Degree Course: Science of Forest and Nature Syllabus for A.Y. 2021/2022  

MATHEMATICS

BASICS:
Sets, elements, membership, inclusion, intersection, union, difference, empty set. Relations, applications or functions, domain, codomain. Numerical sets, intervals, upper and lower endpoints. Natural numbers, relative integers, rational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, logarithms, one-to-one correspondence with the points of a line.
EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:
Basic concepts and elementary algebra overview, analytic geometry overview, equations and inequalities of first and second degree, exercises on the solution of equations and inequalities of second degree and systems of inequalities by analytical and graphical methods.
COORDINATES, TRIGONOMETRY:
Oriented lines, polar coordinates, cartesian coordinates, distance between two points. Unit circle, trigonometric functions, addition and subtraction formulas, duplication and bisection formulas, transformation between cartesian and polar coordinates.
ELEMENTS OF ENUMERATIVE COMBINATORICS:
Simple dispositions, permutations and combinations, binomial coefficients, properties and definitions.
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:
Definitions and properties of matrices, diagonal matrices, transpose matrix, inverse matrix. Determinant of a square matrix, Laplace theorems, Sarrus rule, general properties of determinants, minors and rank of a matrix.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix.
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Overview on systems of linear equations, Rouché-Capelli theorem, Cramer theorem, systems of m equations in n unknowns, homogeneous systems.
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OVERVIEW:
Cartesian plane, equation of a straight line, parallelism, orthogonality and intersection of straight lines. Circle, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola. General equation of conic sections.
REAL VARIABLE FUNCTIONS:
Trigonometric functions, composition of functions, inverse functions, inf and sup of a function, limits of a function, theorems about limits, uniqueness of limits theorem, permanence of sign theorem, squeeze theorem, limit of a sum, product, quotient, etc. of functions, notable limits.
CONTNUOUS FUNCTIONS:
Definitions and basic properties, continuity, Neper number, maximum and minimum, inverse function.
DERIVATIVES:
Definition and geometric interpretation of derivatives, operations on derivatives and differentiation rules, differentiation of trigonometric functions, differentiation of combined functions and inverse functions, differentiability and continuity, differential, higher derivatives, relative maxima and minima, asymptotes, concavity and convexity, inflection points, graphs of functions. Rolle, Cauchy, Lagrange, De L'Hopital theorems, indeterminate forms.
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS:
Inverse trigonometric functions, logarithm function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions.
FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES:
Definitions, domain, limits and continuity, partial derivatives and higher partial derivatives. Hessian matrix. Brief notes on function of n variables.
INTEGRALS:
Indefinite integrals, definition and properties, relation between integrability e differentiability, notable integrals, definite integrals, calculation of areas. Double integrals.

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS

Reality description: models, theories, laws and measurements; the international system of units; scalar quantities and vector quantities; sum and difference of vectors; decomposition of vectors along given directions; scalar product, cross product, mixed product.
KINEMATICS:
Basics. Motion of point particles. Coordinate systems. Linear velocity and acceleration. Uniform and non-uniform circular motion; angular velocity and acceleration.
DYNAMICS:
Newton laws (I, II e III) and their applications. Point particles dynamics. Friction forces. Work and kinetic energy. Conservative forces. Potential energy; energy conservation. Power. Non-conservative forces. Momentum and its conservation; collisions and their classification. Motion of rigid bodies and equilibrium conditions. Moment of inertia and angular momentum for rotations around a fixed axis; momentum of forces; second law of rigid body dynamics. Kinetic energy; rolling and the role of frictions. Work and power.
FLUIDS:
Hydrostatics and applications. Fluid dynamics: mass flow rate, conservation law of mass flow rate. Bernoulli theorem and applications. Real fluids: surface tension and capillarity.

"Lezioni di matematica generale" - Alvaro Marucci - Edizioni Sette Città, Viterbo

The course program is divided into two modules, each lasting 32 hours.
First module: General Chemistry (32 hours). Electrons, protons, neutrons. Atomic number. Mass number. Isotopes. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table of the elements. Groups and periods. Atomic dimensions. Ionization energy. Electron affinity. Electronegativity. Valence electrons. Octet rule. Chemical bonds. Binding energy. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Lewis structures. Polarity of bonds. Resonance. Hydrogen bond. Van der Waals forces. Mole. Avogadro's number. Reactions and chemical equations. Balance of reactions. Most common inorganic compounds: oxides, anhydrides, hydroxides, hydracids, oxyacids, salts, peroxides, hydrides. Chemical formulas and preparation reactions. Stoichiometric calculations. States of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Changes in state. Solutions. Units of concentration. Molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction, percentage. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Kinetics. Activation energy. Reaction speed. Catalysts. Reactions at equilibrium. equilibrium constant. Acids and bases. Arrhenius theory. Bronsted-Lowry theory. Theory of Lewis. Strong acids. Weak acids. Strong bases. Weak bases. Acidity constant and alkalinity. Acid-base properties of water. pH and pOH. pH of aqueous solutions containing strong acids/bases, weak acids/bases, polybasic acids, buffers, salts. Acid / base titration. Number of oxidation. Redox reactions.
First module: Organic Chemistry (32 hours). Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Combustion reactions and halogenation. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Electrophilic addition reactions. Polymerization reactions. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Reactions of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Dehydration and oxidation reactions. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Oxidation, reduction, addition. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: chemical structure and biological role.

For a good exam preparation, the following two textbooks are recommended:
(1) Fundamentals of General Chemistry - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education
(2) Essential Organic Chemistry - B. Botta, Edi-ermes
On the Moodle platform, on the course page, the slides of all the lessons held by the teacher are available.

The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions.
Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Protoplast, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton; Golgi, Transition and maturation vesicles. Endoplasmic model (RE). The endomembrane system.
Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids).
Mitochondria: structure (relationship and matrix) in relation to the main reactions involved in cellular respiration.
Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells.
The plasmalemma. Structure of cell membranes. Differential permeability. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Transport of solutes through the membrane.
The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata.

The cell nucleus (synthesis). The genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis. Importance of genetic information and proteins in relation to cellular metabolism.
Modes of the mitotic division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis. Fragmoplast and wall formation from cell division.
The meiotic division of the nucleus. Consequences of meiosis for the genetic variability of individuals.

Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics.
Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots.
Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels.
Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport .
Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes:
phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
phylum Conipherophyta (conifers)
phylum Antophyta (angiosperms)
Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination.
Flower structure in plants.
The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.).
Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees.
The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients.
Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism.

Suggested Textbooks:
Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin.
Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli.
Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli.
Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi

Additional Textbooks and Websites for microscopic plant anatomy:
Speranza, Calzoni. Struttura delle piante per immagini. Zanichelli.
http://www.dipbot.unict.it/frame/botgenit.htm
http://www.atlantebotanica.unito.it/page.asp

B1 Grammar topics
These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at the B1 level, such as Cambridge English Preliminary:

Adverbs
Both, either, neither
A broader range of intensifiers; So, such, too, enough
Comparatives and superlatives
Question tags
Conditionals: 0, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Connecting words expressing cause and effect, contrast, etc. (Linking words)
Embedded questions
Future (present simple, present continuous, going to+verb, will/shall), Will and going to, for prediction

Modals - must/can’t, a deduction

Modals – might, may, will, probably
Modals – should have/might have/etc
Modals: must/have to

Present simple/present continuous
Past simple/Past continuous
Present Perfect/Past perfect
Present/Future and Past tense responses
Phrasal verbs, extended
Prepositions of place and movement
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect/past simple
Reported speech (range of tenses)
Passive and Active voice: simple passive
Wh- questions in the present, future, and past
You can also see which grammar topics are associated with other CEF levels.


Vocabulary Topics
All the words in this section are in the Cambridge PET word list. These are the important words you need to know to pass an exam at B1 level.

Appliances | Buildings | Clothes | Colours | Education | Entertainment and Media | Environment | Food and Drink | Health, Medicine and Exercise | Hobbies and Leisure | House and Home | Language | Personal Feelings, Opinions and Experiences | Places: Countryside | Places: Town and City | Services | Shopping | Sport | Technology and Communications | The Natural World | Travel and Transport | Weather | Work and Jobs


Vocabulary learning tips
Read as much as possible. If you come across a word you don't know, write it down or look it up.

Use a dictionary. Many browsers include dictionaries. If you are reading online, you may be able to right-click on a word to look it up.

Sign up for a 'word a day' email.

Think of ways of remembering words. Do they sound like a word in your own language?

Remember words are often used together with other words. Try to learn these 'collocations'.

Bibliography - Texts:

1. Helen Stephenson (Autore), Paul Dummett (Autore), John Hughes, LIFE PRE-INTERMEDIATE 2nd. Edition.
Student's book and workbook; Student's book Build Up con CD, DVD-ROM, con e-book e con espansione online e contenuto digitale per download e accesso on line. ISBN: -9788853625144 - (3 Books).

Editore: ELI
Collana:Inglese corsi ESP
Data di Pubblicazione:2018
EAN:9788853625144
ISBN:8853625147
Formato:prodotto in più parti di diverso formato
"Bringing National Geographic to Life" - https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/NGLandLife

Life Product Video
https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/about-life/life-product-video

2. Raymond Murphy (Author), Lelio Pallini (Author); Essential Grammar in Use, con soluzioni ed eBook, Quarta edizione. Grammatica di base della lingua inglese. ISBN 9781316509029.


3. B1 Preliminary for Schools practice tests, for Revised exam from 2020 con CD-Audio e file audio per il download. ISBN 9788853627872.
Editore:ELI
Collana:Certificazioni
Data di Pubblicazione:2020
EAN:9788853627872
ISBN:8853627875
Pagine:176
Formato:prodotto in più parti di diverso forma
4. Dispense di Lessico e Grammatica livello A1-B1

Application of software for processing a text. With particular reference to the revisions of the text and the use of cross references (summary). Application of software for the use of a spreadsheet and data processing. Functions, sorting data, cross references, charting.
Population and statistical sample; Sampling procedures; Quantiles. Variance and mean; Chi square test; Normal distribution; Correlation and Regression.

Whitlock MM, Schluter D (2010) Analisi statistica dei dati biologici. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna. ISBN 978-88-08-06297

Cell cycle and cell division; Chromosomal bases of inheritance; Ontogenetic cycles; Determination of sex; Mendel experiments; Multiple alleles, co-dominance dominance, gene interactions; genetic maps; chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids; Chromosome structure; Central Dogma; DNA replication; Transcription, role of regulatory sequences, interrupted genes (exons, introns); Genetic code; Protein translation and synthesis; Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations; spontaneous and induced; Regulation of gene expression; Quantitative genetics; Heritability in a broad sense and in a strict sense, response to selection; Population genetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Evolutionary factors: mutations, gene flow, selection and genetic drift; their balance action.

Genetica agraria. Genetica e bitecnologie per l'agricoltura di Franco Lorenzetti, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Daniele Rosellini e F. Veronesi.
Griffiths A.J.F, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, (2002) Genetica: principi di analisi formale. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Elements of geodesy
- Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations
- Main cartographic projection systems
- Main cartographic representation systems
- Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga
- Reading and content of national cartography
- Altimetry
Thematic cartography (forest and environmental).
- Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.).
The GPS (Global Position System) system
- Operating principles
- GPS surveys in forest environment
Elements of numerical cartography and GIS
- Generalities and functions of the GIS
- Data representation models: raster and vector formats,
- Georeferencing and related issues,
- Concept of scale
- Main functions of a GIS
- Spatial analysis
- Digital terrain models,
Elements of analysis of remote sensing images
- Aerial photos
- Orthophoto card
- Satellite images
- Characteristics of the products available
- Quickbird
- Ikonos
- Sentinel

Notes provided on moodle

Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore.
Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo
Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano

Introduction to the course. Teaching methods, teaching materials, examination methods, illustration of the program, textbooks, exercises and laboratory exercises. Examples.

Introduction to Botany. Subsequent levels of integration of living material. Systematic botany; concepts of similarity and affinity and of analogies and homologies in plants; study of variability: classification methods, taxonomic ranks and nomenclature. Taxonomic framework. Main morphological characters with taxonomic value.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (outline of general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae. Outline on the lichens.
The emergence from the water and the bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators.



Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or Pteridophytes: general characteristics, diagnostic characters, reproduction, outlines of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida) with examples and observation of fresh material. Vascular plants with seeds: gymnosperms with outlines on general diagnostic characters, on systematics and ecology. The angiosperms: general characteristics and biological forms.; diversity and outlines on evolution; evolution of floral morphology; outlines of systematics; the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids).

The 20 main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora, diagnostic characters and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Violaceae. Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Orchidaceae (and outlines on the mycorrhizae), Poaceae. Outlines on the main families of tree plants.

Identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti), the Portal Acta Plantarum, the Portal of the Italian Flora, the App PlantNet. Outlines on Italian vascular flora: native and non-native flora.

Outline on Herbaria and the Herbarium of Tuscia (UTV). How to make a personal scientific herbarium.

Recommended texts
• Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C. - ultima edizione. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin.
• Marchi P. et al., Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane, 4 volumi (o volume unico). Ed. Rubettino/Ed. Univ. La Sapienza.
• Pignatti S. 1982, Flora d'Italia, 3 voll. Edagricole (disponibile anche in aula collezioni didattiche).
• Scoppola A., Scarici E. 1998, La conservazione delle piante. Guida alla realizzazione di un erbario.

Other materials
• Educational Herbaria available at the classroom of the educational collections and the library
• Didactic materials of the previous AAs available on Moodle.
• Site of the Tuscia Herbarium: http://www.erbario.unitus.it/
• Portal to the Italian vascular flora (http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php)
• Acta Plantarum (https://www.actaplantarum.org/index.php).

PROGRAM

I. Introductory and general concepts
Main chemical constituents of animals and their meaning: elements, inorganic compounds (water, mineral salts) and organic (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell: structure and functions. Mitosis.
Reproduction (agamic and gamic). Meiosis. Hermaphroditism. Generation alternation. Parthenogenesis. Meaning of sexuality. Sexual dimorphism.
Notes on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of animals.
Evolution: theories, mechanisms and tests; Darwinism and synthetic theory.
Species concepts. The typological concept. The biological concept of species, the population as an evolutionary unit.
The mechanisms of speciation (allopatric model, sympatric model).

II. Animals and the environment
Abiotic and biotic factors. Habitat. Concept of population in ecology (growth curves, reproductive strategies, -r and -K selection). Communities (zoocenosis, taxocenosis). Ecosystem. The concept of fauna *.
The interspecific relationships (predation, competition, symbiosis and parasitism, adaptive coloring, mimicry, cryptism) and intraspecific (animal colonies and societies, competition and sexual selection, territory).
The ecological niche. Aquatic environments (marine, inland waters) and terrestrial environments, characteristics and adaptations. The biomes. Notes on zoogeography: general principles, definitions, zoogeographic regions.

III. Animal diversity
The concept of Biodiversity. Animal diversity and its meaning. Principles of Zoological classification, Linnean taxonomic categories.
Systematic ordering at class level, general body organizational plan, biology, ecological role and evolutionary aspects of the "Protozoa" and the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Plathyelminthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nematoda, Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda), Annelida(Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Irudinea), Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda), Echinoderma, Chordata (Urochordata, Cephalochordata). Introduction to Vertebrata.

Part I and II (Introductory and general concepts, Animals and the environment):
1. Hickman C.P. et al., 2008. Fondamenti di Zoologia. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
2. Argano et al., 2007. Zoologia. Evoluzione e adattamento. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna
3. Baccetti et al., 1995. Trattato Italiano di Zoologia, vol. 1. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Part III (Animal diversity)
4. Hickman C.P. et al., 2007. Diversità animale. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
5. Argano R. et al., 2007. Zoologia. Diversità animale. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna.
6. Baccetti B. et al., 1994. Lineamenti di Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli, Bologna.

* For the Concept of Fauna see La Greca M., 2002. Fauna e ambiente. In: Minelli A. et al. eds, La Fauna in Italia. Touring Editore, Min. Ambiente, pp. 10-16. [the book is available at the Faculty of Agriculture library, Univ. Tuscia]

The slides of the lessons are also available from the teacher.

Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept
Energy, energy balance and trophic chains
Climate and biomes
Climate change and ecosystems
International initiatives to contrast climate change
Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P)
Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate
Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges
Ecology of populations
Communities, niches and ecotones
Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem
Biodiversity
Fire as an ecological factor
Main forest biomes

Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger)
Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson)
Material provided by the teacher (Moodle)

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Construction Science
Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety.
Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip.
Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams.
Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures.
Land survey and cartography
Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Levels, geometric leveling, leveling with total station. GNSS. Elements of cartography: projection Gauss-Boaga, UTM, map reading.

Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;

lessons (32h)
Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation.

An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS).

Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback).

Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons.

Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data).

Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures.

Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology).

The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources.

Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview.

Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications).

Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy.

Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology.

Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism

Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment.

Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces.

Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk.

Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction.

Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk.

Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification.

Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas.

Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data.
Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic.

Exercises (16 h)
During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on:
Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals.
-Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR)
- Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks;
- Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements;
- Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles;
- Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion.
Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam.

Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material
All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course)

Recommended texts

GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York
GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore
ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php .
MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana
Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/

Il suolo
La definizione di suolo
I componenti del suolo

Le proprieta’ fisiche del suolo
La tessitura
La struttura
La densità e la porosità
Consistenza, temperatura, colore

Movimento dell’acqua nel suolo
Rapporti acqua-suolo
Il potenziale dell’acqua nel suolo
Acqua disponibile nel suolo
Il movimento dell’acqua nel suolo

Le proprieta’ chimico-fisiche del suolo
Lo scambio cationico e anionico
Il pH del suolo e sua misura
Potere tampone del suolo
Le reazioni di ossido-riduzione

La sostanza organica
Costituenti della sostanza organica
Sostanze umiche
Umificazione
Estrazione delle sostanze umiche
Immobilizzazione e mineralizzazione della sostanza organica

Le reazioni enzimatiche
Gli enzimi: caratteristiche, struttura, classificazione.
Caratteristiche delle reazioni enzimatiche.
Inibitori, regolazione.

La fotosintesi
Il cloroplasto, i pigmenti fotosintetici, la fase luminosa (fotosistema I e II e trasferimento ciclico degli elettroni), la fase oscura (gli enzimi della carbossilazione, Rubisco e PEPc), le piante C3, C4, CAM.

La respirazione
I mitocondri, la glicolisi, il ciclo degli acidi tricarbossilici (ciclo TCA), la catena respiratoria, la via cianuro resistente, sintesi di ATP.

Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin
Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed
Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed

Hand-outs from lessons

General part
Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees.
Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation.
Special part
Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses.
Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris.
THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics

Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam
Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher.
Web sites and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.

Dendrometria ed Elementi di assestamento forestale.
Definizione e scopi della dendrometria.
Evoluzione del significato delle misure dendrometriche. Importanza del campionamento in dendrometria.
Il cavallettamento dendrometrico:
- uso del cavalletto dendrometrico; forma e dimensioni delle aree di saggio; gli errori nel cavallettamento;
- delimitazione di un'area di saggio.
- le variabili dendrometriche di base di un popolamento forestale: modalità di calcolo e significato di: numero di piante, area basimetrica, diametro medio, diametro dominante; curva di distribuzione del numero di alberi in classi diametriche.
La misura dell'altezza di un albero.
- ipsometro di Blume Leiss, ipsometro Vertex e clisimetro forestale: principi trigonometrici di funzionamento e usa pratico;
- criteri di campionamento degli alberi modello delle altezze;
- costruzione della curva ipsometrica: metodo grafico e metodo analitico;
- altezza media e altezza dominante di un popolamento forestale: determinazione speditiva e rigorosa; - coefficiente di snellezza.
Cubatura di alberi atterrati e popolamenti in piedi.
- i prototipi dendrometrici e la teoria geometrica del volume di un albero
- la cubatura di un tronco: formula della sezione mediana e della sezione media;
- cubatura per sezioni: formula di Heyer, formula dei trapezi,
- tavole stereometriche a una e a doppia entrata: caratteristiche e uso;
- formula generale di cubatura di un albero e di un soprassuolo in piedi; il coefficiente di riduzione ordinario;
- metodi di cubatura con gli alberi modello: il metodo dell'albero modello unico;
- cubatura di una catasta di legname;
- calcolo della percentuale di corteccia.
Misura dell'età di un albero: metodi diretti e indiretti
Relascopio:
- principi di dendrometria relascopica;
- il relascopio di Bitterlich: caratteristiche e modalità di uso; scelta della banda di numerazione; prove relascopiche adiametriche per la stima dell'area basimetrica di un popolamento forestale; prove relascopiche diametriche per la stima dell'area basimetrica, del numero di piante di un popolamento forestale e del volume.
Dendroauxonomia:
- le curve di massa di un popolamento coetaneo: reale, principale e totale;
- incremento corrente, medio e percentuale: definizione e andamento;
- le leggi dell'auxonomia del popolamento coetaneo;
- le tavole alsometriche: definizione e caratteristiche;
- l'accrescimento di un popolamento disetaneo (cenni).
Dendroauxometria:
- misura dell'incremento di volume degli alberi atterrati: metodo del diametro mediano;
- misura dell'incremento di volume di alberi in piedi: formula generale, formule semplificate di Pressler e di Schneider; metodo delle differenze di tariffa; metodo degli inventari successivi.
Elementi di assestamento forestale:
- definizione e scopi dell'assestamento forestale;
- oggetto, obiettivi e attori del piano di assestamento forestale;
- le parti di un piano di assestamento forestale;
- i comparti forestali: particelle, comprese, inclusi forestali;
- la carta assestamentale.

Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Introduction to the course
Types of woods
Forest management and treatment
Coppice forest
Stumps and shoots
Origin of the shoots
Type of gems and how the stump evolves, longevity and death
Type of coppicing
Coppice in Italy
Advantages and disadvantages of coppice government
Type of high forest Treatment
Development stages of the high forest
Thinning
Type of thinning
Composed coppice
Conversion and transformation of coppice

M. Cappelli: Selvicoltura generale. Edagricole
G. Bernetti, R. Del Favero, M. Pividori. Selvicoltura Produttiva. Compagnia delle Foreste
G. Bernetti. Selvicoltura speciale. Utet

1. Introduction: history of pedology. The role of soil in various grassland and forest ecosystems. Definitions of soil/pedon and morphological characteristics (1 ECITS).
2. The factors of pedogenesis: climate, lithology, geomorphology, biotic, anthropic factor, time. (1 ECTS)
3. Pedogenetic processes: alteration, translocation, addition and loss. Specific soil formation and evolution processes. The description of the profile. The superficial and profound diagnostic horizons. Soil humidity and temperature regimes. Forest soils: characteristics and classification (1 ECTS)
4. The forest soil profile and the pedogenetic horizons. The subordinate horizons. The types of humus and their classification. Morphological description of the soil properties and pedogenetic meaning: color, texture and structure (1 ECTS)
5. Classification of soils. Soil classification systems. The characteristics of the soils belonging to the classification orders of the Soil Taxonomy. The causes of degradation and desertification of soils. Soil consumption and erosion (1 ECTS)
6. Exercises: profile analysis and field report during an excursion to areas of particular forest interest. The morphological description of the soil and chemical-physical analysis in the laboratory (1 ECTS)

Giacomo Certini e Fiorenzo Cesare Ugolini Basi di Pedologia - Edagricole
Carmelo Dazzi Fondamenti di Pedologia - Le Panseur

Part 1
Introduction to the course
Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements
Regulatory aspects

Part 2
Notes on the physical properties of water
Fundamental principles of hydraulics

Part 3
Definition of River Basin
Basin hydrology
Soil erosion
Flooding

Part 4
Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction

References:

1- lecturer's notes
2- pdf files of the presented Power Point
3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.

The course is held in Italian
Microscopic characteristics of wood. Organization of xylem tissues in the stem. Description of the cellular elements (tracheids, tracheas, fibers, parenchyma, epithelial cells, channels and intercellular spaces).
Chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood (outline).
Elemental chemical composition, organic components, ultrastructural architecture of the wall, effects of chemical constituents and the ultra-structure on the properties of wood.
Use of keys for the microscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one
Macroscopic characteristics of wood.
Fundamental anatomical sections. Sapwood and heartwood. Color. Large anatomical elements. Grain, design, texture, shine, other organoleptic characteristics.
Use of keys for macroscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one
Variations in the structure of the wood.
Variations within a tree, horizontal, vertical, between different trees of the same species. Notes on wood of branches and roots.
Defects and anomalies of round and sawn wood
Growth anomalies. Anomalies in the anatomical constitution of the stems (reaction wood, chives, resin pockets). Color anomalies. Anomalies due to aging. Defects from abnormal cellular content and extractives. Defects in the shape of the arboreal stems, curvature, irregular and eccentric sections, protuberances, tapering. Knots. Marrow. Biological alterations from bacteria, fungi, insects and other animals. Growth rate. Frost cracks, lightning strikes, top breaking, felling tear, incorrect limbing. Foreign bodies incorporated, natural (concretions) or of other origin. Defects of the sawn timber present at the origin or induced by processing.
Alterations to the wood (notes)
Abiotic factors. Biotic factors (Bacteria, Fungi, Higher plants, Insects, Marine organisms, other animals).
Fire wood relationships. Upper and lower calorific value. Combustion. Carbonization. Fire resistant
Test methods, classifications, physical and mechanical characteristics.
Technical regulations. Standards and regulatory bodies. Types of evidence. Sampling. Test conditions. Sample size. Structural wood
Density
Direct determination. Sampling. Factors affecting the density. Density variations.
Relations between water and wood. Hygroscopicity. Saturation water and imbibition water. Wood moisture measurement. Moisture in the tree. Air humidity Properties of air-vapor mixtures. Relative humidity measurement. Wood moisture Desorption and adsorption. Maximum moisture content. Moisture content under constant atmospheric conditions. Cell wall saturation point. Moisture content in variable atmospheric conditions. Dimensional variations. Shrinkage and swelling. Factors affecting shrinkage and swelling. Anisotropy of shrinkage and swelling. Determination of shrinkage and swelling. Consequences of dimensional variations. Round and sawn assortments.
Mechanical properties of wood
Types of stresses. Resistance to compression, traction, bending, shear, impact, penetration or hardness, wear
Elementary woodworking, hints.
Machining with or without chip removal. Wood characteristics relevant for processing. Band saws, reciprocating and circular, with chain. Sheeters and sheeters
Sawn timber Raw material and products. Organization of a sawmill. Production techniques (sawing performance, cutting systems and methods, technological defects). Plants and production lay-out. Seasoning in the air. Factors that influence seasoning. Stacks. Artificial drying. Correction of drying defects.
Notes on preservative treatments
Notes on derivatives. Peeled, sliced, panels
In addition to this program, inserted in May 2017 without anyone having objected, on 30/9/2019 I also insert ob torto collo also the topic Outlines of forest uses, at the explicit verbal request of the President of the CCS SFN. I reiterate that for a better understanding of the topic added up to now, it is recommended to follow the specific course offered in another curriculum.

Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati:
G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito.
R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione)
Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca

Biodiversity definition and main issues.
Species diversity: taxonomy, phylogeny, intra- and inter-specific diversity.
Endemic, rare and threatened species.
Main metrics for alpha-, beta-, and gamma diversity.
Ecological diversity: Natura2000 network. Old-growth forests, monumental trees, marginal populations, glacial refugia and hybrid zones.
Genetic diversity: Forest genetic resources, most used molecular markers.
Threats: soil use change, fragmentation, pollution, fires, over-exploitation, wrong silviculture regimes, bottle necks, alien species, genetic pollution.
Related conservation strategies.

R. Cazzolla Gatti, Biodiversità in teoria e in pratica (Edizioni Liberia Universitaria)

Principles of animal husbandry. Livestock farming in the Alps. Stocking rate. Grazing techniques. Grazing management systems. Traditional cheeses from Alps. Behaviour of grazing animals. Mule farming and training. Effects of climate on grazing animals. Sheep and goats farming. Workhorses farming. Donkeys farming. Maremmana cows farming. Welfare status evaluation in grazing animals.

Notes and material published in GOMP by the teacher.

Below is the program for the Forestry and Environmental Legislation course:
01/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Introduction to forest law and environmental law. The sources of law.
08/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools.
15/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools.
22/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, forest management activities and the agricultural silvicultural company. The TUFF and the recovery of abandoned land.
29/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 The trade in wood and derivatives. Agricultural activity and biodiversity protection.
05/11/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Landscape. Hydrogeological constraint. Water and soil defense.
11/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Environment and its protection. The code of the environment. Legal safeguards against damage to the environment. Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools.
11/26/2021 11:00 - 13:00 Protection of the woods from fires (XXVIII). State Forestry Corps and Carabinieri Forestry, Environmental and Agri-food Units Command (XXIX). Protected natural areas (X). Wetlands (XI). Natura 2000 Network (XII).
26/11/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Legal protection against damage to the environment (XXVI). Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools (XXVII). Water and soil defense (XVI).
10/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Agronomic use of wastewater (XVII). Mountain areas (XXV). Monumental trees (XX). Urban green (XXI). Urban gardens (XXII).
17/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Final summary lesson of the course, followed by the seminar organized for the presentation of the book by GM Flick and M Flick, Elogio della foresta

For the forestry and environmental legislation course:
- N. Ferrucci (edited by), Forest and environmental law, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2020;
- G.M. Flick, M. Flick, In praise of the forest, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2020 [recommended reading].

Agronomy:
The agricultural soil;
Protection and control of soil erosion;
Soil tillage;
Fertilization, irrigation and weed control principles;
Crop rotation.

Cropping system management:
Design, classification, structure and operation of the low-input cropping systems;
Diversification of agro-pastoral systems in the protected areas;
Crops (cereals and forage species) and their management;
Pasture management.

Luigi Giardini, L`Agronomia per conservare il futuro (Pàtron, 2012);
Remigio Baldoni, Luigi Giardini. Coltivazioni erbacee - Foraggere e tappeti erbosi. Patron ed., 2002.
Remigio Baldoni, Luigi Giardini. Coltivazioni erbacee - Cereali e proteaginose. Patron ed., 2002.
Lecture notes.

Introduction to the course; Forest Pathology and its context; Concept of disease and damage; biotic and abiotic disease agents; triangle of disease, classification of diseases; introduction to symptoms.
The Symptomatology; classification of symptoms; diagrammatic scales of disease; disease indices: incidence, severity, mortality; calculation of disease indices; use of disease indices to evaluate status, severity and distribution in a forest stand; example of interaction between entomology and forest pathology: the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia; alteration of processes: photosynthesis; breathing; transport; reproduction; transcription; The disease cycle: overwintering; primary inoculum; dissemination; inoculation; activation; adhesion of the pathogen to the host; passive and active penetration; infection; apoplastic / symplastic, biotrophic / necrotrophic colonization; evasion of the pathogen. Defense mechanisms: evasion, tolerance, resistance. Passive and active, morphological and chemical resistance. Receptor elicitor system. The VTA, concepts, and use in the urban environment; classification systems; practical exercises on VTA application. The diagnostic procedure: anamnesis and field diagnosis, phases of the diagnostic procedure in the field. Application cases: ambrosia beetles and associated mushrooms; chestnut blight; chestnut ink disease. The concept of sterility; growth media, autoclave, laminar flow hood. Koch's Postulates, application example. Introduction to Mycology; the fungal thallus; mushroom ecology: symbionts, saprotrophs. Fungi as pathogens of plants, animals, humans, and other microorganisms; the fungal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, the cell wall. The biological cycle of mushrooms; spore germination; hyphal growth; tropism; necrotrophic and biotrophic colonization; vegetative structures. Practical exercises of microscopic observation of fungal structures. Biological diagnostics: observation and dissection of symptomatic material; sterilization and plating in a laminar flow hood; wet room set-up. The fruiting bodies; nuclear phases; taxonomic classification; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; general information on Ascomycota: vegetative thallus, sexual reproduction (pleomorphism, telomorph and anamorph; gametangiogamia; ascus and ascospores) and asexual (conidia); fruiting bodies of the telomorph (apothecium, perithecium, cleistothecium, pseudothecium); fruiting bodies of the anamorph (acervulus, picnidium); taxonomy.
Introduction to Basidiomycota; vegetative thallus; sexual reproduction (somatogamia; basidia and basidiospores); fruiting bodies (angiocarp; gymnocarp; hemiangiocarp); order Uredinales, reproductive forms and cycle; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalities, biology, and taxonomy.
Special part: damping off of seedlings (causative agents, symptomatology, epidemiology, control methods). Powdery Mildews: introduction and taxonomic classification; Powdery Mildew of oaks, hazelnut, plane tree, poplar (causative agents, symptoms, cycle, epidemiology, control methods). Taphrinales: introduction and taxonomic framework; causative agents; symptoms; cycle; epidemiology. Introduction to rust diseases; the rusts diseases of forest plants: taxonomy, cycle of the disease, epidemiology. Pine blister rusts ; pine twist rust; the rust diseases of poplars; blister rusts of Spruce, Silver fir, and Douglas fir; juniper rust; witches broom of Silver fir.
Leaf diseases: cycle, epidemiology; necrosis of pine needles (Lophodermium sp., Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); leaf necrosis of broad-leaved trees; anthracnose (plane tree, ash, walnut), shoots and cones blight of pine (Sphaeropsis sapinea).
Tracheomycosis: general information and cycle; the Dutch elm disease; the stain canker of the plane tree; the verticillosis.
Target cankers: Nectria and larch canker. Diffuse cankers: cypress canker; chestnut blight
Root rot: Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora

Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro Ragazzi - Patron Editore)

Generalities on insects; external morphology; Nervous system and sense organs; Digestive system; Circulatory system; Secretory and excretory systems; Reproductive system; Pheromones; Post embryonic development; Moulting; Metamorphosis; Means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Modes of penetration and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated pest management (IPM).

Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications:
Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press -
A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.

I - Basic elements of economics (3 ECTS)
1. Fundamental concepts of the economy
2. Production theory:
3. The offer of products in competitive markets: short-term business and market offer.
4. Valuation of investments: Net Present Value (NPV).
5. Market demand:
6. Closed markets:
7. Open markets: international trade

II – Selected issues on forestry economics (1 ECTS).
1. Forest production activities
2. The Italian forest-wood system
3. International trade in wood products

III - Basic notions of economics of natural resources and the environment (0.5 ECTS)

IV - Introductory notions of forest and environmental appraisal (2.5 ECTS)
1. Appraisal in professional practice.
2. General information on appraisal.
3. The basics of land registry (Cadastre).
4. The basics of financial mathematics.
5. Forest appraisal:
• Estimative metric computation
• Value of staining
• Value of the forest.
6. The basics of environmental appraisal.

• Samuelson P.A. e Nordhaus W.D., Economia, XX edizione [XXI ed., 2019], McGraw-Hill, 2001 [Sito: www.ateneonline.it\samuelson20e].
• Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale, Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 1991. (In sostituzione, per alcune parti si può usare: Bernetti I., Romano S. (a cura di). Economia delle risorse forestali. Liguori Editore, 2007).
• Slides and exercises provided by the instructor.

MATHEMATICS

BASICS:
Sets, elements, membership, inclusion, intersection, union, difference, empty set. Relations, applications or functions, domain, codomain. Numerical sets, intervals, upper and lower endpoints. Natural numbers, relative integers, rational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, logarithms, one-to-one correspondence with the points of a line.
EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:
Basic concepts and elementary algebra overview, analytic geometry overview, equations and inequalities of first and second degree, exercises on the solution of equations and inequalities of second degree and systems of inequalities by analytical and graphical methods.
COORDINATES, TRIGONOMETRY:
Oriented lines, polar coordinates, cartesian coordinates, distance between two points. Unit circle, trigonometric functions, addition and subtraction formulas, duplication and bisection formulas, transformation between cartesian and polar coordinates.
ELEMENTS OF ENUMERATIVE COMBINATORICS:
Simple dispositions, permutations and combinations, binomial coefficients, properties and definitions.
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:
Definitions and properties of matrices, diagonal matrices, transpose matrix, inverse matrix. Determinant of a square matrix, Laplace theorems, Sarrus rule, general properties of determinants, minors and rank of a matrix.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix.
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Overview on systems of linear equations, Rouché-Capelli theorem, Cramer theorem, systems of m equations in n unknowns, homogeneous systems.
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OVERVIEW:
Cartesian plane, equation of a straight line, parallelism, orthogonality and intersection of straight lines. Circle, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola. General equation of conic sections.
REAL VARIABLE FUNCTIONS:
Trigonometric functions, composition of functions, inverse functions, inf and sup of a function, limits of a function, theorems about limits, uniqueness of limits theorem, permanence of sign theorem, squeeze theorem, limit of a sum, product, quotient, etc. of functions, notable limits.
CONTNUOUS FUNCTIONS:
Definitions and basic properties, continuity, Neper number, maximum and minimum, inverse function.
DERIVATIVES:
Definition and geometric interpretation of derivatives, operations on derivatives and differentiation rules, differentiation of trigonometric functions, differentiation of combined functions and inverse functions, differentiability and continuity, differential, higher derivatives, relative maxima and minima, asymptotes, concavity and convexity, inflection points, graphs of functions. Rolle, Cauchy, Lagrange, De L'Hopital theorems, indeterminate forms.
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS:
Inverse trigonometric functions, logarithm function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions.
FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES:
Definitions, domain, limits and continuity, partial derivatives and higher partial derivatives. Hessian matrix. Brief notes on function of n variables.
INTEGRALS:
Indefinite integrals, definition and properties, relation between integrability e differentiability, notable integrals, definite integrals, calculation of areas. Double integrals.

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS

Reality description: models, theories, laws and measurements; the international system of units; scalar quantities and vector quantities; sum and difference of vectors; decomposition of vectors along given directions; scalar product, cross product, mixed product.
KINEMATICS:
Basics. Motion of point particles. Coordinate systems. Linear velocity and acceleration. Uniform and non-uniform circular motion; angular velocity and acceleration.
DYNAMICS:
Newton laws (I, II e III) and their applications. Point particles dynamics. Friction forces. Work and kinetic energy. Conservative forces. Potential energy; energy conservation. Power. Non-conservative forces. Momentum and its conservation; collisions and their classification. Motion of rigid bodies and equilibrium conditions. Moment of inertia and angular momentum for rotations around a fixed axis; momentum of forces; second law of rigid body dynamics. Kinetic energy; rolling and the role of frictions. Work and power.
FLUIDS:
Hydrostatics and applications. Fluid dynamics: mass flow rate, conservation law of mass flow rate. Bernoulli theorem and applications. Real fluids: surface tension and capillarity.

"Lezioni di matematica generale" - Alvaro Marucci - Edizioni Sette Città, Viterbo

The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions.
Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Protoplast, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton; Golgi, Transition and maturation vesicles. Endoplasmic model (RE). The endomembrane system.
Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids).
Mitochondria: structure (relationship and matrix) in relation to the main reactions involved in cellular respiration.
Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells.
The plasmalemma. Structure of cell membranes. Differential permeability. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Transport of solutes through the membrane.
The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata.

The cell nucleus (synthesis). The genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis. Importance of genetic information and proteins in relation to cellular metabolism.
Modes of the mitotic division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis. Fragmoplast and wall formation from cell division.
The meiotic division of the nucleus. Consequences of meiosis for the genetic variability of individuals.

Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics.
Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots.
Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels.
Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport .
Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes:
phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
phylum Conipherophyta (conifers)
phylum Antophyta (angiosperms)
Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination.
Flower structure in plants.
The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.).
Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees.
The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients.
Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism.

Suggested Textbooks:
Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin.
Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli.
Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli.
Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi

Additional Textbooks and Websites for microscopic plant anatomy:
Speranza, Calzoni. Struttura delle piante per immagini. Zanichelli.
http://www.dipbot.unict.it/frame/botgenit.htm
http://www.atlantebotanica.unito.it/page.asp

The course program is divided into two modules, each lasting 32 hours.
First module: General Chemistry (32 hours). Electrons, protons, neutrons. Atomic number. Mass number. Isotopes. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table of the elements. Groups and periods. Atomic dimensions. Ionization energy. Electron affinity. Electronegativity. Valence electrons. Octet rule. Chemical bonds. Binding energy. Ionic bond. Covalent bond. Lewis structures. Polarity of bonds. Resonance. Hydrogen bond. Van der Waals forces. Mole. Avogadro's number. Reactions and chemical equations. Balance of reactions. Most common inorganic compounds: oxides, anhydrides, hydroxides, hydracids, oxyacids, salts, peroxides, hydrides. Chemical formulas and preparation reactions. Stoichiometric calculations. States of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Changes in state. Solutions. Units of concentration. Molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction, percentage. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Kinetics. Activation energy. Reaction speed. Catalysts. Reactions at equilibrium. equilibrium constant. Acids and bases. Arrhenius theory. Bronsted-Lowry theory. Theory of Lewis. Strong acids. Weak acids. Strong bases. Weak bases. Acidity constant and alkalinity. Acid-base properties of water. pH and pOH. pH of aqueous solutions containing strong acids/bases, weak acids/bases, polybasic acids, buffers, salts. Acid / base titration. Number of oxidation. Redox reactions.
First module: Organic Chemistry (32 hours). Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Combustion reactions and halogenation. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Electrophilic addition reactions. Polymerization reactions. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Reactions of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Dehydration and oxidation reactions. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Oxidation, reduction, addition. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: chemical structure and biological role.

For a good exam preparation, the following two textbooks are recommended:
(1) Fundamentals of General Chemistry - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education
(2) Essential Organic Chemistry - B. Botta, Edi-ermes
On the Moodle platform, on the course page, the slides of all the lessons held by the teacher are available.

Application of software for processing a text. With particular reference to the revisions of the text and the use of cross references (summary). Application of software for the use of a spreadsheet and data processing. Functions, sorting data, cross references, charting.
Population and statistical sample; Sampling procedures; Quantiles. Variance and mean; Chi square test; Normal distribution; Correlation and Regression.

Whitlock MM, Schluter D (2010) Analisi statistica dei dati biologici. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna. ISBN 978-88-08-06297

B1 Grammar topics
These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at the B1 level, such as Cambridge English Preliminary:

Adverbs
Both, either, neither
A broader range of intensifiers; So, such, too, enough
Comparatives and superlatives
Question tags
Conditionals: 0, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Connecting words expressing cause and effect, contrast, etc. (Linking words)
Embedded questions
Future (present simple, present continuous, going to+verb, will/shall), Will and going to, for prediction

Modals - must/can’t, a deduction

Modals – might, may, will, probably
Modals – should have/might have/etc
Modals: must/have to

Present simple/present continuous
Past simple/Past continuous
Present Perfect/Past perfect
Present/Future and Past tense responses
Phrasal verbs, extended
Prepositions of place and movement
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect/past simple
Reported speech (range of tenses)
Passive and Active voice: simple passive
Wh- questions in the present, future, and past
You can also see which grammar topics are associated with other CEF levels.


Vocabulary Topics
All the words in this section are in the Cambridge PET word list. These are the important words you need to know to pass an exam at B1 level.

Appliances | Buildings | Clothes | Colours | Education | Entertainment and Media | Environment | Food and Drink | Health, Medicine and Exercise | Hobbies and Leisure | House and Home | Language | Personal Feelings, Opinions and Experiences | Places: Countryside | Places: Town and City | Services | Shopping | Sport | Technology and Communications | The Natural World | Travel and Transport | Weather | Work and Jobs


Vocabulary learning tips
Read as much as possible. If you come across a word you don't know, write it down or look it up.

Use a dictionary. Many browsers include dictionaries. If you are reading online, you may be able to right-click on a word to look it up.

Sign up for a 'word a day' email.

Think of ways of remembering words. Do they sound like a word in your own language?

Remember words are often used together with other words. Try to learn these 'collocations'.

Bibliography - Texts:

1. Helen Stephenson (Autore), Paul Dummett (Autore), John Hughes, LIFE PRE-INTERMEDIATE 2nd. Edition.
Student's book and workbook; Student's book Build Up con CD, DVD-ROM, con e-book e con espansione online e contenuto digitale per download e accesso on line. ISBN: -9788853625144 - (3 Books).

Editore: ELI
Collana:Inglese corsi ESP
Data di Pubblicazione:2018
EAN:9788853625144
ISBN:8853625147
Formato:prodotto in più parti di diverso formato
"Bringing National Geographic to Life" - https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/NGLandLife

Life Product Video
https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/about-life/life-product-video

2. Raymond Murphy (Author), Lelio Pallini (Author); Essential Grammar in Use, con soluzioni ed eBook, Quarta edizione. Grammatica di base della lingua inglese. ISBN 9781316509029.


3. B1 Preliminary for Schools practice tests, for Revised exam from 2020 con CD-Audio e file audio per il download. ISBN 9788853627872.
Editore:ELI
Collana:Certificazioni
Data di Pubblicazione:2020
EAN:9788853627872
ISBN:8853627875
Pagine:176
Formato:prodotto in più parti di diverso forma
4. Dispense di Lessico e Grammatica livello A1-B1

Cell cycle and cell division; Chromosomal bases of inheritance; Ontogenetic cycles; Determination of sex; Mendel experiments; Multiple alleles, co-dominance dominance, gene interactions; genetic maps; chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids; Chromosome structure; Central Dogma; DNA replication; Transcription, role of regulatory sequences, interrupted genes (exons, introns); Genetic code; Protein translation and synthesis; Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations; spontaneous and induced; Regulation of gene expression; Quantitative genetics; Heritability in a broad sense and in a strict sense, response to selection; Population genetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Evolutionary factors: mutations, gene flow, selection and genetic drift; their balance action.

Genetica agraria. Genetica e bitecnologie per l'agricoltura di Franco Lorenzetti, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Daniele Rosellini e F. Veronesi.
Griffiths A.J.F, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, (2002) Genetica: principi di analisi formale. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Elements of geodesy
- Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations
- Main cartographic projection systems
- Main cartographic representation systems
- Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga
- Reading and content of national cartography
- Altimetry
Thematic cartography (forest and environmental).
- Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.).
The GPS (Global Position System) system
- Operating principles
- GPS surveys in forest environment
Elements of numerical cartography and GIS
- Generalities and functions of the GIS
- Data representation models: raster and vector formats,
- Georeferencing and related issues,
- Concept of scale
- Main functions of a GIS
- Spatial analysis
- Digital terrain models,
Elements of analysis of remote sensing images
- Aerial photos
- Orthophoto card
- Satellite images
- Characteristics of the products available
- Quickbird
- Ikonos
- Sentinel

Notes provided on moodle

Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore.
Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo
Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano

Introduction to the course. Teaching methods, teaching materials, examination methods, illustration of the program, textbooks, exercises and laboratory exercises. Examples.

Introduction to Botany. Subsequent levels of integration of living material. Systematic botany; concepts of similarity and affinity and of analogies and homologies in plants; study of variability: classification methods, taxonomic ranks and nomenclature. Taxonomic framework. Main morphological characters with taxonomic value.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (outline of general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae. Outline on the lichens.
The emergence from the water and the bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators.



Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or Pteridophytes: general characteristics, diagnostic characters, reproduction, outlines of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida) with examples and observation of fresh material. Vascular plants with seeds: gymnosperms with outlines on general diagnostic characters, on systematics and ecology. The angiosperms: general characteristics and biological forms.; diversity and outlines on evolution; evolution of floral morphology; outlines of systematics; the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids).

The 20 main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora, diagnostic characters and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Violaceae. Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Orchidaceae (and outlines on the mycorrhizae), Poaceae. Outlines on the main families of tree plants.

Identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti), the Portal Acta Plantarum, the Portal of the Italian Flora, the App PlantNet. Outlines on Italian vascular flora: native and non-native flora.

Outline on Herbaria and the Herbarium of Tuscia (UTV). How to make a personal scientific herbarium.

Recommended texts
• Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C. - ultima edizione. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin.
• Marchi P. et al., Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane, 4 volumi (o volume unico). Ed. Rubettino/Ed. Univ. La Sapienza.
• Pignatti S. 1982, Flora d'Italia, 3 voll. Edagricole (disponibile anche in aula collezioni didattiche).
• Scoppola A., Scarici E. 1998, La conservazione delle piante. Guida alla realizzazione di un erbario.

Other materials
• Educational Herbaria available at the classroom of the educational collections and the library
• Didactic materials of the previous AAs available on Moodle.
• Site of the Tuscia Herbarium: http://www.erbario.unitus.it/
• Portal to the Italian vascular flora (http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php)
• Acta Plantarum (https://www.actaplantarum.org/index.php).

PROGRAM

I. Introductory and general concepts
Main chemical constituents of animals and their meaning: elements, inorganic compounds (water, mineral salts) and organic (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell: structure and functions. Mitosis.
Reproduction (agamic and gamic). Meiosis. Hermaphroditism. Generation alternation. Parthenogenesis. Meaning of sexuality. Sexual dimorphism.
Notes on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of animals.
Evolution: theories, mechanisms and tests; Darwinism and synthetic theory.
Species concepts. The typological concept. The biological concept of species, the population as an evolutionary unit.
The mechanisms of speciation (allopatric model, sympatric model).

II. Animals and the environment
Abiotic and biotic factors. Habitat. Concept of population in ecology (growth curves, reproductive strategies, -r and -K selection). Communities (zoocenosis, taxocenosis). Ecosystem. The concept of fauna *.
The interspecific relationships (predation, competition, symbiosis and parasitism, adaptive coloring, mimicry, cryptism) and intraspecific (animal colonies and societies, competition and sexual selection, territory).
The ecological niche. Aquatic environments (marine, inland waters) and terrestrial environments, characteristics and adaptations. The biomes. Notes on zoogeography: general principles, definitions, zoogeographic regions.

III. Animal diversity
The concept of Biodiversity. Animal diversity and its meaning. Principles of Zoological classification, Linnean taxonomic categories.
Systematic ordering at class level, general body organizational plan, biology, ecological role and evolutionary aspects of the "Protozoa" and the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Plathyelminthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nematoda, Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda), Annelida(Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Irudinea), Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda), Echinoderma, Chordata (Urochordata, Cephalochordata). Introduction to Vertebrata.

Part I and II (Introductory and general concepts, Animals and the environment):
1. Hickman C.P. et al., 2008. Fondamenti di Zoologia. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
2. Argano et al., 2007. Zoologia. Evoluzione e adattamento. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna
3. Baccetti et al., 1995. Trattato Italiano di Zoologia, vol. 1. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Part III (Animal diversity)
4. Hickman C.P. et al., 2007. Diversità animale. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
5. Argano R. et al., 2007. Zoologia. Diversità animale. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna.
6. Baccetti B. et al., 1994. Lineamenti di Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli, Bologna.

* For the Concept of Fauna see La Greca M., 2002. Fauna e ambiente. In: Minelli A. et al. eds, La Fauna in Italia. Touring Editore, Min. Ambiente, pp. 10-16. [the book is available at the Faculty of Agriculture library, Univ. Tuscia]

The slides of the lessons are also available from the teacher.

Il suolo
La definizione di suolo
I componenti del suolo

Le proprieta’ fisiche del suolo
La tessitura
La struttura
La densità e la porosità
Consistenza, temperatura, colore

Movimento dell’acqua nel suolo
Rapporti acqua-suolo
Il potenziale dell’acqua nel suolo
Acqua disponibile nel suolo
Il movimento dell’acqua nel suolo

Le proprieta’ chimico-fisiche del suolo
Lo scambio cationico e anionico
Il pH del suolo e sua misura
Potere tampone del suolo
Le reazioni di ossido-riduzione

La sostanza organica
Costituenti della sostanza organica
Sostanze umiche
Umificazione
Estrazione delle sostanze umiche
Immobilizzazione e mineralizzazione della sostanza organica

Le reazioni enzimatiche
Gli enzimi: caratteristiche, struttura, classificazione.
Caratteristiche delle reazioni enzimatiche.
Inibitori, regolazione.

La fotosintesi
Il cloroplasto, i pigmenti fotosintetici, la fase luminosa (fotosistema I e II e trasferimento ciclico degli elettroni), la fase oscura (gli enzimi della carbossilazione, Rubisco e PEPc), le piante C3, C4, CAM.

La respirazione
I mitocondri, la glicolisi, il ciclo degli acidi tricarbossilici (ciclo TCA), la catena respiratoria, la via cianuro resistente, sintesi di ATP.

Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin
Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed
Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed

Hand-outs from lessons

Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept
Energy, energy balance and trophic chains
Climate and biomes
Climate change and ecosystems
International initiatives to contrast climate change
Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P)
Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate
Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges
Ecology of populations
Communities, niches and ecotones
Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem
Biodiversity
Fire as an ecological factor
Main forest biomes

Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger)
Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson)
Material provided by the teacher (Moodle)

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Construction Science
Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety.
Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip.
Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams.
Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures.
Land survey and cartography
Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Levels, geometric leveling, leveling with total station. GNSS. Elements of cartography: projection Gauss-Boaga, UTM, map reading.

Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;

lessons (32h)
Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation.

An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS).

Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback).

Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons.

Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data).

Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures.

Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology).

The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources.

Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview.

Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications).

Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy.

Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology.

Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism

Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment.

Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces.

Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk.

Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction.

Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk.

Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification.

Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas.

Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data.
Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic.

Exercises (16 h)
During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on:
Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals.
-Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR)
- Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks;
- Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements;
- Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles;
- Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion.
Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam.

Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material
All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course)

Recommended texts

GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York
GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore
ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php .
MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana
Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/

General part
Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees.
Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation.
Special part
Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses.
Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris.
THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics

Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam
Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher.
Web sites and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.

Dendrometria ed Elementi di assestamento forestale.
Definizione e scopi della dendrometria.
Evoluzione del significato delle misure dendrometriche. Importanza del campionamento in dendrometria.
Il cavallettamento dendrometrico:
- uso del cavalletto dendrometrico; forma e dimensioni delle aree di saggio; gli errori nel cavallettamento;
- delimitazione di un'area di saggio.
- le variabili dendrometriche di base di un popolamento forestale: modalità di calcolo e significato di: numero di piante, area basimetrica, diametro medio, diametro dominante; curva di distribuzione del numero di alberi in classi diametriche.
La misura dell'altezza di un albero.
- ipsometro di Blume Leiss, ipsometro Vertex e clisimetro forestale: principi trigonometrici di funzionamento e usa pratico;
- criteri di campionamento degli alberi modello delle altezze;
- costruzione della curva ipsometrica: metodo grafico e metodo analitico;
- altezza media e altezza dominante di un popolamento forestale: determinazione speditiva e rigorosa; - coefficiente di snellezza.
Cubatura di alberi atterrati e popolamenti in piedi.
- i prototipi dendrometrici e la teoria geometrica del volume di un albero
- la cubatura di un tronco: formula della sezione mediana e della sezione media;
- cubatura per sezioni: formula di Heyer, formula dei trapezi,
- tavole stereometriche a una e a doppia entrata: caratteristiche e uso;
- formula generale di cubatura di un albero e di un soprassuolo in piedi; il coefficiente di riduzione ordinario;
- metodi di cubatura con gli alberi modello: il metodo dell'albero modello unico;
- cubatura di una catasta di legname;
- calcolo della percentuale di corteccia.
Misura dell'età di un albero: metodi diretti e indiretti
Relascopio:
- principi di dendrometria relascopica;
- il relascopio di Bitterlich: caratteristiche e modalità di uso; scelta della banda di numerazione; prove relascopiche adiametriche per la stima dell'area basimetrica di un popolamento forestale; prove relascopiche diametriche per la stima dell'area basimetrica, del numero di piante di un popolamento forestale e del volume.
Dendroauxonomia:
- le curve di massa di un popolamento coetaneo: reale, principale e totale;
- incremento corrente, medio e percentuale: definizione e andamento;
- le leggi dell'auxonomia del popolamento coetaneo;
- le tavole alsometriche: definizione e caratteristiche;
- l'accrescimento di un popolamento disetaneo (cenni).
Dendroauxometria:
- misura dell'incremento di volume degli alberi atterrati: metodo del diametro mediano;
- misura dell'incremento di volume di alberi in piedi: formula generale, formule semplificate di Pressler e di Schneider; metodo delle differenze di tariffa; metodo degli inventari successivi.
Elementi di assestamento forestale:
- definizione e scopi dell'assestamento forestale;
- oggetto, obiettivi e attori del piano di assestamento forestale;
- le parti di un piano di assestamento forestale;
- i comparti forestali: particelle, comprese, inclusi forestali;
- la carta assestamentale.

Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.

1. Introduction: history of pedology. The role of soil in various grassland and forest ecosystems. Definitions of soil/pedon and morphological characteristics (1 ECITS).
2. The factors of pedogenesis: climate, lithology, geomorphology, biotic, anthropic factor, time. (1 ECTS)
3. Pedogenetic processes: alteration, translocation, addition and loss. Specific soil formation and evolution processes. The description of the profile. The superficial and profound diagnostic horizons. Soil humidity and temperature regimes. Forest soils: characteristics and classification (1 ECTS)
4. The forest soil profile and the pedogenetic horizons. The subordinate horizons. The types of humus and their classification. Morphological description of the soil properties and pedogenetic meaning: color, texture and structure (1 ECTS)
5. Classification of soils. Soil classification systems. The characteristics of the soils belonging to the classification orders of the Soil Taxonomy. The causes of degradation and desertification of soils. Soil consumption and erosion (1 ECTS)
6. Exercises: profile analysis and field report during an excursion to areas of particular forest interest. The morphological description of the soil and chemical-physical analysis in the laboratory (1 ECTS)

Giacomo Certini e Fiorenzo Cesare Ugolini Basi di Pedologia - Edagricole
Carmelo Dazzi Fondamenti di Pedologia - Le Panseur

Part 1
Introduction to the course
Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements
Regulatory aspects

Part 2
Notes on the physical properties of water
Fundamental principles of hydraulics

Part 3
Definition of River Basin
Basin hydrology
Soil erosion
Flooding

Part 4
Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction

References:

1- lecturer's notes
2- pdf files of the presented Power Point
3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.

Introduction to the course
Types of woods
Forest management and treatment
Coppice forest
Stumps and shoots
Origin of the shoots
Type of gems and how the stump evolves, longevity and death
Type of coppicing
Coppice in Italy
Advantages and disadvantages of coppice government
Type of high forest Treatment
Development stages of the high forest
Thinning
Type of thinning
Composed coppice
Conversion and transformation of coppice

M. Cappelli: Selvicoltura generale. Edagricole
G. Bernetti, R. Del Favero, M. Pividori. Selvicoltura Produttiva. Compagnia delle Foreste
G. Bernetti. Selvicoltura speciale. Utet

The course is held in Italian
Microscopic characteristics of wood. Organization of xylem tissues in the stem. Description of the cellular elements (tracheids, tracheas, fibers, parenchyma, epithelial cells, channels and intercellular spaces).
Chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood (outline).
Elemental chemical composition, organic components, ultrastructural architecture of the wall, effects of chemical constituents and the ultra-structure on the properties of wood.
Use of keys for the microscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one
Macroscopic characteristics of wood.
Fundamental anatomical sections. Sapwood and heartwood. Color. Large anatomical elements. Grain, design, texture, shine, other organoleptic characteristics.
Use of keys for macroscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one
Variations in the structure of the wood.
Variations within a tree, horizontal, vertical, between different trees of the same species. Notes on wood of branches and roots.
Defects and anomalies of round and sawn wood
Growth anomalies. Anomalies in the anatomical constitution of the stems (reaction wood, chives, resin pockets). Color anomalies. Anomalies due to aging. Defects from abnormal cellular content and extractives. Defects in the shape of the arboreal stems, curvature, irregular and eccentric sections, protuberances, tapering. Knots. Marrow. Biological alterations from bacteria, fungi, insects and other animals. Growth rate. Frost cracks, lightning strikes, top breaking, felling tear, incorrect limbing. Foreign bodies incorporated, natural (concretions) or of other origin. Defects of the sawn timber present at the origin or induced by processing.
Alterations to the wood (notes)
Abiotic factors. Biotic factors (Bacteria, Fungi, Higher plants, Insects, Marine organisms, other animals).
Fire wood relationships. Upper and lower calorific value. Combustion. Carbonization. Fire resistant
Test methods, classifications, physical and mechanical characteristics.
Technical regulations. Standards and regulatory bodies. Types of evidence. Sampling. Test conditions. Sample size. Structural wood
Density
Direct determination. Sampling. Factors affecting the density. Density variations.
Relations between water and wood. Hygroscopicity. Saturation water and imbibition water. Wood moisture measurement. Moisture in the tree. Air humidity Properties of air-vapor mixtures. Relative humidity measurement. Wood moisture Desorption and adsorption. Maximum moisture content. Moisture content under constant atmospheric conditions. Cell wall saturation point. Moisture content in variable atmospheric conditions. Dimensional variations. Shrinkage and swelling. Factors affecting shrinkage and swelling. Anisotropy of shrinkage and swelling. Determination of shrinkage and swelling. Consequences of dimensional variations. Round and sawn assortments.
Mechanical properties of wood
Types of stresses. Resistance to compression, traction, bending, shear, impact, penetration or hardness, wear
Elementary woodworking, hints.
Machining with or without chip removal. Wood characteristics relevant for processing. Band saws, reciprocating and circular, with chain. Sheeters and sheeters
Sawn timber Raw material and products. Organization of a sawmill. Production techniques (sawing performance, cutting systems and methods, technological defects). Plants and production lay-out. Seasoning in the air. Factors that influence seasoning. Stacks. Artificial drying. Correction of drying defects.
Notes on preservative treatments
Notes on derivatives. Peeled, sliced, panels
In addition to this program, inserted in May 2017 without anyone having objected, on 30/9/2019 I also insert ob torto collo also the topic Outlines of forest uses, at the explicit verbal request of the President of the CCS SFN. I reiterate that for a better understanding of the topic added up to now, it is recommended to follow the specific course offered in another curriculum.

Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati:
G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito.
R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione)
Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca

1. Monitoring and inventory of forest resources: an introduction
1.1 GIS: representation, management and analysis of geographic information
1.2 GIS data models: vector and raster
1.3 Main information sources in forest resource monitoring: remote sensing, digital cartography, GPS surveys
2. Fundamentals of remote sensing
2.1 Spectral signatures
2.2 Main characteristics of the sensors (spatial resolution, spectral resolution, radiometric resolution, temporal resolution)
2.3 Spectral indices and applications in vegetation monitoring: vegetation health, burned areas
3. Forest inventories
3.1 General concepts of the sampling survey of forest resources: population, variables, frequency, position indices and dispersion.
3.2 Sampling: objectives, subjective and probabilistic sampling. Accuracy and precision. Sample size and sampling designs. Generation of statistical sampling designs with GIS.
3.3 Integration of LIDAR and inventories for monitoring forest structural variables

Chirici G., Corona P. 2006. Utilizzo di immagini satellitare ad alta risoluzione nel rilevamento delle risorse forestali. Aracne Editrice.

TEACHED EXCLUSIVELY IN ITALIAN
see above

c) PROGRAM
Technologies for sustainable forest operations. Efficient use of resources such as energy, water, human workforce. Minimization of global production of residues and emissions, Minimization of impacts on forest structures and environmental functions. In particular, these criteria for sustainable forest management through low impact forest logging will be differentiated according to the various forms of forest management (high forest, coppice), treatment and the various types of crop care. Coppice management sites: simple coppice, coppice with standards. High forest management sites: even-aged, uneven-aged. Forest management sites: main parameters, advantages and disadvantages. Conversion sites of coppices in high forests. Conversion by natural evolution, indirect method, direct method. The transformations. Forest management sites in protected areas: low environmental impact forestry; forest recomposition and reconstitution. Furthermore, on the whole, the bases will be provided to make it possible to quantify and qualify forest logging activities, through the most common harmonized protocols for the study of forest utilization. Specifically, the topics will be: study of working times and productivity, study of logging costs, study of energy balances of forest yards, study of the logging impacts on the ground and above ground, application of the Reduced Impact Logging (RIL).

- Slides uploaded on the Moodle site.
- Verani S., Sperandio G., Picchio R., Savelli S., La raccolta della biomassa forestale. Tecniche, economia e sicurezza sul lavoro. Monterotondo (Roma): Grafica Salaria, 2009, vol. 1, p. 50.
- Baldini S., Marchi E., Picchio R., Mazzocchi F., Neri F., Spinelli R., Esboschi e trasporti per via terrestre. Edagricole, Bologna, 2021, p. 276.
- Baldini S., Bortoli P.L., Cambi M., Marchi E., Mazzocchi F., Neri F., Picchio R., Spinelli R., Solari V., Concentramento ed esbosco per via aerea. Edagricole, Bologna, 2020, p. 278.

Below is the program for the Forestry and Environmental Legislation course:
01/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Introduction to forest law and environmental law. The sources of law.
08/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools.
15/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools.
22/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 TUFF, forest management activities and the agricultural silvicultural company. The TUFF and the recovery of abandoned land.
29/10/2021 14:00 - 17:00 The trade in wood and derivatives. Agricultural activity and biodiversity protection.
05/11/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Landscape. Hydrogeological constraint. Water and soil defense.
11/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Environment and its protection. The code of the environment. Legal safeguards against damage to the environment. Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools.
11/26/2021 11:00 - 13:00 Protection of the woods from fires (XXVIII). State Forestry Corps and Carabinieri Forestry, Environmental and Agri-food Units Command (XXIX). Protected natural areas (X). Wetlands (XI). Natura 2000 Network (XII).
26/11/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Legal protection against damage to the environment (XXVI). Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools (XXVII). Water and soil defense (XVI).
10/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Agronomic use of wastewater (XVII). Mountain areas (XXV). Monumental trees (XX). Urban green (XXI). Urban gardens (XXII).
17/12/2021 14:00 - 17:00 Final summary lesson of the course, followed by the seminar organized for the presentation of the book by GM Flick and M Flick, Elogio della foresta

For the forestry and environmental legislation course:
- N. Ferrucci (edited by), Forest and environmental law, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2020;
- G.M. Flick, M. Flick, In praise of the forest, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2020 [recommended reading].

Introduction to the course; Forest Pathology and its context; Concept of disease and damage; biotic and abiotic disease agents; triangle of disease, classification of diseases; introduction to symptoms.
The Symptomatology; classification of symptoms; diagrammatic scales of disease; disease indices: incidence, severity, mortality; calculation of disease indices; use of disease indices to evaluate status, severity and distribution in a forest stand; example of interaction between entomology and forest pathology: the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia; alteration of processes: photosynthesis; breathing; transport; reproduction; transcription; The disease cycle: overwintering; primary inoculum; dissemination; inoculation; activation; adhesion of the pathogen to the host; passive and active penetration; infection; apoplastic / symplastic, biotrophic / necrotrophic colonization; evasion of the pathogen. Defense mechanisms: evasion, tolerance, resistance. Passive and active, morphological and chemical resistance. Receptor elicitor system. The VTA, concepts, and use in the urban environment; classification systems; practical exercises on VTA application. The diagnostic procedure: anamnesis and field diagnosis, phases of the diagnostic procedure in the field. Application cases: ambrosia beetles and associated mushrooms; chestnut blight; chestnut ink disease. The concept of sterility; growth media, autoclave, laminar flow hood. Koch's Postulates, application example. Introduction to Mycology; the fungal thallus; mushroom ecology: symbionts, saprotrophs. Fungi as pathogens of plants, animals, humans, and other microorganisms; the fungal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, the cell wall. The biological cycle of mushrooms; spore germination; hyphal growth; tropism; necrotrophic and biotrophic colonization; vegetative structures. Practical exercises of microscopic observation of fungal structures. Biological diagnostics: observation and dissection of symptomatic material; sterilization and plating in a laminar flow hood; wet room set-up. The fruiting bodies; nuclear phases; taxonomic classification; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; general information on Ascomycota: vegetative thallus, sexual reproduction (pleomorphism, telomorph and anamorph; gametangiogamia; ascus and ascospores) and asexual (conidia); fruiting bodies of the telomorph (apothecium, perithecium, cleistothecium, pseudothecium); fruiting bodies of the anamorph (acervulus, picnidium); taxonomy.
Introduction to Basidiomycota; vegetative thallus; sexual reproduction (somatogamia; basidia and basidiospores); fruiting bodies (angiocarp; gymnocarp; hemiangiocarp); order Uredinales, reproductive forms and cycle; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalities, biology, and taxonomy.
Special part: damping off of seedlings (causative agents, symptomatology, epidemiology, control methods). Powdery Mildews: introduction and taxonomic classification; Powdery Mildew of oaks, hazelnut, plane tree, poplar (causative agents, symptoms, cycle, epidemiology, control methods). Taphrinales: introduction and taxonomic framework; causative agents; symptoms; cycle; epidemiology. Introduction to rust diseases; the rusts diseases of forest plants: taxonomy, cycle of the disease, epidemiology. Pine blister rusts ; pine twist rust; the rust diseases of poplars; blister rusts of Spruce, Silver fir, and Douglas fir; juniper rust; witches broom of Silver fir.
Leaf diseases: cycle, epidemiology; necrosis of pine needles (Lophodermium sp., Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); leaf necrosis of broad-leaved trees; anthracnose (plane tree, ash, walnut), shoots and cones blight of pine (Sphaeropsis sapinea).
Tracheomycosis: general information and cycle; the Dutch elm disease; the stain canker of the plane tree; the verticillosis.
Target cankers: Nectria and larch canker. Diffuse cankers: cypress canker; chestnut blight
Root rot: Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora

Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro Ragazzi - Patron Editore)

Generalities on insects; external morphology; Nervous system and sense organs; Digestive system; Circulatory system; Secretory and excretory systems; Reproductive system; Pheromones; Post embryonic development; Moulting; Metamorphosis; Means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Modes of penetration and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated pest management (IPM).

Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications:
Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press -
A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.

1. History and management of forest and agroforest soils (4 hours)
2. Composition of soils: Soil Formation and minerals (2 hours)
3. Composition of soils: Soil organic matter (4 hours)
4. Composition of soils: Soil structure, water and pores (2 hours)
5. Life in soils: the microorganism (2 hours)
6. Forest and agroforest Biogeochemistry (4 hours)
7. Soil and climate change (4 ore)
8. Sampling forest and agroforest soils across space and time (4 hours)
9. Influence of tree species, fire and site preparation on forest and agroforest soils (4 hours)
10. Forest and agroforest soils nutrition management (4 hours)
11. Managing forest and agroforest soils for carbon sequestration (6 hours)
12. Field practice in a forest in the Viterbo area: soil description and site evaluation (8 hours)

ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST SOILS. FOURTH EDITION. Dan Binkley, Richard F. FisherJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2013)

I - Basic elements of economics (3 ECTS)
1. Fundamental concepts of the economy
2. Production theory:
3. The offer of products in competitive markets: short-term business and market offer.
4. Valuation of investments: Net Present Value (NPV).
5. Market demand:
6. Closed markets:
7. Open markets: international trade

II – Selected issues on forestry economics (1 ECTS).
1. Forest production activities
2. The Italian forest-wood system
3. International trade in wood products

III - Basic notions of economics of natural resources and the environment (0.5 ECTS)

IV - Introductory notions of forest and environmental appraisal (2.5 ECTS)
1. Appraisal in professional practice.
2. General information on appraisal.
3. The basics of land registry (Cadastre).
4. The basics of financial mathematics.
5. Forest appraisal:
• Estimative metric computation
• Value of staining
• Value of the forest.
6. The basics of environmental appraisal.

• Samuelson P.A. e Nordhaus W.D., Economia, XX edizione [XXI ed., 2019], McGraw-Hill, 2001 [Sito: www.ateneonline.it\samuelson20e].
• Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale, Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 1991. (In sostituzione, per alcune parti si può usare: Bernetti I., Romano S. (a cura di). Economia delle risorse forestali. Liguori Editore, 2007).
• Slides and exercises provided by the instructor.