Degree Course: Biotechnology Syllabus for A.Y. 2022/2023  

Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp3. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Structural isomerism. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angular tension, torsional tension, steric tension). Cyclohexane derivatives (cis-trans stereoisomerism). Bicyclic and polycyclic alkanes. Natural role and applications of alkanes.

Alkenes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp2. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Stability (hydrogenation heat, combustion heat). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cycloalkenes. Biological function.

Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp. Nomenclature. Physical properties.

Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical properties.

Stereochemistry. Introduction. Carbon chirality. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphic representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific rotary power, racemic definition, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds).

Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel's rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction and resonance phenomena. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Aromatic compounds in biochemistry.

Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides.

Protein. Structure of the aminoacids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides.

Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleoside. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides.

Lipids.

Module B. REACTIVITY

Alkane and cycloalkane reactions. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and stereochemical trends. Effects of the solvent and the leaving group. Elimination reactions. Reaction E1. Reaction E2. Competition between replacement and elimination.

Reactions of aromatic compounds. Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Mechanism. Benzene halogenation. Effect of substituents.

Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, EdiTes

The course will take place according to the following breakdown:
1. History of Microbiology (notes): the discovery of the world of micro-organisms and the controversy over spontaneous generation; microorganisms as agents of disease and their role in the transformation of organic matter.
2. Technical basis of microbiological laboratory: the microscope, notes of optical physics; fresh and colorful slides; electron microscopy (transmission and scanning); pure culture and its achievement; general principles of microbial nutrition; preparation culture media, theory and practice of sterilization; controls sterility.
3. Cytology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell: general introduction; structure and ultrastructure of the bacterial cell; structure and function of the membrane; transport systems across membrane; cell wall and its chemical composition and characteristics; the wall of Gram + and Gram -; cell wall of archaebacteria and eukaryotes; capsule and the associated virulence; cell movement and structure for movement; chemotaxis, bacterial endospore, structure, function and importance; overview of spores of eukaryotes and the alternation of generation; mitochondria and respiratory function; overview of the arrangement of DNA and cell division.
4. Cell physiology: brief review of cellular chemistry and biochemistry (activation energy, catalysis and enzymes, biological redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport; phosphate molecules with energy bonds); production of energy in biological systems; glycolysis and similar ways; re-oxidation of NADH: fermentation and respiration; alcoholic and lactic fermentations, aerobic respiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport system; energy balance of catabolism; notes on anaerobic respiration, biosynthesis of cellular material.
5. Microbial growth of a single cell and a microbial population; measure of growth and related curve; catabolic repression and diauxia; effect of cultivation conditions on microbial growth.
6. Principles of molecular genetics and bacterial genetics: references to the structure of DNA; action of restriction enzymes; DNA replication; genetic elements; rearrangement of genes; transposons; transcription process; structure and function of mRNA and tRNA; translation process and protein synthesis; the genetic code; mutagens and mutations; recombination in bacteria; transformation, transduction and conjugation; plasmids and their biological significance.
7. Virology: the nature of the viral particle; viral count; general characteristics of viral reproduction; principles of genetics of viruses; bacteriophage RNA; icosahedral single-stranded DNA bacteriophages; double-stranded DNA viruses; the temperate bacterial viruses and lysogeny;, the main families of animal viruses (notes).
8. Microbial ecology: references to traditional techniques for isolation and identification of microorganisms; interactions between microbial populations and with other organisms; microbial communities and ecosystems, the main biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, iron, etc.); role of microorganisms on environmental decontamination; aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of organic contaminants and wastewaters treatment;
9. Microbial biotechnology: microorganisms of industrial interest; screening from natural environments and collections, the bioreactors, geometry and applications; scale-up process; primary and secondary metabolites; notes on production of antibiotics, enzymes, aminoacids and on immobilization techniques.

The laboratory practices cover the following topics:
1. The pure culture and its isolation: spreading and crawling, the re-isolation; the enrichment cultures;
2. Culutre media: preparation of liquidi e solid media;
3. Microscopy and microscopic observation; observations of fresh samples; simple and differential staining and observations of stained preparations;
4. Cultivation of microorganisms and measurement of microbial growth (direct and cultural counts, dry weight, turbidimetry).

Suggested texts to choose from:
- Brock, Biologia dei microrganismi - Microbiologia generale, ambientale e industriale 16/Ed. -Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, W. Matthew Sattley, Pearson, 2022
- Brock, Biologia dei microrganismi - Microbiologia generale, ambientale e industriale 14/E - di Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley - Pearson, 2015.
- Biologia dei microrganismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, nuova edizione (3^ edizione), 2018.
- Microbiologia di D.R. Wessner, D. Dupont e T.C. Charles, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2015.
- Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Volumi 1 e 2.
- Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Volumi 1 e 2A.
- Biologia dei microrgaismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2012.

Genetics program (9CFU); Undergraduate Course of Biotechnology (L-2), 2022-2023
Professor: Pasquale Mosesso
1. Mendelian inheritance and chromosome theory of inheritance
Mendel’s postulates and elements of mendelian genetics applied to man and agriculture. Laws of probability and their relevance to explain genetic events (the product law and the sum law); Use of chi-square analysis to evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data, interpretation of chi-square calculations. Cell cycle; mitosis, meiosis and concordance between meiosis and genetic mendelism. Demonstration of chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomal sex-determining system; sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance.
2. Extensions of mendelian genetics
Alleles alters phenotypes in different ways: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles. Environment and gene expression: Effects of “internal” and “external” environments. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction. Epistasis and pleiotropy.
3. Genes linkage and chromosome mapping
The crossing -over. Linkage maps: Mapping with three-point crosses; Interference; Some examples of linkage maps; Chi-squared test.
4. Molecular structure and replication of genetic material
Molecular structure of DNA and RNA: Identification of DNA as genetic material (experiments of Hershey and Chase). Characteristics of nucleic acids (experiments of Chargaff). Replication of DNA in the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Demonstration that reproduction of DNA is by semiconservative replication (experiments of Meselson e Stahl).
5. Genetic analysis in bacteria
The bacterial chromosome: Transfer of genetic material in bacteria: Transformation; Conjugation; sexduction and transduction. Methods of genetic mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. Extrachromosomal elements: Natural and artificial plasmids.
6. Molecular properties of genes
Structure and function of genes: Components of the eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA, histonic and non-histonic protein); Chromatin structure and nucleosomes; Repetitive DNA sequences and DNA satellite; How genes work (hypothesis one gene one protein); colinearity between gene and protein. Complementation and mutation sites. Translation of mRNA; Structure and functions of tRNA. The genetic code; Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei and Others led to the deciphering of the code; Early studies established the basic operational pattern of genetic code: The triplet nature of the code; the nonoverlapping nature of the code; the commaless and degenerate nature of the code.
7. Mechanisms of production of genetic variability
Definition and classification of mutations: Gene mutations: base pair substitutions, insertions, deletions; reversion and suppression of mutations; phenotypic effects of gene mutations. Fluctuation test and spontaneous mutation in bacteria (neo-Darwinian theory). Chromosome mutations: structural (chromosomal aberrations) and numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy).
Environmental agents which damage DNA: Ionizing electromagnetic radiations (X-rays, gamma-rays, betatron-synchrotron radiations); Ionizing subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles neutrons). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C); UV and ozone. Electromagnetic fields (microwaves, HF, ELF etc.). Chemical mutagens: alkylating agents; environmental pollutants in the cities [car exhaust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, asbestos]; food additives and contaminant of aliments (aflatoxins, ochratoxins nitrosamines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, phenols of vegetal origin, etc); therapeutic agents (mitomycin-C, bleomycin, nitrogen mustards, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II, cytostatic agents); pesticides. Biological mutagens: microbial and viral pathogens; transposable elements.
DNA repair systems: fotoliase, alchiltransferases, “nucleotide excision repair” (NER), “base excision repair (BER), “mismatch repair” (MMR), “SOS” repair, recombinational repair: repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and DNA double strand breaks (HR e NHEJR); DNA damage, activation of cellular “checkpoints.
Transposable elements: Bacterial and eukaryotic transposable elements; Retrovirus; Transposons and chromosome mutability.
8. Gene regulation and expression in bacteria
Negative and positive regulation; Genetic dissection of lac operon in E. coli; The operon of tryptophan.
9. Gene regulation and expression in eukaryotes
Gene expression regulation at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
10. Principles of Genetic engineering
Basic techniques to manipulate genetic material (DNA and RNA): Restriction enzymes; Cloning of DNA fragments.
Chromosomal and plasmidico DNA separation and purification.
Techniques of analysis of DNA, RNA: Gel Electrophoresis; Amplification of nucleic acid fragments by Polymerase Chain Reaction; Hybridization, Southern Blotting, and Northern Blotting.
DNA sequencing methods: General principles of the procedure; sequencing of large genomic regions.
In vitro mutagenesis.
11. Population genetics analysis
Allele frequencies in populations vary in space and time. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in an ideal population. The Hardy-Weinberg law can be used in human populations for multiple alleles, X-linked traits and estimating heterozygote frequencies. Natural selection is a major force driving allele frequency change: Natural selection, fitness and selection, selection in natural populations. Mutation creates new alleles in a gene pool. Migration and gene flow can alter frequencies. Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies in small populations. Non-random mating changes genotype frequency but not allele frequency: Inbreeding; genetic effects of inbreeding.

Recommended textbooks:

Peter J. Russel “Genetics: A Molecular Approach;

Griffiths A.J., Doebley J., Peichel C., Wassarman D.A. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";

Griffiths A.J.F, Wessler S.R., Carrol S.B., and Doebley J. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";

The complexity of genomes. Nucleic acid high throughput investigation techniques. Algorithms and software for assembling DNA sequences. Databases of biological interest. Bioinformatic methods for quality control of NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) reads. Database query principles. RNA-seq analysis. Alignment algorithms. Manipulation of nucleic acid sequences and DB queries in Python

Teaching materials: slide and video on moodle

Optional text: "Fondamenti di bioinformatica" di Manuela Helmer Citterich, Fabrizio Ferrè, Giulio Pavesi, Graziano Pesole, Chiara Romualdi".

Cell physiology: cell membrane and transports, cellular communication, active and passive electrical properties, synaptic transmission and signal conduction.
General organization of the nervous system, cell types.
Sensory function: somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, taste, olfactory system.
Skeletal muscle physiology.
Physiology of the heart and circulatory system.
Physiology of the respiratory system.
Physiology of the renal system.
Endocrine regulation.

- “Fisiologia, dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati”, Carbone, Cicirata, Aicardi (EdiSES)
- “Fisiologia Umana”, Stuart Ira Fox (PICCIN)
- “Fisiologia Umana, Fondamenti”, Autori vari (Edi-Ermes)
- however, other general Physiology texts can also be used as long as they are updated
- “slides” of the lessons made available by the teacher in the website (as valuable tools describing the program)

PROTEINS, ENZYMES and COENZYMES
Chemistry of living tissues.Role and properties of water in biological processes.Hydrogen bond and other secondary interactions. Protein-forming amino acids: structure and properties. Peptide bond: formation and geometry; structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures). Protein functions. Examples of structure/function relationships in globular (i.e: myoglobin and hemoglobin), fibrous (i.e: collagen, alfa- and beta-keratins) and membrane proteins.
Role and classification of enzymes.Vitamins and coenzymes.Enzyme kinetics and thermodynamics; Michaelis-Menten equation; significance and determination of kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax, Turnover Number).Enzyme regulation: basic principles. Structure and function of nucleotides.
METABOLISM
General aspects of metabolism: eso- and endoergonic reactions; high energy compounds; coupled reactions; catabolic and anabolic patways.
Carbohydrates.Structure and general properties of the principal carbohydrates.The glycolytic pathway.Pyruvatefermentation.Fate of pyruvate under aerobic conditions.Thephosphogluconatepathway.Gluconeogenesis.Degradative metabolism of disaccharides and polysaccharides (starch and glicogen).Glicogenbiosynthesis.Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
Lipids. Chemistry and metabolism of simple and complex lipids. Structure and properties of: fatty acids; triacyl-glicerols; membrane lipids. Catabolism of triacyl-glicerols: lipases and beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Metabolism of propionate and formation of ketone bodies.
Proteins.Protein degradation and protein turnover.Ubiquitin and proteasome complex.Proteolytic enzymes and protein digestion.Fate of amino acid alfa-amino groups and urea cycle.General aspects of amino acid catabolism; fate of aminoacid carbon atoms.
The generation of energy in the central metabolism: citric acid cycle, mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis.

Main books:
VOET, VOET, PRATT: Fundamentals of Biochemistry
NELSON, COX: Lehninger principles of biochemistry

Program
Historical aspects : from the discovery of DNA to the genetic code and structure of nucleic acids.
a) Structure of DNA and RNA: nucleotides, conformations of helices A, B , C , denaturation and renaturation of the double helix.
b) Organization of DNA supercoiling , the histone proteins and the levels of organization of chromatin : nucleosome . Analysis of chromatin by enzymatic digestion with nuclease .
c) DNA replication : replicon model , identification of the origin of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes : structural and functional characteristics of the proteins involved in the process of replication, Okazaki fragments , the primers , the DNA polymerase I -II-III .

Transcription .
a) The Control of Transcription in prokaryotes . Structure of ”Operon” . Operator Sites and Promoters ( strong and weak promoters ). RNA polymerase and sigma factors .
b ) Repressors and activators : the Lac operon and the operon araBAD
c) The attenuation : the Trp operon .
d) The RNA polymerase in eukaryotes : structure, promoters, initiation, elongation and termination.
e) The eukaryotic mRNA : capping, the tails of poly ( A), mRNA splicing .

Translation
a) The genetic code
b) Transfer RNA : structure, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases , proofreading and correction, the pairing oscillating , the suppressor mutation no sense .
c) Ribosomes : composition, structure , antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis.
d ) Beginning the translation: GTP , the Shine- Dalgarno sequence , the initiation codon , the protein factors
e) The elongation : the binding of tRNA , the transpeptidation , translocation , protein elongation factors .
f) Termination
The study of genes : cloning techniques ; the cloning vectors , gene amplification (PCR ) ; DNA sequencing ; analysis of the promoters ( use of reporter genes )
If the course of the pandemic will allows it, practical laboratory exercises will be organized. Participation in the exercise and the performance of a final report will allow you to acquire 1 point in the final grade.The modalities of participation will be provided by the teacher during the course.

Watson,J.D., Baker T.A., Bell S.P. Gann A., Levine M., Losick R. "Biologia molecolare del gene" VIII edizione (2022) Zanichelli

Capranico G., Martegani E., Musci G., Raugei G., Russo T., Zambrano N., Zappavigna V. "Biologia molecolare" II edizione (2022) EdiSES

Amaldi F., Benedetti P. Pesole G., Plevani P., "Biologia molecolare" terza ed. (2018) ed. Casa editrice Ambrosiana


Alcuni testi sono reperibili presso la Biblioteca.

The properties of Gases. Thermodynamics: the first law. Work, Heat and Energy. Conservation of Energy. The Internal energy. The internal Energy as a state function. The Enthalpy. Heat capacity. Thermochemistry. Applications: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Ligand Binding.
The second Law. Direction of a spontaneous change. Entropy and second law. The entropy change accompanying expansion, heating and phase transition. The statistical Entropy. The Gibbs energy: properties of the Gibbs energy. Chemical potential and equilibrium. Osmotic pressure. Equilibrium and temperature change. Equilibrium and composition.
Physical Equilibria of pure substances. Variation of Gibbs energy with pressure and temperature. Thermodynamics of mixtures. Partial molar properties. Spontaneous mixing. Ideal solutions. Colligative properties.
Electrochemistry. Electrochemical cells. Half reactions and electrodes. The cell potential. Standard potentials. Action and resting potential.
Chemical kinetics. Reaction rate: definitions. Rate laws and rate constants. Reaction order. The determination of the rate law. Integrated rate laws. Arrhenius theory. Collision theory.
Quantum theory. Wave-particle dualism. Wave theory. Translational Energy: the particle in the box. Rotational motion and energy calculation. Vibrational motion and energy calculation.
Spectroscopy. The electromagnetic spectrum. Rotational spectroscopy. I.R spectroscopy. Electronic spectroscopy and the Lambert-Beer law. Introduction to fluorescence

Atkins De Paula - Elementi di Chimica Fisica, Zanichelli

Atkins- De Paula: Chimica Fisica Biologica, Zanichelli.
Klostermeier D. - Rudolph MG: Biophysical Chemistry, CRC Press
R. Chang : Chimica Fisica 1, 2 vol., Zanichelli
Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon: Chimica Fisica Un approccio molecolare, Zanichelli
Kuriyan-Konforti-Wemmer: The Molecules of Life. Garland Sciences

The animal cell. Structure of cell membranes. Plasma membrane. Intracellular compartments. The cytoplasm and intracellular organelles. The cytoskeleton and associated proteins. Intracellular compartments and intracellular vesicle trafficking. Extracellular matrix, basal membrane, intercellular junctions. Cell communications and cell signalling. Receptors and intracellular signalling, signal transduction. Cell cycle, and its regulation, Apoptosis, NET-osis, Micro RNAs, CRISPR/CAS. Specialization of animal cells: physiology, omeostasis. Cell cultures, technologies of cell cultures, cell communities, staminal cells. Cell Factorie, synthetic cells, 3D cell cultures. Immune defences, comparative immunology and evolution of immune defences, innate immunity, acquired immunity. Cells and molecules of immune systems. Immunological and immunodiagnostic techniques. Monoclonal antibodies and their use. Car-T cells.

Gerald Karp, BIOLOGIA CELLULARE E MOLECOLARE, Ed. EDISES
Ginelli, M. Malcovati, MOLECOLE, CELLULE E ORGANISMI, Ed. EDISES
A. Abbas, AH. Lichtman, S Pillai,LE BASI DELL'IMMUNOLOGIA. FISIOPATOLOGIA DEL SISTEMA IMMUNITARIO, Ed. EDRA

Course description:
Sustainable and responsible development is where scientific innovations are incorporated into the productive, social, and cultural systems. Questions related to the ethical, legal, and social implications of biotechnological advances are continuously arising in Italy and abroad.
Bioethics represents a strong appeal to conscience asking in which direction is humanity guiding the scientific progress and what are the criteria for judging it, whether it is good or bad.
The strategic role assumed by science in the biotechnological and socio-economic fields pushed scientists and researchers to seek social consensus around their activities, making science communication "public outreach" an absolute necessity.
This course presents the main issues that bioethics is called to face today in the field of biotechnology. Furthermore, it addresses the following questions: how to judge advanced biotechnological applications in the agro-forestry, agri-environmental, agri-food, and biomedical sectors from an ethical point of view? Is biotechnology safe, acceptable, and responsible? What questions does it raise? What are the possible advantages, risks, benefits, and/or costs of its possible use?
Course objectives:
The course provides students with basic knowledge on bioethics. Students will have the opportunity to learn the most relevant cases concerning: agro-forestry, agro-environmental, and agro-food biotechnologies, medical biotechnologies, intellectual property, and socio-scientific aspects. The course also aims to lead students to reflect and adjudicate controversies and debates on ethical issues in biotechnology and to help them develop a decision-making model of bioethics after critical ethical reasoning.

Science and ethics (8 hours)
• Introduction to bioethics
• Bioethics and biotechnological sciences
• Introduction to agro-forestry, agri-environmental, and agri-food biotechnologies

Bioethics in the field of medical biotechnologies (8 hours)
• Gene therapy and ethical considerations
• Give up on gene therapy? (a case study)
• Stem cells and bioethics

Bioethics and biotechnology (8 hours)
• Ethics and genetic engineering in the agricultural and forestry sector
• Public opinion and acceptance of agro-forestry biotechnologies
• Environmental impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
• Hungry for Science: how biotechnology is kept out of Africa? (a case study)

Bioethics, biotechnology, and intellectual property (8 hours)
• Patent protection of biotechnologies
• Ethical objections to the patentability of biotechnologies
• Biotechnological patent - insulin (a case study)
• The Harvard oncomouse (a case study)
• The Upjohn mouse (a case study)

Bioethics decision-making model and ethical reasoning (16 hours)
• Ethical issues in human gene therapy (3 case studies)
• The boy in the plastic bubble (a case study)
• COVID-19 vaccine (a case study)
• Golden rice project (a case study)
• Can biotechnology be open-source?
• BiOS, an open-source science initiative
• PIPRA, enabling access to public innovation

How to effectively communicate bioscience advances (8 hours)
• Storytelling
• Narratives
• Bioethics retreat

Teaching materials will be provided by the professor during the course and will be made available to all students on the platform and Google Drive.

Introduction and review of basic mathematical notions. Natural numbers, sum and product of natural numbers. Neutral element and inverses. Relative numbers and rational numbers. Irrational and real numbers. Consistency and density of the real numbers. Units of measurement and conversion factors. Intervals. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equations and inequalities. Sets, inclusion relation, set representation with Eulero-Venn diagrams. Intersection, union, difference. Complement operation and cartesian product. Properties of the set operations.
Functions and Properties of function. Injective, surjective, bijective functions. Real Functions of a Real Variable and their Geometrical Representation: graph, domain, codomain and image. Symmetry. Increasing and decreasing functions. Dependent and independent variables. Functional notation. Range and domain. The graph of a function. Function transformations: shifting, stretching, reflecting, sum, product and composition. Inverse functions. One-to-one and invertible functions. Determining the graph and equation of the inverse.
Algebraic functions. Linear functions, quadratic functions, polynomial, power and rational functions. Transcendental functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. Function composition. The inverse function.
Limits and Continuity. Definition of limits, properties and calculating the limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes.
Derivatives The Tangent to a Curve and the Derivative of a Function. Definition and calculation of derivative: algebraic and transcendental functions. The First and Second Derivatives. Left and right derivatives, higher order derivatives. Necessary condition of differentiability (with proof). Non differentiable functions.. Global and local maximum and minimum. Extreme value theorem. Differentiability and monotonicity. Differentiability and local extremes. Concavity and inflection points (with proofs). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of inflection points (with proofs). De l’Hospital Theorem.
Integration. Definite integration. Integrable and non integrable functions. Properties of the definite integral. Indefinite integration and antiderivatives. The fundamental theorem of calculus. Integration formulas. Integration by part and substitution.

Linear algebra. Vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and properties. Determinants. Properties of determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Statistics. Notions of descriptive statistics: variables, categories and statistical units. Frequency distribution and graphical representations. Position measures: mean, median and mode. Variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Introduction to the linear regression models.
Introduction to probability. Notion of event. Probability distributions. Axioms of probability. Independent events and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and the theory of hypothesis testing.

REFERENCE TEXTS:

in English:
- Lial, M. L., Hungerford, T. W., Holcomb, J. P., & Mullins, B. (2018). Mathematics with applications: in the management, natural, and social sciences. Pearson.

- Whitlock M.C., Schluter D (2020) Analysis of Biological Data (International Edition - Third Edition)

in Italian:
- Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa
Bodine et al (2017) Matematica per le scienze della vita. UTET
- Guerraggio A. (2018) Matematica per le scienze. Pearson
- Monti, A. (2008). Introduzione alla statistica.
-Slides of the course and exercises made available in the student's portal.

Introductory notions: reminders of numerical calculation. Measurement units and conversion factors. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equalities and inequalities. Percentages. Elements of analytical geometry: Cartesian coordinates. Lines and segments. Conical. Equations and inequalities. Concepts of set theory.
Basic descriptive statistics and data analysis: distribution of a statistical character and its graphical representation. Measures of position, variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the method of least squares and introduction to linear regression models.
Notion of function and property. Algebraic functions: linear, quadratic, polynomial functions, power functions and rational functions. Transcendent functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. The functional composition. functional inversion. The definition in parts. Introduction to modeling for discrete-time systems.
Linear algebra: vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer's rule. Eigenvalues ​​and eigenvectors.
Combinatorial calculus and elements of probability theory. Event concept. Probability distributions. Probability axioms. Independent and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and hypothesis testing theory.

Definition of limit, properties and calculation of limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Qualitative study of functions.
Definition and calculus of derivatives: algebraic functions and transcendental functions. Growth and decrease. Minimums and maximums. Concavity and convexity. Taylor development. Introduction to partial derivatives.
Integral calculus: definition of integral, properties of the integral. Indefinite integral. Integration by parts, integration by substitution. Definite integrals.

- Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa
- Materiale didattico supplementare prodotto dal docente e fornito agli studenti a seguito di ogni lezione

The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE:
structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in
protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and
exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria,
peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.
MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic
cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis,
Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and
macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of
evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-
Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure
and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis,
oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement,
nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development,
metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in
relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental
variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates.
Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU)

- Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill
- Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill
- Alternativily available in a SINGLE VOLUME: HICKMAN et al. Zoologia (18° ed.) Mc Graw & Hill

-Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises
-Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises
-D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015
(possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only)
- Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes).

The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU)

- Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises
-Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises
-D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only)
- Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes).
- Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill

Program

Articulation and contents of the course (study program):
The course is divided into two parts:

-Part of Plant Biology (5 + 1 CFU)
Plant organisms
The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects
The plant cell
The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function.
The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function.
The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast.
Plants: structure and function
Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues.
The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap.
The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma.
The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap.
The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination.
The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development.
The seed: structural aspects; dissemination.
Elements of classification of plants.



-Part of Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU)
What are Biotechnologies.
The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures.
The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century.
Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology:
Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs.
Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms.

Referral texts for Plant Biology:
- Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova.
- Mauseth J.D.,, II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli.
- Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante,
Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.

Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology:
- Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011.
- Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022.

The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course.

Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU)
What are Biotechnologies.
The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures.
The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century.
Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology:
• Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass.
• The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs.
Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms.

Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology:
- Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011.
- Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022.
- Pasqua G., Forni C. Biotecnologie Vegetali, Piccin Editore, Padova.
The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course.

Plant organisms
The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects
The plant cell
The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function.
The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function.
The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast.
Plants: structure and function
Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues.
The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap.
The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma.
The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap.
The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination.
The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development.
The seed: structural aspects; dissemination.

Referral texts for Plant Biology:
- Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova.
- Mauseth J.D., II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli.
- Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante,
Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.

The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course

Introductory concepts. States of aggregation of the matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical substances and elements. Atomic theory of matter. Atomic properties: mass and dimensions. Scale of atomic weights. Avogadro's number, concept of mole. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Structure of the atom: Bohr model. Uncertainty principle. Wave nature of the electron. Schrodinger equation. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Aufbau rules. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties. The chemical bond: ionic, covalent and coordination bond. Properties of the link: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and dipole moment. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals, resonance and mesomery. Magnetic properties of molecules. Intermolecular bonds. Hydrogen bond. Chemical formulas. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Oxidation number. Structure of molecules and typical ions. The gaseous state: Gas laws. Equation of state for ideal gases. Real gases (outline). The solid state: crystal structures and their symmetries. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Chemical thermodynamics: Heat and work. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second law of thermodynamics. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical equilibrium: criteria of spontaneity and balance in chemical reactions. Law of mass action and its derivation. Isoterma and isocora of van't Hoff. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Solutions: Concentration and its units of measurement. Colligative properties of ideal solutions. Acid-base equilibria: General definitions. Strength of acids and bases. Structure and acid-base properties. Autoionization of water. The pH. Calculation of the pH of solutions of acids, bases and salts. Buffer solutions. Acid-base titrations and titration curves. Solubility equilibria: Solubility and factors that influence it. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Chemical kinetics: reaction rate. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Catalysis. Elements of inorganic chemistry: Inorganic compounds of biological and environmental interest: oxygen and ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds. The course includes the performance of stoichiometric calculations related to the theoretical topics listed above.

1) AA.VV. Le basi della Chimica, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2022
2) AA. VV. Stechiometria, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2021
3) Lecture notes from the material used during the lessons
4) Collection of exam exercises

Title: "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22

English language
Lecturer: Dr. Elizabeth Hernández Borrayo
Email: elizabeth.hernandez@unitus.it
Reception and Counselling Mode for Students: MONDAY (online Link: )
Hours: (13-14)

The course foresees a basic knowledge of English level A2 (elementary level) and is aimed at strengthening the main linguistic structures of intermediate level B1, so as to put the student in a position to easily understand scientific texts. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) - Level B1

Language laboratory: 18 HOURS
- https: //www.bsmart.it/
My Bsmart-code Online Class: Access code d2bf4a (register for the course)

- GOOGLE CLASSROOM G-SUITE - Online Class (register for the course with the University email) code: ebv4orl


GRAMMAR:
- The word order in sentences.
- Parts of speech: definite and indefinite articles, plural and singular nouns (countable and uncountable), adjectives: comparative and superlative, the order/position of adjectives; Prepositions, Pronouns, Adverbs, Verbs: auxiliary, regular, irregular, modal and reflexive.
- Possessive adjectives / pronouns
- Expressions of quantity
- Verb tenses: indicative active (all), imperative, infinitive present: - Indicative passive present & past
- Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Simple and Continuous for the future, To be going to, Will / Shall, Simple Present for the future with if / while / when / before/after/until / as soon as, Passive Form (all tenses).
- Modal verbs
- Conditional: type 0, 1, 2 & 3
- Frequency adverbs
- Verbs with infinitive/gerund
- Equivalent grammatical structures (e.g. It is likely that he will go / he will probably go)
- Direct and indirect speech
- Comparative and superlative adverbs
- Habits in the past: "used to" and Would
- Get it done: "have something done"
- Conditionals: Zero, First, Second and Third Conditional, Wish + simple past/past perfect.
- Relatives: Relative Pronouns, Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses.

VOCABULARY:
- Holidays, travel and transportation
- Learning and education
- Buy and sell; shopping
- Animals, nature and human beings (family)
- Health, exercise, and sport; body parts and medicine
- Houses and lifestyles
- Art, leisure, and entertainment
- Security, household items
- Science and technology
- Relationships, family, personality, and feelings
- The natural world and time
- Food (eat and drink), celebrations and holidays
- TV and mass media, books
- Pastimes and free time
- Clothing and fashion
- The world of work and professions.

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS:
- Asking / giving information (habits, routines, personal details, personal items, permission, time, date, places, spelling, directions, for travelling) - Expressing opinions / making choices, talking about plans, planning, telling past experiences - Talking about family, studies, free time - Talking about / planning holidays - Being and disagreeing - Describing the state of health, describing feelings / describing people - Drawing simple conclusions and giving advice - Talking about time - Expressing opinions, preferences, abilities and disabilities, needs and desires - Expressing preferences, abilities and disabilities - Expressing needs and desires, obligations and no obligations - Expressing cause and effect and giving reasons - Thanking and responding to thanks, inviting / responding to invitations - Make / decline simple requests - Apologize and respond to apologies, offer and suggest - Make comparisons, make predictions, give orders and commands - Buy and sell (costs, measures and totals) - Change the subject / criticize and complain - Count and use numbers - Greet and respond to greetings, present himself and others - Describe objects and accommodations - Stop the conversation, start a speech and resume it - Make appointments and organize meetings, make compliments - Make and respond to offers and suggestions - Talk about food and order in a restaurant - Talk about physical and emotional feelings - Talk about probability / improbability; possibility / impossibility - Talking and writing about the future and imaginary situations, future plans or intentions, past events and completed actions - Talking and writing about current events - Understanding and completing a form of personal details - Understanding and producing a simple story one letter - Understanding notices, notes, emails, reporting speech

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS:
- Vowel phonemes (including diphthongs) and consonants - Sound pairs - The phonetic alphabet - Minimal pairs and allophones - The pronunciation of the finals -s; -es; -ed - Word stress - Sentence stress: function words and content words - Phonetic variations in connected speech: elision, linking, assimilation - Elision (linking patterns) - Introduction to intonation/tones - Intonation (and functions) of discursive markers and questions "echo" - Difficult phonetic specificities for Italian students.

CULTURAL CONCEPTS
- Courtesy forms - Idiomatic phrases - Recipes - Schools and universities - Simple governmental structures
It includes the key points of familiar topics related to school, leisure etc. He knows how to move with ease in situations that can occur while travelling in the country of which he speaks the language. Can produce simple text relating to topics that are familiar or of personal interest. He is able to express experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and to briefly explain the reasons for his opinions and projects.

SPECIFIC MICRO LANGUAGE:
-Understanding and discussion of scientific texts (short oral presentation/summary of their content). Topics and texts will be defined specifically during the course and will focus on the following aspects:
- DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies
- Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects
- The influence of human activities on ecosystems.

TEXTS A.A. 2021/2022

- Raymond Murphy e Lelio Pallini, "Essential grammar in use: grammatica di base della lingua inglese" quarta edizione con soluzioni ed e-Book, Cambridge University Press, versione italiana con soluzioni. ISBN 978-1316509029.

- Valentina M. Chen, "Ready for B1 Preliminary for Schools". 8 Practice Tests with guidance and tips. ISBN 978-8853627872. (for REVISED EXAM from 2020)

- Dispense e articoli forniti dal docente durante lo svolgimento del corso.

Libro CONSIGLIATO A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English, Fourth Edition with answers and ebook, Includes ebook with audio:
Raymond Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107539334.

The course is organized in two parts: a general and a special part.
The general part deals with:
fundamental notions of law, international sources of law, European Union sources of law, domestic sources of law and the relationship between them; definitions and field of application of biotechnologies; social, economic, ethic and environmental profiles of the legal regulation of biotecnologies;
The special part deals with:
The international framework and the european model of biotechnology discipline; protection of intellectual property rightes and patentability of biotechnological inventions; gmo, environment, agriculture and food safety; gmo discipline of the United States in the broader international framework; coexistence (notion, problems , comparison between models).

Ragionieri MP, GMO's in the EU law, Milano, 2016 , integrati con materiale a cura del docente caricato su moodle

Models, theories, laws, measures and uncertainties. Unit of measurement (International System). Physics and its relationship with other disciplines.
Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Two-dimensional kinematics; carriers.
Force, mass. Newton's laws. Circular motion. Law of gravitation
Work. Kinetic energy. Power. Conservative forces. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy.
Momentum. Rotary motion.
Vibrations and waves (harmonic motion, sound).
Bodies in balance: elasticity.
Fluids (static, dynamic, viscosity, surface tension).
Review of: temperature and kinetic theory, heat, principles of thermodynamics, thermal machines.
Electric charge and electric field. Electric potential and electricity; capacity. Dielectrics. Electric currents. Current circuits
Magnetism. Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's laws. Magnetic properties of matter.
Electromagnetic waves and their spectrum.
Light: geometric optics.
Wave nature of light (interference, diffraction, spectroscopy, polarization). Optical instruments.
Quantum theory: Black body radiation and Planck hypothesis, Photoelectric effect. Radioactive decay. Measurement of ionizing radiation doses.

- Fisica, Giancoli, Ambrosiana (edizione con fisica moderna)


Teaching materials
The supporting teaching material will be made available by the teacher.

Introduction and review of basic mathematical notions. Natural numbers, sum and product of natural numbers. Neutral element and inverses. Relative numbers and rational numbers. Irrational and real numbers. Consistency and density of the real numbers. Units of measurement and conversion factors. Intervals. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equations and inequalities. Sets, inclusion relation, set representation with Eulero-Venn diagrams. Intersection, union, difference. Complement operation and cartesian product. Properties of the set operations.
Functions and Properties of function. Injective, surjective, bijective functions. Real Functions of a Real Variable and their Geometrical Representation: graph, domain, codomain and image. Symmetry. Increasing and decreasing functions. Dependent and independent variables. Functional notation. Range and domain. The graph of a function. Function transformations: shifting, stretching, reflecting, sum, product and composition. Inverse functions. One-to-one and invertible functions. Determining the graph and equation of the inverse.
Algebraic functions. Linear functions, quadratic functions, polynomial, power and rational functions. Transcendental functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. Function composition. The inverse function.
Limits and Continuity. Definition of limits, properties and calculating the limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes.
Derivatives The Tangent to a Curve and the Derivative of a Function. Definition and calculation of derivative: algebraic and transcendental functions. The First and Second Derivatives. Left and right derivatives, higher order derivatives. Necessary condition of differentiability (with proof). Non differentiable functions.. Global and local maximum and minimum. Extreme value theorem. Differentiability and monotonicity. Differentiability and local extremes. Concavity and inflection points (with proofs). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of inflection points (with proofs). De l’Hospital Theorem.
Integration. Definite integration. Integrable and non integrable functions. Properties of the definite integral. Indefinite integration and antiderivatives. The fundamental theorem of calculus. Integration formulas. Integration by part and substitution.

Linear algebra. Vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and properties. Determinants. Properties of determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Statistics. Notions of descriptive statistics: variables, categories and statistical units. Frequency distribution and graphical representations. Position measures: mean, median and mode. Variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Introduction to the linear regression models.
Introduction to probability. Notion of event. Probability distributions. Axioms of probability. Independent events and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and the theory of hypothesis testing.

REFERENCE TEXTS:

in English:
- Lial, M. L., Hungerford, T. W., Holcomb, J. P., & Mullins, B. (2018). Mathematics with applications: in the management, natural, and social sciences. Pearson.

- Whitlock M.C., Schluter D (2020) Analysis of Biological Data (International Edition - Third Edition)

in Italian:
- Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa
Bodine et al (2017) Matematica per le scienze della vita. UTET
- Guerraggio A. (2018) Matematica per le scienze. Pearson
- Monti, A. (2008). Introduzione alla statistica.
-Slides of the course and exercises made available in the student's portal.

Introductory notions: reminders of numerical calculation. Measurement units and conversion factors. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equalities and inequalities. Percentages. Elements of analytical geometry: Cartesian coordinates. Lines and segments. Conical. Equations and inequalities. Concepts of set theory.
Basic descriptive statistics and data analysis: distribution of a statistical character and its graphical representation. Measures of position, variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the method of least squares and introduction to linear regression models.
Notion of function and property. Algebraic functions: linear, quadratic, polynomial functions, power functions and rational functions. Transcendent functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. The functional composition. functional inversion. The definition in parts. Introduction to modeling for discrete-time systems.
Linear algebra: vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer's rule. Eigenvalues ​​and eigenvectors.
Combinatorial calculus and elements of probability theory. Event concept. Probability distributions. Probability axioms. Independent and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and hypothesis testing theory.

Definition of limit, properties and calculation of limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Qualitative study of functions.
Definition and calculus of derivatives: algebraic functions and transcendental functions. Growth and decrease. Minimums and maximums. Concavity and convexity. Taylor development. Introduction to partial derivatives.
Integral calculus: definition of integral, properties of the integral. Indefinite integral. Integration by parts, integration by substitution. Definite integrals.

- Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa
- Materiale didattico supplementare prodotto dal docente e fornito agli studenti a seguito di ogni lezione

The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE:
structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in
protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and
exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria,
peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.
MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic
cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis,
Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and
macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of
evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-
Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure
and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis,
oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement,
nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development,
metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in
relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental
variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates.
Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU)

- Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill
- Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill
- Alternativily available in a SINGLE VOLUME: HICKMAN et al. Zoologia (18° ed.) Mc Graw & Hill

-Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises
-Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises
-D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015
(possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only)
- Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes).

The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU)

- Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises
-Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises
-D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only)
- Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes).
- Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill

Program

Articulation and contents of the course (study program):
The course is divided into two parts:

-Part of Plant Biology (5 + 1 CFU)
Plant organisms
The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects
The plant cell
The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function.
The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function.
The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast.
Plants: structure and function
Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues.
The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap.
The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma.
The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap.
The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination.
The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development.
The seed: structural aspects; dissemination.
Elements of classification of plants.



-Part of Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU)
What are Biotechnologies.
The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures.
The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century.
Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology:
Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs.
Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms.

Referral texts for Plant Biology:
- Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova.
- Mauseth J.D.,, II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli.
- Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante,
Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.

Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology:
- Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011.
- Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022.

The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course.

Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU)
What are Biotechnologies.
The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures.
The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century.
Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology:
• Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass.
• The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs.
Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms.

Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology:
- Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011.
- Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022.
- Pasqua G., Forni C. Biotecnologie Vegetali, Piccin Editore, Padova.
The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course.

Plant organisms
The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects
The plant cell
The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function.
The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function.
The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast.
Plants: structure and function
Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues.
The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap.
The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma.
The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap.
The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination.
The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development.
The seed: structural aspects; dissemination.

Referral texts for Plant Biology:
- Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova.
- Mauseth J.D., II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli.
- Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante,
Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.

The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course

Introductory concepts. States of aggregation of the matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical substances and elements. Atomic theory of matter. Atomic properties: mass and dimensions. Scale of atomic weights. Avogadro's number, concept of mole. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Structure of the atom: Bohr model. Uncertainty principle. Wave nature of the electron. Schrodinger equation. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Aufbau rules. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties. The chemical bond: ionic, covalent and coordination bond. Properties of the link: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and dipole moment. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals, resonance and mesomery. Magnetic properties of molecules. Intermolecular bonds. Hydrogen bond. Chemical formulas. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Oxidation number. Structure of molecules and typical ions. The gaseous state: Gas laws. Equation of state for ideal gases. Real gases (outline). The solid state: crystal structures and their symmetries. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Chemical thermodynamics: Heat and work. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second law of thermodynamics. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical equilibrium: criteria of spontaneity and balance in chemical reactions. Law of mass action and its derivation. Isoterma and isocora of van't Hoff. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Solutions: Concentration and its units of measurement. Colligative properties of ideal solutions. Acid-base equilibria: General definitions. Strength of acids and bases. Structure and acid-base properties. Autoionization of water. The pH. Calculation of the pH of solutions of acids, bases and salts. Buffer solutions. Acid-base titrations and titration curves. Solubility equilibria: Solubility and factors that influence it. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Chemical kinetics: reaction rate. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Catalysis. Elements of inorganic chemistry: Inorganic compounds of biological and environmental interest: oxygen and ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds. The course includes the performance of stoichiometric calculations related to the theoretical topics listed above.

1) AA.VV. Le basi della Chimica, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2022
2) AA. VV. Stechiometria, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2021
3) Lecture notes from the material used during the lessons
4) Collection of exam exercises

Title: "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22

English language
Lecturer: Dr. Elizabeth Hernández Borrayo
Email: elizabeth.hernandez@unitus.it
Reception and Counselling Mode for Students: MONDAY (online Link: )
Hours: (13-14)

The course foresees a basic knowledge of English level A2 (elementary level) and is aimed at strengthening the main linguistic structures of intermediate level B1, so as to put the student in a position to easily understand scientific texts. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) - Level B1

Language laboratory: 18 HOURS
- https: //www.bsmart.it/
My Bsmart-code Online Class: Access code d2bf4a (register for the course)

- GOOGLE CLASSROOM G-SUITE - Online Class (register for the course with the University email) code: ebv4orl


GRAMMAR:
- The word order in sentences.
- Parts of speech: definite and indefinite articles, plural and singular nouns (countable and uncountable), adjectives: comparative and superlative, the order/position of adjectives; Prepositions, Pronouns, Adverbs, Verbs: auxiliary, regular, irregular, modal and reflexive.
- Possessive adjectives / pronouns
- Expressions of quantity
- Verb tenses: indicative active (all), imperative, infinitive present: - Indicative passive present & past
- Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Simple and Continuous for the future, To be going to, Will / Shall, Simple Present for the future with if / while / when / before/after/until / as soon as, Passive Form (all tenses).
- Modal verbs
- Conditional: type 0, 1, 2 & 3
- Frequency adverbs
- Verbs with infinitive/gerund
- Equivalent grammatical structures (e.g. It is likely that he will go / he will probably go)
- Direct and indirect speech
- Comparative and superlative adverbs
- Habits in the past: "used to" and Would
- Get it done: "have something done"
- Conditionals: Zero, First, Second and Third Conditional, Wish + simple past/past perfect.
- Relatives: Relative Pronouns, Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses.

VOCABULARY:
- Holidays, travel and transportation
- Learning and education
- Buy and sell; shopping
- Animals, nature and human beings (family)
- Health, exercise, and sport; body parts and medicine
- Houses and lifestyles
- Art, leisure, and entertainment
- Security, household items
- Science and technology
- Relationships, family, personality, and feelings
- The natural world and time
- Food (eat and drink), celebrations and holidays
- TV and mass media, books
- Pastimes and free time
- Clothing and fashion
- The world of work and professions.

COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS:
- Asking / giving information (habits, routines, personal details, personal items, permission, time, date, places, spelling, directions, for travelling) - Expressing opinions / making choices, talking about plans, planning, telling past experiences - Talking about family, studies, free time - Talking about / planning holidays - Being and disagreeing - Describing the state of health, describing feelings / describing people - Drawing simple conclusions and giving advice - Talking about time - Expressing opinions, preferences, abilities and disabilities, needs and desires - Expressing preferences, abilities and disabilities - Expressing needs and desires, obligations and no obligations - Expressing cause and effect and giving reasons - Thanking and responding to thanks, inviting / responding to invitations - Make / decline simple requests - Apologize and respond to apologies, offer and suggest - Make comparisons, make predictions, give orders and commands - Buy and sell (costs, measures and totals) - Change the subject / criticize and complain - Count and use numbers - Greet and respond to greetings, present himself and others - Describe objects and accommodations - Stop the conversation, start a speech and resume it - Make appointments and organize meetings, make compliments - Make and respond to offers and suggestions - Talk about food and order in a restaurant - Talk about physical and emotional feelings - Talk about probability / improbability; possibility / impossibility - Talking and writing about the future and imaginary situations, future plans or intentions, past events and completed actions - Talking and writing about current events - Understanding and completing a form of personal details - Understanding and producing a simple story one letter - Understanding notices, notes, emails, reporting speech

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS:
- Vowel phonemes (including diphthongs) and consonants - Sound pairs - The phonetic alphabet - Minimal pairs and allophones - The pronunciation of the finals -s; -es; -ed - Word stress - Sentence stress: function words and content words - Phonetic variations in connected speech: elision, linking, assimilation - Elision (linking patterns) - Introduction to intonation/tones - Intonation (and functions) of discursive markers and questions "echo" - Difficult phonetic specificities for Italian students.

CULTURAL CONCEPTS
- Courtesy forms - Idiomatic phrases - Recipes - Schools and universities - Simple governmental structures
It includes the key points of familiar topics related to school, leisure etc. He knows how to move with ease in situations that can occur while travelling in the country of which he speaks the language. Can produce simple text relating to topics that are familiar or of personal interest. He is able to express experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and to briefly explain the reasons for his opinions and projects.

SPECIFIC MICRO LANGUAGE:
-Understanding and discussion of scientific texts (short oral presentation/summary of their content). Topics and texts will be defined specifically during the course and will focus on the following aspects:
- DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies
- Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects
- The influence of human activities on ecosystems.

TEXTS A.A. 2021/2022

- Raymond Murphy e Lelio Pallini, "Essential grammar in use: grammatica di base della lingua inglese" quarta edizione con soluzioni ed e-Book, Cambridge University Press, versione italiana con soluzioni. ISBN 978-1316509029.

- Valentina M. Chen, "Ready for B1 Preliminary for Schools". 8 Practice Tests with guidance and tips. ISBN 978-8853627872. (for REVISED EXAM from 2020)

- Dispense e articoli forniti dal docente durante lo svolgimento del corso.

Libro CONSIGLIATO A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English, Fourth Edition with answers and ebook, Includes ebook with audio:
Raymond Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107539334.

The course is organized in two parts: a general and a special part.
The general part deals with:
fundamental notions of law, international sources of law, European Union sources of law, domestic sources of law and the relationship between them; definitions and field of application of biotechnologies; social, economic, ethic and environmental profiles of the legal regulation of biotecnologies;
The special part deals with:
The international framework and the european model of biotechnology discipline; protection of intellectual property rightes and patentability of biotechnological inventions; gmo, environment, agriculture and food safety; gmo discipline of the United States in the broader international framework; coexistence (notion, problems , comparison between models).

Ragionieri MP, GMO's in the EU law, Milano, 2016 , integrati con materiale a cura del docente caricato su moodle

Models, theories, laws, measures and uncertainties. Unit of measurement (International System). Physics and its relationship with other disciplines.
Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Two-dimensional kinematics; carriers.
Force, mass. Newton's laws. Circular motion. Law of gravitation
Work. Kinetic energy. Power. Conservative forces. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy.
Momentum. Rotary motion.
Vibrations and waves (harmonic motion, sound).
Bodies in balance: elasticity.
Fluids (static, dynamic, viscosity, surface tension).
Review of: temperature and kinetic theory, heat, principles of thermodynamics, thermal machines.
Electric charge and electric field. Electric potential and electricity; capacity. Dielectrics. Electric currents. Current circuits
Magnetism. Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's laws. Magnetic properties of matter.
Electromagnetic waves and their spectrum.
Light: geometric optics.
Wave nature of light (interference, diffraction, spectroscopy, polarization). Optical instruments.
Quantum theory: Black body radiation and Planck hypothesis, Photoelectric effect. Radioactive decay. Measurement of ionizing radiation doses.

- Fisica, Giancoli, Ambrosiana (edizione con fisica moderna)


Teaching materials
The supporting teaching material will be made available by the teacher.