an environment useful to protect, monitor and correct manage groundwater resources. - SBARBATI Chiara (syllabus) Introduction: The concept of Hydrogeology, the importance of groundwater as fundamental resource for human and for the environment. Groundwater in the subsoil and Aquifer properties: study of groundwater distribution and movement in the unsaturated and saturated zone; definition of the main hydrogeological properties (porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, specific yield) and how they can influence groundwater circulation; the Darcy Law and estimation of flow rate; Aquifer classification. Aquifer recharge and interaction with different water bodies: the concept of continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system (hydrological cycle), hydrological water balance and definition of recharge, infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff; construction and interpretation of piezometric maps, definition of groundwater flow direction, hydraulic gradient and relationship between surface and groundwater; spring classification; study of the relationship between fresh and seawater in coastal environments (Ghyben- Herzberg Law); groundwater chemistry, elements of water-rocks interaction, geochemical classification of groundwater (Chebotarev, Schoeller and Piper Diagrams); definition of groundwater origin through groundwater isotopes. Groundwater and anthropogenic activities: different ways for groundwater exploitation and purpose (drinking water exploitation, irrigation, thermal use, dewatering, etc); the utility of pumping tests to gain different aquifer properties; aquifer contamination occurrence, definition of the main classes of pollutants, basic elements of contaminant transport in groundwater; the concept of aquifer vulnerability and brief description of implemented methods to assess the vulnerability, groundwater resource protection principle in accordance with the regulation. (reference books) Pietro Celico (2003) – Elementi di Idrogeologia – Liguori Editore Massimo Civita (2005) – Idrogeologia applicata ed ambientale Slides and additional material provided by the teacher during the course.	6	GEO/05	40	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118942 - INTERNSHIP	2		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
- - ELECTIVE COURSE	12		96	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118949 - BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION (objectives) The aim of the course is to deepen the knowledge about the most important evolutionary theories, the mechanisms of evolutionary change, the importance of both historical and contemporary evolutionary processes in generating and shaping the structure of biological diversity, at all its organizational levels. . Knowledge will also be provided on the applications of principles and methods of evolutionary biology to areas such as the exploitation and management of natural resources, nature conservation, the biology of climate change, invasion biology, medicine and agriculture. - FRANCHINI Paolo (syllabus) 1) Introduzione Cos'è l'evoluzione?; La storia del pensiero evoluzionistico; le prove dell'evoluzione; dal DNA al fenotipo. 2) La filogenesi e la storia della vita: Interpretazione degli alberi filogenetici; L'inferenza filogenetica; la datazione tramite orologio molecolare; Biogeografia e phylogeografia; Concetti nella macroevfoluzione dei caratteri: Adattamento, omologia ed evolvabilità; L'uso della filogenesi per studiare l'evoluzione fenotipica: metodi comparativi; Tassonomia in contesto filogenetico; Le testimonianze fossili; L'origine della vita. 3) Selezione naturale e adattamento: Selezione naturale, adattamento e fitness; Unità e livelli di selezione; la selezione sulle popolazioni; Selezione parentale e fitness inclusiva; Selezione e tratti quantitativi; Risposta all selezione: Popolazioni naturali e sperimentali; Limiti e vincoli dell'evoluzione; Evoluzione dei sistemi biologici; Norma di reazione; Forma e funzione; Adattamento biochimico e fisiologico; Nicchia ecologica; Adattamento a fattori biotici. 4) Processi evoluzionistici: Mutazione; Deriva genetica; Variazione geografica; Struttura di popolazione, ricombinazione e sesso; Carico genetico; Inbreeding; Elementi genetic egoisti e conflitto genetico. 5) Speciazione e microevoluzione: Specie e speciazione; Pattern di speciazione; Geography, Range Evolution, and Speciation; Speciatione e selezione naturale; Speciatione e selezione naturale; Flusso genico, ibridazione e speciazione; Coevoluzione e speciazione; Genetica della speciazione; Speciatione ed evoluzione del genoma; Radiazione adattativa; Cause e conseguenze dell?estinzione; Innovazioni evolutive; Evolutione delle comunità. (reference books) 1) Evolution. Futuyma DJ and Kirkpatrick M, Oxford University Press Inc, 2017 2) Evolution: Making Sense of Life. Zimmer C, W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd, 2015	6	BIO/07	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118951 - biogeography (objectives) Objectives The course aims to provide basic knowledge about the main geographical distribution patterns of organisms, from the global to the landscape scale, as well as the main historical processes involved in the formation and spatio-temporal evolution of these patterns. Emphasis will also be given to the application aspects of the discipline, in particular in the areas of biodiversity management and conservation in both continental and island contexts, environmental assessment, sustainable use of resources, landscape planning and public health. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on animal and plant species distribution. The student will be able to analyze the pattern of species distribution, linking them to the main biogeographic and evolutionary processes involved. The student will know the distribution of the main endemic taxa at global scale. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will be able to: analyze the classification of the biogeographical regions and the most important endemisms of these regions; recognize the main processes that determine the distribution of species; formulate sound and evidence based scientific questions. Making judgments At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on the evolutionary and biogeographic processes determining plant and animal species distribution. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of Biogeography and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to autonomously develop a reasoning that leads to identify distribution patterns and to analyze the main processes involved. - CHIATANTE Gianpasquale - CHIOCCHIO Andrea (syllabus) Biogeography, definitions and background; history of biogeography; zoogeography and phytogeography. The distribution of species: concept of range and concept of species; geographical and ecological limits of species range; evolution of the species range through time; representation of the species range; distribution patterns and chorotypes; endemism and biodiversity hotspots. Processes determining species distribution: dispersal and migration, speciation and vicariance, extinction, evolutionary radiation; biogeographical barriers and corridors. Effect of climate change on species distribution: Pleistocene glacial cycles; glacial refuges; pre-Pleistocene climate changes; geological and climatic changes, continental drift. Methods for studying biogeography: from fossils to genes; phylogeography. The biogeographical regions: Palearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian, Antarctic; sub-regions, the western Palearctic and the Mediterranean region; transition zones, the Panama isthmus and the Wallacea. Island biogeography: colonization, the species-area-distance relationships; insular equilibrium and turnover; the MacArthur-Wilson model; main features of insular species. Introduction to Marine Biogeography. Biogeography of the Italian fauna and flora: history, patterns, areas of biogeographical interest, refuges and hotspots, secondary contact zones. Applied biogeography and conservation: the impact of human activities and climate change on species distribution; biological invasions; new frontiers of biogeography. (reference books) Lomolino, M. V., Riddle, B. R., & Whittaker, R. J. (2017). Biogeography. Sinauer.	6	BIO/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	- -	ITA
17516 - CONSERVAZIONE DELLE BIODIVERSITA' (objectives) TAIMS The course aims to provide students with an advanced knowledge that would allow them to identify and understand the problems and methods typical of biodiversity conservation. Dealing with an applied discipline, the course will train students able to surf between the different levels of organization of biodiversity to identify the problems that underlie its loss and to identify the most effective solutions. - Knowledge and Understanding The students will acquire knowledge of the management strategies to face the various problems that impact biodiversity. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program which runs through the hierarchical scale of biodiversity organization, from the genetic level, to population and species up to the ecosystem and global levels. - Applied Knowledge and Understanding The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluating the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be applied by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. - Independent Evaluation The ability to formulate independent evaluations will be exercised thanks to the interdisciplinary and multilevel reasoning required by this discipline and by the analysis of the case studies proposed, that need the merging of complex and heterogeneous data to be understood. - Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities, especially during field exercises. - Ability to learn The many concepts learned and the connections linking them all will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process, essential to fully understand the ecological mechanisms involved in impacts identification and mitigation. - CIMMARUTA Roberta (syllabus) • NATURE, RESOURCES, BIODIVERSITY: definitions, general considerations, objectives and purposes of conservation. The three levels of organization of biodiversity. Evil Quartet and its role in the extinction process. • BIODIVERSITY AT POPULATION LEVEL 1) Diversity at the genetic level: basics of population genetics; The importance of genetic variability; The evolutionary forces that create genetic variability (mutation, gene flow, selection, genetic drift); Loss of genetic variability and conservation issues (effective population size, inbreeding and outbringing depression, bottleneck, “Red Queen” hypothesis, genetic erosion) 2) Diversity at population level: Outline of demography and population dynamics; Minimum Viable Population (MVP); Vortex of extinction; Paradigms of small populations and declining populations • BIODIVERSITY AT SPECIES LEVEL: The problem of extinctions; Red Lists (IUCN); "In-situ" and "ex-situ" conservation strategies (reintroductions, restocking, etc.) •BIODIVERSITY AT COMMUNITY LEVEL: Protected areas (design, management, purposes, problems); Framework law on protected areas 394/91; “Habitats” Directive 92/43/EEC - Natura 2000 Network; Ecological networks and biotic corridors (reference books) R.B. Primack, L. Boitani “Biologia della conservazione” Ed. Zanichelli	6	BIO/07	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118943 - FINAL TEST	4		-	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test		ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

118950 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND REWILDING - PIOVESAN Gianluca	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-		-	ITA
119718 - Climatology - BONAMANO SIMONE	6	GEO/12	32	16	-	-		-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES The aim of the course is to provide students with the main notions of the analysis mathematics aimed at making students learn techniques necessary to study the functions, solve problems based on integral calculus and solve some easy differential equations. Where possible, the concepts covered will be applied to build and study mathematical models of real phenomena related to applied sciences, in particular biology. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding (Dublin descriptor 1) Acquire knowledge • the concepts of function, limits and derivability of the functions of one real variable and all the notions that allow you to study a function; • the notion of integral, integration methods and the main ones applications of integral calculus; • differential equations and some solving methods. Ability to apply acquired knowledge (Dublin descriptor 2) Knowing how to use the concepts learned for • solve equations and inequalities; • calculate limits, derivatives, integrals and study functions; • solve differential equations. Judgment autonomy (Dublin descriptor 3) • Be able to identify the appropriate rules to apply to solving new problems, similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills (Dublin descriptor 4) • Students' ability to talk, reason and will be stimulated discuss the questions raised during the lessons regarding the topics treated. Learning skills (Dublin descriptor 5) • Be able to discuss some scientific topics by building simple mathematical models. - FRAGNELLI Genni (syllabus) Functions and number sets Introduction: operations among sets. Function; domain, co-domain, image and graph of functions. Injective, surjective, inverse function and composition. Increasing and decreasing, odd and even functions, Number sets N, Z, Q, R. Elementary functions Review on lines, parabolas, exponential, logarithmic and trigoniometric functions. Absolute value. Neighborhood of a real number. Limit and continuity Finite and infinite limit; sign permanence theorem. Right-side and left-side limit. Existence and uniqueness of the limit. Comparison theorem. Algebra of limits and indeterminate forms. Infinite and infinitesimal. Vertical, horizontal and oblique asymptote. Continuous functions. Weierstrass theorem. Intermediate value theorem. Intermediate zero theorem. Derivatives Definition of derivative and its geometric interpretation. Calculation of derivatives. Differentiability and continuity. Point of non differentiability. Higher derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's theorem. De L’Hôpital's theorems. Taylor's theorem and McLaurin's expansion. Fermat's theorem. Maximum and minimum points. Convexity and concavity. Inflection point. Study of a function. Integral Definition of indefinite integral and its properties. Straightforward anti-derivatives. Integration by parts. Integration by substitution. Definite integral and its properties. The fundamental theorem of calculus. generalized integral. Area. Differential Equations Differential Equations: an introduction. Differential Equations of first and second order and Cauchy problems. Separate variables differential equations. Malthus model; bacterial growth; epidemic diffusion; radioactive decay. Logistic growth. (reference books) Elementi di calcolo. Versione semplificata per i nuovi corsi di laurea di Paolo Marcellini, Carlo Sbordone Editore: Liguori Data di Pubblicazione: febbraio 2016 EAN: 9788820736651 ISBN: 8820736659 Books should be completed with the notes of the lessons. It is suggested not to take notes from Internet.	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of geology. The course introduces the composition of the Earth, the dynamics of the planet and its deep and superficial structure. The lithogenetic cycle and the exogenous and endogenous processes that lead to the formation of rocks are central themes of the course. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will acquire knowledge on the internal constitution of the Earth and on the main endogenous and exogenous processes that characterize the Planet. He will be able to distinguish the most common types of rocks relating them to the processes of their formation. He will be able to understand the principles of stratigraphy, the main geological structures and the large-scale dynamic processes. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training, the student will be able to: distinguish and classify the main types of rocks and their fundamental mineral constituents, use the main concepts of stratigraphy and structural geology, read and interpret topographic and geological maps. Making judgments At the end of the training, the student will be able to make a judgement on geological phenomena in different contexts and on information related to the main aspects of geology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geological characteristics of a simple areal context, and to deepen independently the main aspects of geology. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Shape and dimensions of the Earth. The internal structure of the Earth: core, mantle and crust. Lithosphere and asthenosphere. Notes on plate tectonics. Elements of mineralogy: main physical and chemical properties, main minerals of rocks. Magmatic processes and igneous rocks. Magmatic consolidation. Structure and texture of igneous rocks. Methods of classification of intrusive, extrusive and hypabyssal rocks. Characteristics of the main igneous rocks. Volcanism: types of eruptions and types of volcanoes. Pyroclastic rocks. Exogenous processes and sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary processes: weathering, transport, sedimentation and diagenesis. Classification and characteristics of sedimentary rocks: silicoclastic; carbonatic; evaporitic; other chemical and biochemical rocks, residual rocks. Properties of sedimentary rocks. Principles of stratigraphy. Metamorphic processes and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic factors: temperature, pressure and fluid phase. Texture and structure of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic facies and types of metamorphism. Main metamorphic rocks. Outline of structural geology: folds, faults and thrusts. Earthquakes: causes, mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes. Overview of the chronology of Earth. Topographical maps. Geological maps. (reference books) Grotzinger J.P., Jordan T.H. (2014) Understanding Earth. W. H. Freeman.	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons (mandatory attendance) Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - Rules of Zoological nomenclature B - General (3 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature C - Biological functional systems (3 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals D - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). (reference books) Any recent textbook of Zoology (i.e..: M. Casiraghi, M. de Eguileor, C. Cerrano, S. Puce, 2018. Zoologia. UTET Università ISBN:9788860085184) Other information found on the Web. Other material provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 SWEENEY Shula mary (syllabus) The course includes language sessions to improve the four basic skills - listening, reading, speaking and writing - and to bring students up to a B1 level. As regards listening, this means listening to original texts relating to a variety of everyday situations and featuring a number of regional accents. Reading involves the study of texts that are both generic and more specialist and related to the students' area of study, with the focus on learning the techniques needed to correctly read the texts and answer multiple choice questions. Writing exercises include a review of the basic grammar knowledge required for B1 level and writing a variety of types of texts - emails, notices, business letters, reports, reviews, opinion essays. The course focuses less on speaking skills given the number of participants, but, in any case, there is always a chance to interact with the teacher and other students in English during all lessons. (reference books) Material provided by teacher Reference Grammar: English Grammar In Use, 5th edition - Raymond Murphy - Cambridge University Press	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments At the end of the training the student, will be able to make a judgment on the geomorphological and geological phenomena applied in different contexts, and on the information related to the main aspects of geomorphology. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate language in the different aspects of geomorphology and applied geology and will be able to communicate the acquired knowledge. Learning skills The student will be able to trace the essential geomorphological and geological characteristics of a simple geological context, and to deepen independently the main aspects connected to them. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118929 - COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to introduce students to a general knowledge of computer science, to two programming languages widely used in science Pyton and Matlab and to the principles of numerical calculation for the solution of equations and systems of linear algebraic equations -linear. Knowledge and understanding: develop programming skills in Python; Develop programming skills in the Matlab environment, understand, set up and solve numerically mathematical and physical problems. - CASTRIGNANO TIZIANA (syllabus) The following course is centered on the study of technologies required to transform and manipulate biological and environmental data. Specifically, it focuses on tools that facilitate the analysis of large sequencing data sets and environmental phenotypic data with the aim of achieving reproducible and robust biological results. For this reason, 3 credits of the course are dedicated to introducing the Linux environment and the tools it includes for data manipulation. The second half of the course (the remaining 3 credits) is dedicated to the use of specific software and databases. (reference books) "Fluency: Knowing and Using Computer Science"	6	INF/01	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118931 - GENETICS (objectives) The course aims to provide students with the fundamental concepts of classical and molecular genetics by examining the models of inheritance of Mendelian characters, the mechanisms of coding, replication and expression of genetic information, genetic variability and some diseases caused by genetic mutations, the genetic composition of groups formed by individual members of the same species (populations) and the ways in which this composition changes over time and space. - Derived from 118978 Genetica in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 MOSESSO Pasquale (syllabus) Genetic Program (6CFU) Undergraduate Course of Natural and Environmental Sciences (L-32) Prof. Pasquale Mosesso AA: 2022-2023 1. Mendelian inheritance and chromosome theory of inheritance Mendel’s postulates and elements of mendelian genetics applied to man and agriculture. Laws of probability and their relevance to explain genetic events (the product law and the sum law); Use of chi-square analysis to evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data, interpretation of chi-square calculations. Cell cycle; mitosis, meiosis and concordance between meiosis and genetic mendelism. Demonstration of chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomal sex-determining system; sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance. 2. Extentions of mendelian genetics Alleles alters phenotypes in different ways: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles. Environment and gene expression: Effects of “internal” and “external” environments. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction. Epistasis and pleiotropy. 3. Molecular structure and replication of genetic material Molecular structure of DNA and RNA: Identification of DNA as genetic material (experiments of Hershey and Chase). Characteristics of nucleic acids (experiments of Chargaff). Replication of DNA in the prokaryots and eucharyots. Demonstration that reproduction of DNA is by semiconservative replication (experiments of Meselson e Stahl). 4) Molecular properties of genes Structure and function of genes: Components of the eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA, histonic and non-histonic protein); Chromatin structure and nucleosomes; Repetitive DNA sequences and DNA satellite; How genes work (hypothesis one gene one protein); Colinearity between gene and protein. Complementation and mutation sites. Mechanisms of transcription of DNA; Translation of mRNA; Structure and functions of tRNA. The genetic code; Studies by Niremberg, Matthaei and Others led to the deciphering of the code; Early studies established the basic operational pattern of genetic code: The triplet nature of the code; the nonoverlapping nature of the code; the commaless and degenerate nature of the code. 5) Mechanisms of production of genetic variability Definition and classification of mutations: Gene mutations: base pair substitutions, insertions, deletions; reversion and suppression of mutations; phenotypic effects of gene mutations. Fluctuation test and spontaneous mutation in bacteria (neo Darwinian theory). Chromosome mutations: structural (chromosomal aberrations) and numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy). Environmental agents which damage DNA: Ionizing electromagnetic radiations (X-rays, γ-rays, betatron-synchrotron radiations); Ionizing subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles neutrons). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C); UV and ozone. Chemical mutagens: alkylating agents; environmental pollutants in the cities [car exhaust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, asbestos]; food additives and contaminant of aliments (aflatoxins, ochratoxins nitrosamines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, phenols of vegetal origin, etc); therapeutic agents (mitomycin-C, bleomycin, nitrogen mustards, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II, cytostatic agents); pesticides. Biological mutagens: microbial and viral pathogens; transposable elements. DNA repair systems: fotoliase, alchiltransferases, “nucleotide excision repair” (NER), “base excision repair (BER), “mismatch repair” (MMR), “SOS” repair, recombinational repair: repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and DNA double strand breaks (HR e NHEJR); DNA damage, activation of cellular “checkpoints. 6) Population genetics Allele frequencies in populations vary in space and time. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in an ideal population. The Hardy-Weinberg law can be used in human populations for multiple alleles, X-linked traits and estimating heterozygote frequencies. Natural selection is a major force driving allele frequecy change: Natural selection, fitness and selection, selection in natural populations. Mutation creates new alleles in a gene pool. Migration and gene flow can alter frequencies. Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies in small populations. Nonrandom mating changes genotype frequency but not allele frequency: Inbreeding; genetic effects of inbreeding. 7. Evolutionary Genetics (hints) The origin of species; Cladogenesis (allopatric, parapatric or sympatric); Phylogenetic trees and molecular evolution. (reference books) Recommended textbooks: Peter J. Russel “Genetics: A Molecular Approach; Griffiths A.J., Doebley J., Peichel C., Wassarman D.A. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis"; Griffiths A.J.F, Wessler S.R., Carrol S.B., and Doebley J. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";	6	BIO/18	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE B - GEOMATICA (objectives) The course aims to provide the tools and methodologies for analysing the territory at the planning scale. the main training objectives are: - Knowledge and comprehension skills: during the course, the student will acquire comprehension and problem-solving skills through analysis methodologies that simulate real contexts; - Applied knowledge and comprehension skills will be developed by the student through teaching integrated with laboratory activities in classrooms equipped with dedicated GIS software; - Autonomy of judgement in the "problem solving" phase in the risk contexts addressed during the course; - Communication skills through the drafting of reports and projects to be presented during the examination; - Ability to learn. - Recanatesi Fabio (syllabus) The georeferenced data in the GIS environment. Vector and raster representation and database management. The morphometric analysis of the territory, the hydrographic basin, the soil cover. The USLE erosive model and its applications in the GIS environment. Risk analysis and risk management with particular reference to the hydraulic and hydrogeological ones. WMS services and the main national geoportals. (reference books) - TERRITORIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Principles and applications. Authors: Federica Migliaccio; Daniela Carrion. UTET Editions. - Lecture notes. All teaching materials (handouts, texts, notes) are available in the shared folder accessible via the MOODLE-UNITUS portal.	6	AGR/10	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE A - VEGETABLE BIOLOGY (objectives) Knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the plant cell in relation to the functions performed by each tissue and organ of the plant. Understanding of the main anatomical-functional differences between Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme, Angiosperme and their evolutionary meaning. Knowledge of the main morphological modifications of the plant phenotype in response to environmental gradients. Ability to compare the reproductive cycles of Briofite, Pteridofite, Gimnosperme and Angiosperme. - Di Filippo Alfredo (syllabus) The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions. Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells. The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata. Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics. Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots. Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels. Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport . Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes: phylum Pterophyta (ferns) phylum Conipherophyta (conifers) phylum Antophyta (angiosperms) Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination. Flower structure in plants. The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.). Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees. The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients. Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism. (reference books) Suggested Textbooks: Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin. Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli. Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli. Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi	7	BIO/03	48	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118937 - MICROBIOLOGY (objectives) Formation goals The course will permit the comprehension of the morphological, phisiological and metabolical charctersistic of microrganisms (mainly procariotes); their role in nature and the interactions with other organisms. Moreover, i twill consent to acquire some basic techniques for the manipulation f microorganisms in Laboratory. The cours will supply a reference framework to comprehend modern aspect related to the microbial world and their potential applications. The course will supply the basic formation for further specialised studies in microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology. learning results Knowledge and understanding ability. To get the knowledge regarding the basic principles of the microbial biology, their metabolism, their role in nature, the interaction between microorganisms and other organisms, their potential in biotechnology. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. To understand the issues related to the relationships between microorganism and mankind and environment. To acquire the basic knowledge regarding the experimental approach to study the microbial world. Independent judgement. The ability to construe the results obtained by the various studies in microbiology. The ability to understand the role of the microorganisms in the environment and their influence on the biology of other organisms. Learning ability. Ability to describe scientific topics related to microbiology both in written and oral forms by a specific scientific/technical language. Ability to use the methods acquired for microorganism recognition and cultivation. This ability will be developed also trough the active involvement of the students in discussions during the lectures and by laboratory experiences. - Derived from 15294 MICROBIOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 FENICE Massimiliano, GORRASI Susanna (syllabus) 1) History of microbiology: discovery of the microbial world; the “Abiogeny” dispute, microorganisms and their environment, impact of microorganisms on man: pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms. 2) The laboratory of microbiology: the microscope, mentions of optical physics, preparation of microscope slides, electron microscopy and other microscopy techniques. The pure culture, microbial nutrition and preparation of culture media. Theory and practice of sterilization. 3) Cytology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: general concepts, structure and ultra-structure of bacterial cells, structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, transports through the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, structure and function, the cell wall of Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaeal and eukaryotic cell walls, capsules and other envelopes, motility, flagella and chemotaxis, endospores structure and function, mentions of eukaryotic spores. 4) Cell physiology: brief reminders of chemistry and cell biochemistry (redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport, high energy compounds), biological energy production, glycolysis and alternative pathways; NAD re-oxidation: fermentations (alcoholic and lactic); aerobic respiration (TCA, electron transport phosphorylation, energy balance in respiration), mentions of anaerobic respiration and biosynthesis. 5) Microbial growth: growth of a single cell and of a microbial population, diauxic growth, effect of environmental parameters on growth (pH, temperature, etc.), methods for the control of microbial growth. 6) Principles of molecular and bacterial genetics (reminders): DNA structure, restriction enzymes, DNA replication, genetic elements, gene rearrangement, transposons, transcription, structure and function of mRNA and tRNA, translation and protein synthesis, genetic code mutations and mutagens; bacterial recombination, transformation, transduction, plasmids and conjugation. 7) Microbial classification and phylogeny (mentions) 8) Virology: “anatomy” and structure of viral particles; viral counts; general concepts of viral reproduction, principles of viral genetics, RNA/DNA phages, temperate and lytic bacterial viruses; principal animal and plant viruses (mentions). 9) Microbial ecology: isolation and identification of microorganisms (recalls), interactions among microbial population and between microorganisms and other organisms; microbial ecosystems; methods for the study of microbial ecology and diversity; biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Sulphur, etc.), role of microorganisms in environmental decontamination, aerobic/anaerobic catabolism of environmental pollutants, treatment of water and wastewater. 10) Microbial Biotechnology (mentions): microorganism of industrial interest, screening for industrial metabolites/enzymes. Bioreactors, structure and design, scale-up, primary and secondary metabolites; production of antibiotics, enzymes, etc. (mentions). Enzyme and cell immobilization (mentions) 11) Pathogenic, harmful and useful microorganisms; mentions of medical microbiology Some practical/laboratort lectures will be added to better explain some topics of laboratory tecniques (reference books) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Vol.1 e 2 (or any other more recent edition) Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Vol. 1 e 2A Biologia dei microrgamismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2018. The lectures slides (PDF) are available on line. During the course, some scientific publications will be distributed and discussed. Other recent textbooks of General Microbiology could be used after a preliminary check with the teacher.	6	BIO/19	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118936 - ECOLOGY (objectives) The course aims to provide robust basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine both the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relations with the environment. Knowledge and Understanding The students will acquire knowledge on the basic principles of ecology, with particular emphasis on the interdisciplinary nature of this discipline. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program that runs through the hierarchical layers of ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), passing through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) up to the structure and functioning of communities (community ecology). Applied Knowledge and Understanding The knowledge acquired will be applied to the ecological mechanisms that allow evaluatint the state and functioning of ecosystems and biodiversity. Comprehension abilities will be applied by encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. Independent Evaluation The ability to formulate independent evaluations will be exercised thanks to the interdisciplinary and multilevel reasoning required by this discipline and by the analysis of the case studies proposed, that need the merging of complex and heterogeneous data to be understood. Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities, especially during field exercises. Ability to learn The many concepts learned and the connections linking them all will stimulate a “learning-by-reasoning” process, essential to fully understand ecological mechanisms. - Derived from 17517 ECOLOGIA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 0 CIMMARUTA Roberta (syllabus) General Ecology - The historical development of ecology. Ecology of the interactions between organisms and the physical environment: Conditions; Spatial and temporal variations; Adaptations in response to variations in environmental conditions; Limiting factors; Tolerance ranges; Environmental optima; Biological rhythms - climatic factors; Classification of climates; Phytogeographic zonation; Hints of paleoclimatology; Biomes. Evolutionary Ecology - Genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; Genetic variability; Evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; Balanced polymorphisms; Linkage disequilibrium; supergenes; Genetic divergence; Species concept; Reproductive isolation mechanisms; Speciation mechanisms; Hybrid zones and reinforcement; Sibling species; Biodiversity at the genetic level. Population ecology - Demography and dynamics: population structure and growth; Demographic parameters; Demographic tables; Intrinsic growth rate - numerical regulation of populations; Density dependent and independent factors; Exponential growth; environmental carrying capacity - logistic growth curve. Interspecific interactions: symbiosis; commensalism; inquilinism; antibiosis; parasitism; adaptations to parasitic life; coevolution; predation - adaptations to predation; cryptism; mimicry; intraspecific competition; interspecific competition; ecological niche; Principle of competitive exclusion; character displacement; r and K selection. Community and Ecosystem Ecology – What is community and its diversity, diversity indices, natural successions. Principles of Biogeography and islands biogeography. Ecosystems: structure, primary and secondary productivity, flux of energy through the ecosystem, trophic webs. (reference books) M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore.	9	BIO/07	48	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119009 - dendroecology (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary for the identification, biology, and ecology of Italian tree species. Particular attention will be paid to the ontogenetic cycle of trees and the state and dynamics of forest populations with insights related to the naturalness of ecosystems (old forests, managed forests, degraded forests), the dynamics of forest vegetation, and the impact of climate change. At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to apply the criteria of taxonomic identification of trees of forest interest and be able to understand the environmental needs and the bio-ecological role of each species in the dynamism of forest populations. During the course, students will be stimulated to develop independent judgment, communication skills, and the ability to learn. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) General part Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees. Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation. Special part Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses. Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris. THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics (reference books) Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher. Websites (Acta plantarum) and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119055 - HYDROLOGY AND GEOMATICS
- MODULE A - HYDROLOGY (objectives) The course has as a training objective the knowledge of hydrological processes for the understanding and management of problems inherent in the hydrological cycle. Three primary objectives can be identified: Know the hydrological phenomena. Specifically, the notions concerning the properties of precipitation and the dynamics of the formation of river floods will be deepened. Understanding and learning the concept of project flow, central training objective being the basis of most hydraulic designs. Learn and apply the Rational Formula which represents the training objective of the modeling type with a more practical and less phenomenological implication. In addition to the three main objectives, the student will also be trained directly on some soft-skills related to the topics of the course, such as basic IT tools (spreadsheets, GIS). - GRIMALDI Salvatore (syllabus) Hydrological Cycle. Meteorology (basic notions): Precipitation genesis. Meteorological Maps (GFS – 850Hp). Quantitative characterization of main hydrological phenomena. Rainfall measurements and instrumentations. Discharge definition, measurements and instrumentations. Rating curve. Watershed and flood definition. Return Period, definition and estimation. Basic notions of statistical methods for return period estimation. Design peak discharge, Rational formula, concentration time. Rainfall analysis for applying the rational formula: IDF curves. (reference books) Applied Hydrology, Chow, Maidment, Mays, McGraw-Hill In addition to the textbook, papers and materials will be available on GOMP useful for the Lab exercise and the project development.	6	AGR/08	40	8	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
119007 - BIOLOGY AND VEGETAL DIVERSITY
- MODULE B - FLORISTICS AND GEOBOTANICS (objectives) Understand the diversity of plants at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks. Knowing how to correctly use the scientific names of plant taxa. Master a picture of the diversity of Italian tracheophytes. Knowing how to use the identification techniques of vascular plant species. Being able to recognize the most common families of conifers and angiosperms of Italian flora in the field. Get a picture of the flora and vegetation of Italy. Master the basics of biodiversity and environmental distribution of vascular plants and simple applications (elements of floristic monitoring). - Filibeck Goffredo (syllabus) Plant taxonomy principles. International code of plant nomenclature. Plant phylogeny. The phyla of the kingdom Plantae. Elements of non-vascular plant systematic. How to identify a plant specimen. Taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and identification of the following families: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Orchidaceae, “Liliaceae” s.l., Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae. The Italian flora. Flora vs. vegetation. Species ranges. Habitat factors. Plant successions. Life-forms. The vegetation of Italy. Alien species. Measuring floristic diversity. Floristic monitoring. (reference books) - Pasqua-Abbate-Forni "Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale", 4a edizione, PICCIN - Marchi et al. "Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane: 1-140", Università La Sapienza - further information will be given during the classroom lectures	8	BIO/03	56	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119010 - Geopedology (objectives) The main objective of the teaching is to provide the knowledge necessary to interpret the genesis, the evolution of a soil, and its link with the landscape, with particular reference to paleoenvironmental interpretations and the Quaternary geology. The bases will be provided to understand the processes of formation of a soil and the link with environmental (climate, geology, morphology) and anthropic factors (use and management of the soil). The student will learn the basics to understand the spatial distribution of soils and their temporal evolution within the landscape, through practical examples of interpretation of soil maps and reading of the pedo-landscape. - Priori Simone (syllabus) Physico-chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics of soils. Pedogenetic factors (climate, lithology, morphology, time, and biota, including humans). The main forms of the landscape (karst, glacial, river, slope, structural) that guide the distribution and evolution of soils Pedogenetic processes that drive the development of soil horizons. Soil profile and genetic horizons. International classification of soils and distribution of soils in the world. The soil survey and the interpretation of a profile. Soils as an archive of the past: paleopedology Recognize and study paleosols and relict soils, witnesses of different environmental conditions of the past and important indicators of climate change. (reference books) - Certini G., Ugolini F.C.; Basi di pedologia, Edagricole - Lecture notes by the teacher	6	AGR/14	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119008 - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LABORATORY
- MODULE A - CHEMICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO A inglese The course introduces and deepens the concepts and main experimental approaches on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring through the knowledge and practice of the main instrumental methods for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of organic and inorganic substances present in the environment. Knowledge will focus in particular on chemical monitoring of water and soil. A) Educational objectives: To build a theoretical and applicative competence on the chemical aspects of environmental monitoring. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: the knowledge will concern in particular the chemical monitoring of superficial water and soil; 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: part of the course will be dedicated to carrying out practical exercises from an applicative applicative point of view, simulating real situations; 3) Autonomy of judgment: knowledge and practical application will allow autonomy of judgment and planning skills; 4) Communication skills: knowledge and application practice will also be useful in the development of communication skills through the reading and interpretation of the instrumental data obtained; 5) Ability to learn: the ability to learn will be evaluated through exercises concerning theory and interpretation of instrumental data. - BOTTA LORENZO (syllabus) Data Quality: Principal parameters for the validation of an analytical method: detection and quantification limits, sensibility, robustness, recovery and use of certified materials; analytic approximation referred to law limits and interpretation of experimental data; expression of analytical results; systematic and random contribution to the approximation. (DM 260/2010, allegato 1, Pag 29-30). Sampling and sample preparation: sampling representativeness considering the adopted sampling technique; sample storage; compatibility of the sample with the instrumental techniques; sample pretreatment: liquid-liquid and liquid-solid extraction; sample purification. Principles of Organic-Analytical Chemistry: mixtures separation: crystallizzation, solvent extraction: extrazion with supercritic fluids, distillation, cromathografy. Chromatography: theoretical considerations, partition coefficient, resolution. Chromatographic techniques: adsorption, partition, ionic exchange, exclusion. Cromathographic methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Gas cromathography (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Spectroscopy: the electromagnetic spectrum, radiation-matter interaction, effect of the chemical structure on the absorption, Lambert-Beer law. Principal environmental applications of the atomic and molecular spectroscopy: flame and graphite atomizers for the atomic absorption; plasma spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, infrared (IR). Calibration Methods: external calibration, use of an internal standard, adding method. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Environmental chemistry: water: alkalinity and acidity, oxidation, reduction, complexation and chelation reactions. Organic and Inorganic pollutants: organics: hydrocarbons; polimers; oils and lubrificants. Polichlorophenyls and derivatives (polichlorobiphenyls, furans e dioxins). Surfactants: persistence, solubility, transport and hydrolytic reactivity. inorganics: N-NH4, N-NO3, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen (LIMeco descriptors). Laboratory: liquid-liquid extraction, spectrophotometric analysis of N-NH4, total Phosphourus and dissolved Oxygen, GC-MS and NMR analyses of the organic pollutants (Analytical Methods Acque-APAT, IRSA). (reference books) Chimica Ambientale, Casa Editrice: Zanichelli; Autore: C. Baird. Chimica dell'ambiente, Casa Editrice: Piccin; Autore: S.E. Manahan. Identificazione spettrometrica di composti organici; Editore: CEA; Autore: R. M. Silverstein	6	CHIM/06	24	24	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
- MODULE B - BIOLOGICAL MONITORING (objectives) MODULO B inglese Understanding the meaning of the use of biological indicators for environmental monitoring. Acquisition of general skills for the use of the biological methodologies provided for by the laws in force on environmental monitoring, in particular that of aquatic systems, through the integral application of a biological index. A) Educational objectives: to develop design and execution skills for biological monitoring according to the principles and methods contained in current European and Italian legislation. B) Expected learning results: 1) Knowledge and understanding: The acquired knowledge will concern the general principles on which biological monitoring activities are based, the methodological processes for the implementation of monitoring campaigns, and the determination of biological indices of environmental quality. 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied: The application of knowledge will be focused on a methodological study of the indexes currently used to assess the ecological status of environmental matrices, considering in particular soil and inner watercourses, through practical activities in the field and in the laboratory. 3) Autonomy of judgment: The ability to formulate independent assessments can be exercised in the interpretation phase of the results, coordinating the heterogeneous data to arrive at motivated judgments. 4) Communication skills: These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and in the coordination of group activities. 5) Ability to learn: The methodological study can allow the extension of the concepts and practices to the monitoring application to other environmental matrices. - BELLATI Adriana (syllabus) Changes in environmental quality, pollution and environmental monitoring (quality of air, soil, water); Biological monitoring of air: atmosphere and impacts; bioindicators of air quality; IBL index. Biological monitoring of soil: soil matrix and impacts; bioindicators of soil quality; QBS index. In-depth activity: sampling techniques and recognition of pedofauna; determination of the QBS-ar index. Biological monitoring of costal waters: general aspects and impacts; bioindicators and ecological indices; legal aspects (WFD amd MSD). Biological monitoring of inland water bodies: general characteristics of inland waters: classification and impacts; biological indices (of diversity, the saprobic system and the biotic indices -BMWP, ASPT, IBE). The river: self-purifying capacity, metabolic efficiency, river continuum concept, ecological and hydroclimatic factors; The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60 / EC): typing, different types of monitoring, reference conditions; The elements of biological quality (EQB): Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Diatoms and Pisces; In-depth activity: definition of the ecological status of a river course through macrobenthos and the elements of chemical-physical and hydromorphological quality in support; determination of the STAR_ICMi index. The most recent methodologies for the isolation and the analysis of diagnostic DNA markers for the resolution of the biological diversity for environmental monitoring: sampling techniques, including complex environmental matrices, collection and biological conservation tools. (reference books) Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) IRSA manuals ISPRA manuals Atlases and identification cards The texts will be provided by the teacher, who will indicate the links for the retrieval	6	BIO/05	24	24	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118938 - IDROGEOLOGY (objectives) Objectives The objectives of the course are the comprehension of the main hydrogeological processes for the management and protection of groundwater resources. Students will be introduced to the understanding of how water gets into the ground (recharge), how it flows in the subsurface (through aquifers), how groundwater interacts with the surrounding soil and rock (the geology) and how flows out in different ways (different kinds of springs). For the understanding of these processes the hydrogeological features, interaction between surface water and groundwater and chemical-physical parameters will be analysed in the framework of protection and sustainable management of water resources. 1) Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge about the main hydrogeological features of rocks and soils, about the mechanisms governing groundwater flow circulation and distributions and about water quality. The student will be also able to classify different types of aquifer and spring categories, and he/she will be able to analyse the relationship between groundwater and other water bodies (rivers, lakes, sea, etc.). The student will be able to understand the principle of sustainable exploitation and vulnerability of groundwater also in the framework of current legislation. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of training activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: read and analyze a hydrogeological map; critically analyse hydrodynamic aquifer parameters, carry out a piezometric map also defining the main features, classify waters basing on their chemical-physical characteristics, the student must be able to evaluate vulnerability and degree of exploitation of groundwater resources. 3) Making judgments The student through the topics discussed during the course and during cartographic, numerical, and practical exercises will be able to make an individual judgment about groundwater flow circulation, groundwater quality and and degree of exploitation, dealing with different settings and environments concerning many aspects about the hydrogeology of an area. 4)Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during theoretical lessons and tutorial activities, necessary to interact with specialists involved in analyses, management and planning of activities in hydrogeological and environmental fields. The communication skills will be verified during class discussions and the oral examination. 5) Learning skills The student must demonstrate to be able to analyse hydrogeological features of a territory even if the settings are different from those considered during classes. The student mut also be able to define the key hydrogeological features of an environment useful to protect, monitor and correct manage groundwater resources. - SBARBATI Chiara (syllabus) Introduction: The concept of Hydrogeology, the importance of groundwater as fundamental resource for human and for the environment. Groundwater in the subsoil and Aquifer properties: study of groundwater distribution and movement in the unsaturated and saturated zone; definition of the main hydrogeological properties (porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, specific yield) and how they can influence groundwater circulation; the Darcy Law and estimation of flow rate; Aquifer classification. Aquifer recharge and interaction with different water bodies: the concept of continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system (hydrological cycle), hydrological water balance and definition of recharge, infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff; construction and interpretation of piezometric maps, definition of groundwater flow direction, hydraulic gradient and relationship between surface and groundwater; spring classification; study of the relationship between fresh and seawater in coastal environments (Ghyben- Herzberg Law); groundwater chemistry, elements of water-rocks interaction, geochemical classification of groundwater (Chebotarev, Schoeller and Piper Diagrams); definition of groundwater origin through groundwater isotopes. Groundwater and anthropogenic activities: different ways for groundwater exploitation and purpose (drinking water exploitation, irrigation, thermal use, dewatering, etc); the utility of pumping tests to gain different aquifer properties; aquifer contamination occurrence, definition of the main classes of pollutants, basic elements of contaminant transport in groundwater; the concept of aquifer vulnerability and brief description of implemented methods to assess the vulnerability, groundwater resource protection principle in accordance with the regulation. (reference books) Pietro Celico (2003) – Elementi di Idrogeologia – Liguori Editore Massimo Civita (2005) – Idrogeologia applicata ed ambientale Slides and additional material provided by the teacher during the course.	6	GEO/05	40	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118942 - INTERNSHIP	2		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
- - ELECTIVE COURSE	12		96	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Language
118952 - MATHEMATICS COMPLEMENTS (objectives) The course will introduce some essential tools for the mathematical description of the various applied sciences. In particular, after studying the subsets of RN, the functions of several real variables will be introduced, describing their fundamental properties. Then the sequences and the numerical and function series will be introduced, which will be used to solve some concrete problems.	6	MAT/05	40	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ITA
118953 - DIDACTICS OF MATHEMATICS (objectives) The aim of the course is to transmit the founding principles of Mathematics from a popular and didactic point of view, so that students appropriate the correct mathematical language to describe abstract concepts and concrete phenomena of the applied sciences, necessary for the design of educational paths for the popularization of Mathematics and Natural Sciences in their quantitative aspects.	6	MAT/05	32	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ITA
118954 - DIDACTICS OF NATURAL SCIENCES (objectives) The course is aimed at transmitting the founding principles of Natural Sciences selected on the basis of their relevance in the popular and educational context. The aim of the course is to make students acquire the language of Natural Sciences and specifically of Earth Sciences. Central themes are georesources, their evaluation and analysis through the scientific method, their use according to the principles of sustainability and the interdependence relationships between man and the planet Earth. Students will acquire the skills necessary for the design of educational paths for the dissemination of Natural Sciences.	6	GEO/04	40	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	ITA
118943 - FINAL TEST	4		-	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

118950 - CLIMATE CHANGE AND REWILDING - PIOVESAN Gianluca	6	AGR/05	32	16	-	-		-	ITA
119718 - Climatology - BONAMANO SIMONE	6	GEO/12	32	16	-	-		-	ITA

Degree Course: Natural and Environmental Sciences Syllabus for A.Y. 2022/2023