Syllabus - Università degli Studi della Tuscia

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
13719 - Organic Chemistry (objectives) EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - BOTTA Lorenzo (syllabus) Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp3. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Structural isomerism. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angular tension, torsional tension, steric tension). Cyclohexane derivatives (cis-trans stereoisomerism). Bicyclic and polycyclic alkanes. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp2. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Stability (hydrogenation heat, combustion heat). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cycloalkenes. Biological function. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Hybridization sp. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Carbon chirality. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphic representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific rotary power, racemic definition, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel's rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction and resonance phenomena. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the aminoacids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleoside. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Module B. REACTIVITY Alkane and cycloalkane reactions. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and stereochemical trends. Effects of the solvent and the leaving group. Elimination reactions. Reaction E1. Reaction E2. Competition between replacement and elimination. Reactions of aromatic compounds. Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Mechanism. Benzene halogenation. Effect of substituents. (reference books) Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, EdiTes	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
15607 - Microbiology and Principles of Industrial Microbiology (objectives) A) OBJECTIVES To provide students with basic knowledge of the world of microorganisms (prokaryotes, in particular) such as structure and function (cytology and physiology) and genetics of the procariate cell, development and consequent growth of populations. In addition, the student will have to gain a general view of the impact of microorganisms in nature (biogeochemical cycles, for example) and their potential applications at industrial and environmental level. There will also be some basic knowledge of virology. It is also the purpose of the course to make students feel confident with some basic techniques of the Microbiology Lab. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding Teaching will help to gain knowledge and ability to understand and describe basic biological structures and processes in microbiology. It also aims to acquire theoretical and experimental knowledge of microbiology in terms of cellular, morphological, biochemical, physiological and genetic aspects. All this information will allow the student to understand basic elements of both microbiology and those interdisciplinary. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding The student will be able to translate practical theoretical knowledge and arguing issues in the field of general microbiology and above all industrial and environmental. Through lab activities, students will acquire the ability to apply theoretical knowledge on a practical basis by implementing basic techniques typical of the microbiology laboratory. 3) Making judgments The student will have the ability to interpret autonomously both basic and applied knowledge of microbiology. This ability will be captured, in particular, thanks to the frequency of practical activities and classroom and laboratory exercises. 4) Communication skills The student who attends the teaching will be able to present, critically, the knowledge related to the general and applied microbiology, with the help of appropriate audiovisual techniques. This ability will also be achieved through the extensive use of power point presentations in the classroom and the dialogue and exchange of views between the students and the teacher both during the front lessons and during the lab activities. 5) Learning skills Students will understand and acquire methods of investigation and work in the microbiological field. They will therefore be able to deepen their knowledge and skills independently. This skill will be developed through the active involvement of students through oral class discussions on specific subjects of teaching and laboratory activities - PETRUCCIOLI Maurizio (syllabus) The course will take place according to the following breakdown: 1. History of Microbiology (notes): the discovery of the world of micro-organisms and the controversy over spontaneous generation; microorganisms as agents of disease and their role in the transformation of organic matter. 2. Technical basis of microbiological laboratory: the microscope, notes of optical physics; fresh and colorful slides; electron microscopy (transmission and scanning); pure culture and its achievement; general principles of microbial nutrition; preparation culture media, theory and practice of sterilization; controls sterility. 3. Cytology of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell: general introduction; structure and ultrastructure of the bacterial cell; structure and function of the membrane; transport systems across membrane; cell wall and its chemical composition and characteristics; the wall of Gram + and Gram -; cell wall of archaebacteria and eukaryotes; capsule and the associated virulence; cell movement and structure for movement; chemotaxis, bacterial endospore, structure, function and importance; overview of spores of eukaryotes and the alternation of generation; mitochondria and respiratory function; overview of the arrangement of DNA and cell division. 4. Cell physiology: brief review of cellular chemistry and biochemistry (activation energy, catalysis and enzymes, biological redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport; phosphate molecules with energy bonds); production of energy in biological systems; glycolysis and similar ways; re-oxidation of NADH: fermentation and respiration; alcoholic and lactic fermentations, aerobic respiration, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport system; energy balance of catabolism; notes on anaerobic respiration, biosynthesis of cellular material. 5. Microbial growth of a single cell and a microbial population; measure of growth and related curve; catabolic repression and diauxia; effect of cultivation conditions on microbial growth. 6. Principles of molecular genetics and bacterial genetics: references to the structure of DNA; action of restriction enzymes; DNA replication; genetic elements; rearrangement of genes; transposons; transcription process; structure and function of mRNA and tRNA; translation process and protein synthesis; the genetic code; mutagens and mutations; recombination in bacteria; transformation, transduction and conjugation; plasmids and their biological significance. 7. Virology: the nature of the viral particle; viral count; general characteristics of viral reproduction; principles of genetics of viruses; bacteriophage RNA; icosahedral single-stranded DNA bacteriophages; double-stranded DNA viruses; the temperate bacterial viruses and lysogeny;, the main families of animal viruses (notes). 8. Microbial ecology: references to traditional techniques for isolation and identification of microorganisms; interactions between microbial populations and with other organisms; microbial communities and ecosystems, the main biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, iron, etc.); role of microorganisms on environmental decontamination; aerobic and anaerobic catabolism of organic contaminants and wastewaters treatment; 9. Microbial biotechnology: microorganisms of industrial interest; screening from natural environments and collections, the bioreactors, geometry and applications; scale-up process; primary and secondary metabolites; notes on production of antibiotics, enzymes, aminoacids and on immobilization techniques. The laboratory practices cover the following topics: 1. The pure culture and its isolation: spreading and crawling, the re-isolation; the enrichment cultures; 2. Culutre media: preparation of liquidi e solid media; 3. Microscopy and microscopic observation; observations of fresh samples; simple and differential staining and observations of stained preparations; 4. Cultivation of microorganisms and measurement of microbial growth (direct and cultural counts, dry weight, turbidimetry). (reference books) Suggested texts to choose from: - Brock, Biologia dei microrganismi - Microbiologia generale, ambientale e industriale 16/Ed. -Michael T. Madigan, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, W. Matthew Sattley, Pearson, 2022 - Brock, Biologia dei microrganismi - Microbiologia generale, ambientale e industriale 14/E - di Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley - Pearson, 2015. - Biologia dei microrganismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, nuova edizione (3^ edizione), 2018. - Microbiologia di D.R. Wessner, D. Dupont e T.C. Charles, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2015. - Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, D.A. Stahl, D.P. Clark, Pearson, 2012. Volumi 1 e 2. - Brock, Biologia dei Microrganismi di M.T. Madigan e J.M. Martinko, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Volumi 1 e 2A. - Biologia dei microrgaismi di G. Dehò e E. Galli, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2012.	9	BIO/19	64	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118978 - Genetics (objectives) The purpose of this course is to provide students with the necessary information to understand the theoretical foundations of classical and molecular genetics and the experimental approaches that have allowed its definition. Students will be expected to learn the logic of formal genetic analysis and the methodologies of genetic dissection of biological phenomena. Concepts for understanding the paradigm shift that has occurred in the post-genomic era will be provided, and an understanding of the importance of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic model systems will be stimulated. The course is intended to provide the basis for further in-depth study in all areas of genetics. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES 1) Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activities, students will be able to manage in a project-oriented way the complementary methods derived from the knowledge of recombinant DNA techniques. 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding : Students will be stimulated to select the most appropriate and relevant methodological/experimental approaches to achieve specific objectives (e.g. biotechnological production of drugs, recombinant proteins, etc.). 3) Making judgements: The teaching will provide the student with the ability to work independently by providing appropriate types of teaching materials (lectures in the form of presentations, specific monographs, relevant scientific literature, computer platforms) and the performance of congruent laboratory activities synchronized with the theoretical part of the course. 4) Communication skills: students will be encouraged to actively participate in the lessons and will be stimulated to design and solve specific scenarios related to the different evolutionary phases of the course. 5) Learning skills: The students' learning skills will be assessed in itinere and verified through the individual ability to solve relevant and specific scenarios of interest, different from those envisaged during the course. - MOSESSO Pasquale (syllabus) Genetics program (9CFU); Undergraduate Course of Biotechnology (L-2), 2022-2023 Professor: Pasquale Mosesso 1. Mendelian inheritance and chromosome theory of inheritance Mendel’s postulates and elements of mendelian genetics applied to man and agriculture. Laws of probability and their relevance to explain genetic events (the product law and the sum law); Use of chi-square analysis to evaluate the influence of chance on genetic data, interpretation of chi-square calculations. Cell cycle; mitosis, meiosis and concordance between meiosis and genetic mendelism. Demonstration of chromosome theory of inheritance. Chromosomal sex-determining system; sex-limited and sex-influenced inheritance. 2. Extensions of mendelian genetics Alleles alters phenotypes in different ways: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, lethal alleles. Environment and gene expression: Effects of “internal” and “external” environments. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction. Epistasis and pleiotropy. 3. Genes linkage and chromosome mapping The crossing -over. Linkage maps: Mapping with three-point crosses; Interference; Some examples of linkage maps; Chi-squared test. 4. Molecular structure and replication of genetic material Molecular structure of DNA and RNA: Identification of DNA as genetic material (experiments of Hershey and Chase). Characteristics of nucleic acids (experiments of Chargaff). Replication of DNA in the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Demonstration that reproduction of DNA is by semiconservative replication (experiments of Meselson e Stahl). 5. Genetic analysis in bacteria The bacterial chromosome: Transfer of genetic material in bacteria: Transformation; Conjugation; sexduction and transduction. Methods of genetic mapping in bacteria and bacteriophages. Extrachromosomal elements: Natural and artificial plasmids. 6. Molecular properties of genes Structure and function of genes: Components of the eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA, histonic and non-histonic protein); Chromatin structure and nucleosomes; Repetitive DNA sequences and DNA satellite; How genes work (hypothesis one gene one protein); colinearity between gene and protein. Complementation and mutation sites. Translation of mRNA; Structure and functions of tRNA. The genetic code; Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei and Others led to the deciphering of the code; Early studies established the basic operational pattern of genetic code: The triplet nature of the code; the nonoverlapping nature of the code; the commaless and degenerate nature of the code. 7. Mechanisms of production of genetic variability Definition and classification of mutations: Gene mutations: base pair substitutions, insertions, deletions; reversion and suppression of mutations; phenotypic effects of gene mutations. Fluctuation test and spontaneous mutation in bacteria (neo-Darwinian theory). Chromosome mutations: structural (chromosomal aberrations) and numerical (aneuploidy, polyploidy). Environmental agents which damage DNA: Ionizing electromagnetic radiations (X-rays, gamma-rays, betatron-synchrotron radiations); Ionizing subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles neutrons). Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations (UV-A, UV-B, UV-C); UV and ozone. Electromagnetic fields (microwaves, HF, ELF etc.). Chemical mutagens: alkylating agents; environmental pollutants in the cities [car exhaust, sulphur and nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), formaldehyde, asbestos]; food additives and contaminant of aliments (aflatoxins, ochratoxins nitrosamines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, phenols of vegetal origin, etc); therapeutic agents (mitomycin-C, bleomycin, nitrogen mustards, inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II, cytostatic agents); pesticides. Biological mutagens: microbial and viral pathogens; transposable elements. DNA repair systems: fotoliase, alchiltransferases, “nucleotide excision repair” (NER), “base excision repair (BER), “mismatch repair” (MMR), “SOS” repair, recombinational repair: repair of DNA single strand breaks (SSB) and DNA double strand breaks (HR e NHEJR); DNA damage, activation of cellular “checkpoints. Transposable elements: Bacterial and eukaryotic transposable elements; Retrovirus; Transposons and chromosome mutability. 8. Gene regulation and expression in bacteria Negative and positive regulation; Genetic dissection of lac operon in E. coli; The operon of tryptophan. 9. Gene regulation and expression in eukaryotes Gene expression regulation at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. 10. Principles of Genetic engineering Basic techniques to manipulate genetic material (DNA and RNA): Restriction enzymes; Cloning of DNA fragments. Chromosomal and plasmidico DNA separation and purification. Techniques of analysis of DNA, RNA: Gel Electrophoresis; Amplification of nucleic acid fragments by Polymerase Chain Reaction; Hybridization, Southern Blotting, and Northern Blotting. DNA sequencing methods: General principles of the procedure; sequencing of large genomic regions. In vitro mutagenesis. 11. Population genetics analysis Allele frequencies in populations vary in space and time. The Hardy-Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in an ideal population. The Hardy-Weinberg law can be used in human populations for multiple alleles, X-linked traits and estimating heterozygote frequencies. Natural selection is a major force driving allele frequency change: Natural selection, fitness and selection, selection in natural populations. Mutation creates new alleles in a gene pool. Migration and gene flow can alter frequencies. Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies in small populations. Non-random mating changes genotype frequency but not allele frequency: Inbreeding; genetic effects of inbreeding. (reference books) Recommended textbooks: Peter J. Russel “Genetics: A Molecular Approach; Griffiths A.J., Doebley J., Peichel C., Wassarman D.A. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis"; Griffiths A.J.F, Wessler S.R., Carrol S.B., and Doebley J. "Introduction to Genetic Analysis";	9	BIO/18	72	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
15611 - Bioinformatics tools in genomics (objectives) Knowledge of the bioinformatics tools most used for the study of the genome. Access to biological databases, knowledge of DNA sequencing techniques, use of codes for aligning and assembling DNA sequences, study of gene expression from the analysis of RNAseq data - Chillemi Giovanni (syllabus) The complexity of genomes. Nucleic acid high throughput investigation techniques. Algorithms and software for assembling DNA sequences. Databases of biological interest. Bioinformatic methods for quality control of NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) reads. Database query principles. RNA-seq analysis. Alignment algorithms. Manipulation of nucleic acid sequences and DB queries in Python (reference books) Teaching materials: slide and video on moodle Optional text: "Fondamenti di bioinformatica" di Manuela Helmer Citterich, Fabrizio Ferrè, Giulio Pavesi, Graziano Pesole, Chiara Romualdi".	6	AGR/17	40	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18427 - Physiology (objectives) a) FORMATIVE OBJECTIVES Understanding the basic elements of the body and in particular be able to describe: the fundamental principles of cellular physiology and electrophysiology; the elemental interactions of cells; the organization and general functionality of the nervous system; the mechanisms of sensory transduction and muscle contractility; the key vegetative systems supporting body homeostasis. b) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS (Dublin Descriptors) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING CAPACITY: To pass the exam, the student will have to demonstrate that she/he has gained a knowledge and ability to understand the issues related to the functioning of the body and nervous or non excitable cells that will allow her/him to set the discussion of theoretical issues in logical and complete way. CAPACITY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE AND COMPREHENSION: The student will have to demonstrate how to set up applicative problems in the field of general and integrative Physiology. AUTONOMY OF JUDGEMENT: The student must have acquired such knowledge as to enable her/him to describe the mechanisms underlying the cell and body functions and to independently and reasonably evaluate possible different opinions on possible issues. COMMUNICATION SKILLS: At the end of the course, the student must have reached an appropriate organization of one's own thinking concerning the various subjects of the course, allowing her/him to expose the topics in an organic and appropriate scientific language. LEARNING CAPACITIES: The student must be able to examine and understand texts and scientific material, so that they can be used in daily contexts for the profession and for the research. - CERVIA Davide (syllabus) Cell physiology: cell membrane and transports, cellular communication, active and passive electrical properties, synaptic transmission and signal conduction. General organization of the nervous system, cell types. Sensory function: somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular, taste, olfactory system. Skeletal muscle physiology. Physiology of the heart and circulatory system. Physiology of the respiratory system. Physiology of the renal system. Endocrine regulation. (reference books) - “Fisiologia, dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati”, Carbone, Cicirata, Aicardi (EdiSES) - “Fisiologia Umana”, Stuart Ira Fox (PICCIN) - “Fisiologia Umana, Fondamenti”, Autori vari (Edi-Ermes) - however, other general Physiology texts can also be used as long as they are updated - “slides” of the lessons made available by the teacher in the website (as valuable tools describing the program)	8	BIO/09	64	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18428 - Biological Chemistry (objectives) The course will be focused on the relation between structure and function of different biomolecules (amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) and on their behaviour in an aqueous environment. Moreover, the fundamental aspects of the enzyme kinetic and of the cellular metabolism will be discussed. The main objective to be reached are: 1. to acquire general informations on the chemical and biological aspects related to amino acids, peptides and proteins; 2. to understand different biological phenomenoms like the protein denaturation and folding; 3. to understand the behaviour of allosteric enzymes; 4. to acquire the concepts related to enzyme kinetics and bioenergetics; 5. general aspects of the metabolism This knowledge will be applied in the biotechnology field. Communication skills and attitude to learn will be evaluated. - BUONOCORE Francesco (syllabus) PROTEINS, ENZYMES and COENZYMES Chemistry of living tissues.Role and properties of water in biological processes.Hydrogen bond and other secondary interactions. Protein-forming amino acids: structure and properties. Peptide bond: formation and geometry; structural organizations of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures). Protein functions. Examples of structure/function relationships in globular (i.e: myoglobin and hemoglobin), fibrous (i.e: collagen, alfa- and beta-keratins) and membrane proteins. Role and classification of enzymes.Vitamins and coenzymes.Enzyme kinetics and thermodynamics; Michaelis-Menten equation; significance and determination of kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax, Turnover Number).Enzyme regulation: basic principles. Structure and function of nucleotides. METABOLISM General aspects of metabolism: eso- and endoergonic reactions; high energy compounds; coupled reactions; catabolic and anabolic patways. Carbohydrates.Structure and general properties of the principal carbohydrates.The glycolytic pathway.Pyruvatefermentation.Fate of pyruvate under aerobic conditions.Thephosphogluconatepathway.Gluconeogenesis.Degradative metabolism of disaccharides and polysaccharides (starch and glicogen).Glicogenbiosynthesis.Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Lipids. Chemistry and metabolism of simple and complex lipids. Structure and properties of: fatty acids; triacyl-glicerols; membrane lipids. Catabolism of triacyl-glicerols: lipases and beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Metabolism of propionate and formation of ketone bodies. Proteins.Protein degradation and protein turnover.Ubiquitin and proteasome complex.Proteolytic enzymes and protein digestion.Fate of amino acid alfa-amino groups and urea cycle.General aspects of amino acid catabolism; fate of aminoacid carbon atoms. The generation of energy in the central metabolism: citric acid cycle, mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. (reference books) Main books: VOET, VOET, PRATT: Fundamentals of Biochemistry NELSON, COX: Lehninger principles of biochemistry	8	BIO/10	64	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18429 - Molecular Biology (objectives) Formative objectives (in terms of expected learning outcomes) At the end of the course, the student possesses adequate knowledge of the fundamental principles and basic mechanisms of molecular biology. In particular, the student is able to understand and discuss the structure of nucleic acids, genome and chromatin; the molecular mechanisms of replication, transcription, gene regulation and protein synthesis. Finally, he knows the principles underlying the main molecular biology techniques such as DNA cloning, PCR and DNA sequencing for practical applications in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, industrial and plant domains. - FICCA Anna Grazia (syllabus) Program Historical aspects : from the discovery of DNA to the genetic code and structure of nucleic acids. a) Structure of DNA and RNA: nucleotides, conformations of helices A, B , C , denaturation and renaturation of the double helix. b) Organization of DNA supercoiling , the histone proteins and the levels of organization of chromatin : nucleosome . Analysis of chromatin by enzymatic digestion with nuclease . c) DNA replication : replicon model , identification of the origin of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes : structural and functional characteristics of the proteins involved in the process of replication, Okazaki fragments , the primers , the DNA polymerase I -II-III . Transcription . a) The Control of Transcription in prokaryotes . Structure of ”Operon” . Operator Sites and Promoters ( strong and weak promoters ). RNA polymerase and sigma factors . b ) Repressors and activators : the Lac operon and the operon araBAD c) The attenuation : the Trp operon . d) The RNA polymerase in eukaryotes : structure, promoters, initiation, elongation and termination. e) The eukaryotic mRNA : capping, the tails of poly ( A), mRNA splicing . Translation a) The genetic code b) Transfer RNA : structure, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases , proofreading and correction, the pairing oscillating , the suppressor mutation no sense . c) Ribosomes : composition, structure , antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis. d ) Beginning the translation: GTP , the Shine- Dalgarno sequence , the initiation codon , the protein factors e) The elongation : the binding of tRNA , the transpeptidation , translocation , protein elongation factors . f) Termination The study of genes : cloning techniques ; the cloning vectors , gene amplification (PCR ) ; DNA sequencing ; analysis of the promoters ( use of reporter genes ) If the course of the pandemic will allows it, practical laboratory exercises will be organized. Participation in the exercise and the performance of a final report will allow you to acquire 1 point in the final grade.The modalities of participation will be provided by the teacher during the course. (reference books) Watson,J.D., Baker T.A., Bell S.P. Gann A., Levine M., Losick R. "Biologia molecolare del gene" VIII edizione (2022) Zanichelli Capranico G., Martegani E., Musci G., Raugei G., Russo T., Zambrano N., Zappavigna V. "Biologia molecolare" II edizione (2022) EdiSES Amaldi F., Benedetti P. Pesole G., Plevani P., "Biologia molecolare" terza ed. (2018) ed. Casa editrice Ambrosiana Alcuni testi sono reperibili presso la Biblioteca.	8	BIO/11	56	8	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Optional materials and exam in a foreign language

Language

16177 - Biophysical Chemistry (objectives)

- PORCELLI Fernando (syllabus) (reference books)

7

CHIM/02

48

-

8

-

Core compulsory activities

-

ITA

Optional group: gruppo OPZIONALE A 12 affini integrative - (show)

12

18451 - Biotechnology of Plant Production (objectives) The course aims to give the basic principles of advanced technologies useful for plant breeding and to improve productivity. To this aim, all biotechnological methodologies are introduced, with reference to genetic engineering, in vitro cultures, tools for diagnostic and traceability, study of genetic variability, and achievement of interspecific crosses. A principal focus will be given to the development and analysis of molecular markers, in order to acquire familiarity with uses of DNA analysis for variability studies and marker assisted selection. - Derived from 15595_2 Biotecnologie per il miglioramento delle piante agrarie in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 MAZZUCATO Andrea (syllabus) Biotechnologies for crop improvement Introduction on the role of biotechnologies for crop improvement, genetic engineering, in vitro cultures of plant cells and tissues, technologies for diagnostic and traceability, study of genetic variability to study phylogeny, variety characterization, germplasm management, technics to manipulate protoplast and obtaining interspecific hybrids. Molecular markers and genetic analysis Concept of genetic marker and introduction to the analysis of molecular polymorphism. Biochemical markers. Molecular markers, DNA hybridization and PCR, RFLP and VNTR markers, RAPD, SCAR, CAPS, AFLP, SSR, ISSR and SNP markers. Use of molecular markers Formal genetics and development of genetic maps; search for markers linked to loci controlling qualitative and quantitative characters; positional cloning of Mendelian genes and QTLs; marker assisted selection in plant breeding; linkage disequilibrium and association mapping; analysis of genetic variability, genetic distances and clustering methods (to be verified each year); variety characterization and analysis of genic flux (to be verified each year). Topics of practical lectures In silico search for microsatellite markers and primer design. Search for single nucleotide polymorphisms from EST libraries. Growing of an F2 population segregating morphological and molecular markers, phenotyping, genotyping (DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis), analysis of segregation data. (reference books) Testi di riferimento Barcaccia & Falcinelli - Genetica e genomica Vol. III - Liguori editore. Material provided during the course. - MASCI Stefania (syllabus) The course starts with the basic principles of recombinant DNA illustrating the mechanism of action of of restriction and modification enzymes, and gene cloning through host-vector systems. The mechanism of action of standard and quantitative PCR is presented in detail, but particular importance is given to applications of such methodologies, through specific examples. Among the different methods of DNA sequencing only the Sanger method is reported, both in its manual and automated versions. The various techniques of analysis of nucleic acids and proteins, including electrophoresis on agarose and polyacrylamide and through blotting (Southern, Northern and Western blotting), and the different fields of application of these techniques are presented. In regard to libreries, both the construction process, and the analysis of the genomic, cDNA and expression libraries are shown, with an emphasis on information obtained from their use. The Arabidopsis thaliana and Homo sapiens genome projects are presented, explaining the criteria of choice of model organisms, and information obtained by the complete knowledge of these genomes. Structural, functional and comparative genomics, as well as the technologies related to each of these branches, are presented. In particular, technologies related to structural genomics, through analysis of the genomic libraries for the sequencing of extended portions of DNA, and to functional genomics, through the main techniques of analysis of transcriptome and proteome, are explained. Finally, genetically modified plants are presented: how they are realized through the two main systems (biolistic and Agrobacterium), by illustrating advantages and disadvantages of both these methods; how a genetic construct for expression in plants is made, which genetically modified plants are present on the market, with hints related to the issue of their acceptability. Practical classes: • Bacterial transformation using a recombinant plasmid vector, which is extracted in a subsequent practical class and characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis • Standard PCR to determine the presence of a specific transgene in plants of GM wheats • SDS-PAGE to analyze the protein composition of wheat kernels • The use of the spectrophotometer to determine the amount of DNA and proteins If the students are more than 30, practical classes are performed in turns. (reference books) Brown T. Molecular Biotechnology Slides and other materials will be made available to students on Moodle platform	12	AGR/07	80	-	16	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	- -	ITA
118979 - Fermentation chemistry and biotechnology
- Microbiology of fermentation processes (objectives) The course provides the knowledge of factors affecting fermentation processes, giving the ability to evaluate appropriate strategies for setting up and developing new processes. Students will acquire the proper terminology in fermentation biotechnology (communication skills). All the information acquired will be applied to several case studies, in such a way that students learn to deal with new problems inherent in bioreactor processes. - CROGNALE Silvia (syllabus) Phases for the development of a fermentation process Screening and choice of the microorganism, characteristics of a microorganism of industrial interest. Conservation and maintenance of strains of industrial interest Strain improvement Submerged and solid state fermentation Reactor typologies: STR Air lift Fermentation mode: Batch Fed-batch, continuous Aerobic fermentation, Oxygen transfer Case studies: production of polysaccharides, production of penicillins, recombinant proteins production from sugary syrups (reference books) Supporting material given by docent	6	BIO/19	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

Optional group: gruppo OPZIONALE affini e integrativi A11 - (show)

12

17720 - Principles of omics sciences (objectives)

- TIMPERIO Anna Maria (syllabus) (reference books)

6

BIO/11

40

-

8

-

Related or supplementary learning activities

-

ITA

Second semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Optional materials and exam in a foreign language

Language

18450 - Cellular and molecular animal biology and comparative immunology (objectives)

- SCAPIGLIATI Giuseppe (syllabus) (reference books)

8

BIO/05

56

-

8

-

Core compulsory activities

-

ITA

18452 - Bioethics

- HARFOUCHE Antoine (syllabus) (reference books)

7

AGR/05

48

-

8

-

Related or supplementary learning activities

-

ITA

15142 - Free exam

12

96

-

Elective activities

ITA

Optional group: gruppo OPZIONALE affini e integrativi A11 - (show)

12

16981 - Post-harvest biotechnology of horticultural products (objectives) The course is focusing on the main preservation, biotechnological processing and packaging techniques of the postharvest fruits and vegetables and provides the basic skills to understand the relationship between ripening/preservation processes and the qualitative and nutritional composition of fruit and vegetable products. The aim of the course is to provide the physiological, chemical, qualitative and biotechnological knowledge and skills and to provide knowledge of the structural changes in fruit and vegetables from harvest to final consumption. The student will acquire a greater level of expertise in professional agri-food issues, notably in preservation technologies, and, as a result, he/she will be able to describe with competence and ability the scientific issues for solving problems related to the preservation, conditioning, packaging and distribution of vegetable products. At the end of the course, the student will gain expertise and will be also able to apply and transfer the acquired skills with independent judgement and to communicate them with professionalism to experts in the vegetable sector. - BOTONDI Rinaldo (syllabus) The quality of plant food products. Principal postharvest processing of fruit and vegetables. Phisiology of plant products: nutritional decay. Storage technologies selection. Ethylene biosyntesis. Ethylene: climateric and non-climateric fruits. Postharvest study of the ethylene metabolism; ripening competency of fruits; signal perception and transduction. Ethylene inhibitors. Molecular studies on the ripening processess of some fruits. Fruit quality standards. Biochemistry of some alterations of plant foods. Features of cold storage technologies. Postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables. Controlled and modified atmospheres. New technologies: ozone technology in industrial field of fresh fruit and vegetables. (reference books) Electronic handouts/materials provided by the teacher. Conservazione degli Ortofrutticoli Autori Anelli e Mencarelli. Edagricole. Postharvest Physiology of Perishable Plant Products. Autore Stanley J. Kays. Exon Press, Athens, GA Power Point slides	6	AGR/15	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
17531 - Biochemical methodologies (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES The Teaching Course of Biochemistry Methodologies aims to provide the students with a theoretical and practical knowledge on some of the major preparative and analytical methods that are used not only in biochemical and molecular biological research, but also in other fields including biomedical and environmental. In particular, the knowledge provided relates to methodologies for the identification, isolation and structural and functional characterization of biological macromolecules as well as intellectual tools for the analysis of results and for their description. Both techniques for analyzing individual proteins and genes, as well as whole proteomes and genomes will be treated. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students 1) will know the basics of the main techniques used in biochemical investigations (centrifugation, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, chromatography, spectrometry, protein and nucleic acids sequencing) and the parameters to change in order to improve the results of a specific biochemical investigation; 2) will be able to describe the structural elements of the main instruments of a biochemical laboratory (centrifuge, spectrophotometer, spectrometer); 3) will know the appropriate terminology used in biochemical methods. Applying knowledge and understanding: At the end of the course the students will be able to: 1) orient themselves to choosing the most appropriate biochemical procedure for achieving the experimental goals defined during the research design; 2) evaluate the possible impact of variations in the key parameters of a biochemical experiment; 3) practically carry out the experiments performed during the practical part of the course. Making judgements: Students should be able to understand and discuss critically the experimental results obtained in a research laboratory and use them as the basis for planning subsequent experiments. Communication skills: Students should have the ability to convey the acquired knowledge in a clear and comprehensible manner, even to people who are not competent, and must demonstrate the ability to present information also with graphs and formulas. Learning skills: Successful condition in learning is the ability to read and understand a scientific paper on biochemical topic. - IMPERLINI ESTHER (syllabus) Theoretical part (40 hours): - The principles of biochemical research. - Buffer systems. Ionization of amino acids and proteins as a function of pH. - Error theory. Accuracy and precision. - Centrifugation: basic principles of sedimentation; centrifuges and their use; rotors; separation methods in the preparative centrifugation; differential centrifugation; density gradient centrifugation; analytical ultracentrifugation. - Strategies for isolation and purification of proteins; cellular extraction methods; dialysis and ultrafiltration; fractional precipitation with salts, with organic solvents, to the isoelectric point, to heat. - Spectrophotometry: laws and applications; Lambert-Beer law; absorption spectrum of nuclei acids and proteins; spectrophotometric determination of protein concentration: Biuret, Lowry and Bradford methods; enzyme dosing. - Chromatographic methods: adsorption and partition chromatography, affinity, molecular exclusion, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase liquid chromatography, HPLC. - Electrophoresis: theory and laws; classification of electrophoretic methods; equipment for electrophoresis gel; electrophoresis of agarose, acrylamide and SDS-PAGE; techniques of detection and staining of electrophoretic gels; classical two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and Differential in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE technology). - Immunochemical techniques: western blot; immunoprecipitation and immunoaffinity as strategies for the analysis of protein complexes and protein interactions. - Mass spectrometry: principles and application in modern proteomic analysis. Practical Part (8 hours): - Determination of the protein concentration of an unknown sample using the Bradford method. Spectrophotometer display of absorption spectrum of a protein with/without prosthetic groups; discussion of results. - Preparation of a polyacrylamide gel in the presence of SDS (SDS-PAGE) and electrophoretic run with pre-stained molecular weight markers, in order to follow the protein mobility during the electrophoretic process. Illustration of devices for the preparation of agarose gel and/or western blotting. (reference books) - Wilson K., Walker J. Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry. 5th ed., 2000, Cambridge University Press. Handouts are provided by the teacher for practical laboratory activities.	6	BIO/10	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
17721 - Principles of pathology and biopharmaceuticals (objectives) The main target is to provide the Students with basic knowledge in the field of vaccinology in general and about some pathogens in particular, including topics of pathology and pathogenesis, research and development, manufacturing, and licensing of vaccines. The Student is expected to acquire knowledge of the impact of infectious diseases and vaccinations on the public health and economy, of non-clinical and clinical studies, of the main aspects of development and manufacturing, and of the role of the Regulatory Agencies. As for the pathogens that will be treated in detail, the Student is expected to acquire specific knowledge on the nature of the pathogen, epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, and of the corresponding vaccines (available or under investigation). - Ruggiero Paolo (syllabus) The course is focused on some infectious diseases and the related vaccines, describing the path from the pathogen to the vaccine, including basic information on the pathology of the infections, and on the aspects of research and development, manufacturing, and licensing of vaccines. Some pathogens are described for which vaccines are already available on the market, and other main pathogens for which vaccines are in the research and development phase. Part of the course (“general part”) is dedicated to mention historical and general aspects of vaccination, development, production and commercialization of vaccines: immune system effectors, non-clinical and clinical studies, current rules for animal experiments, regulatory activities, efficacy of population vaccinations. Another part of the course (“specific part”) is dedicated to individual pathogens. In particular, the following pathogens are treated: Poliovirus, Helicobacter pylori, Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, and pathogens causing pandemics. For each pathogen are treated historical aspects, relevance to the public health, elements of epidemiology, microbiology, pathology, vaccine research and development, efficacy of therapies and vaccines. Moreover, the current situation of the mandatory vaccinations and of the main recommended vaccinations in Italy is described. During the course, even on the basis of possible suggestions from the Students, further pathogens or topics of particular scientific interest and relevant to the course can be identified, to whom specific lessons can be dedicated. The course is held in Italian language, but a small part of the didactic material is in English language. (reference books) The reference book is: Plotkin’s Vaccines, 7th edition, Elsevier 2017, available at the University Library. This book can be used for possible clarification and deepening of the topics of the lessons.	6	BIO/13	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
15054 - Plant pathology and principles of phytopathological biotechnology (objectives) The aim of the discipline is to deepen the etiological, biological and epidemiological aspects of plant diseases caused by plant parasites and critically indicate the biotechnological approaches used in phytopathology. Identify biotechnological applications in agriculture based on the use of microorganisms. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of advanced methodologies for the development of biotechnological approaches used in the agricultural field, in particular in phytosanitary defense against the main plant pathogens. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding Ability to independently carry out the surveys and processing necessary for the implementation of a phytosanitary defense intervention. Autonomy of judgment Evaluation of phytopathological problems and possible defense approaches with traditional and innovative methods. Communication skills Ability to expose the results of the studies carried out in specific language, even to a non-expert public. Learning skills Ability to update with the consultation of national and international scientific and popular publications, specific to the sector - VETTRAINO Anna maria (syllabus) The course provides the basic concepts of Plant Pathology with hints of biotechnological applications and phytopathological diagnostics: Concept of disease; classification of diseases (infectious-non-infectious; localized or systemic; based on symptoms, on pathogenetic mechanisms and on functional physiological alterations); the triangle of disease; symptomatology; disease cycle; pre-infection and post-infection resistance; horizontal and vertical resistance; concept gene by gene; physiological races of the pathogen; varietal resistance; elicitor-receptor system (specific and general); hypersensitive reaction; SAR and ISR; phytopathological diagnostics of the main pathogen agents; examples of plant diseases (reference books) Fondamenti di Patologia Vegetale – Alberto Matta Plant Pathology – G.N. Agrios Patologia Vegetale – Giuseppe Belli Materiale su piattaforma MOODLE	6	AGR/12	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

18453 - Thesis

8

-

Final examination and foreign language test

ITA

Optional group: gruppo OPZIONALE A 12 affini integrative - (show)

12

118979 - Fermentation chemistry and biotechnology
- Fermentation chemistry and biotechnology (objectives) Introduction to key component parts of a fermentation process including growth kinetics, strain isolation and improvement, inocula development, fermentation media, fermenter operation, product recovery. Application of the theoretical concepts to microbial bioprocesses. - RUZZI Maurizio (syllabus) Introduction to fermentation processes. Microbial growth kinetics. Isolation and improvement of industrially important microorganisms. Media for industrial fermentationsSterilization in industrial fermentations Culture preservation and inoculum development in industrial processes (reference books) "Principles of Fermentation Technology" (3rd ed.)Peter Stanbury, Allan Whitaker & Stephen HallElsevier (2016) - ISBN: 9780080999531Cap. 1-6Materiale integrativo fornito tramite Google Classroom - LUZIATELLI Francesca (syllabus) Recovery and purification of fermentation products- Removal of microbial cells and other solid substances- Foam separation- Precipitation- Filtration- Centrifugation- Cell lysis- Liquid-liquid extraction- Adsorption- Removal of volatile products- Chromatography- Membrane processes- Drying- CrystallizationExamples of fermentation processes of industrial interest (reference books) All materials will be provided by the teacher.	6	CHIM/11	40	-	8	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	- -	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
14962 - Mathematics and Principles of Statistics (objectives) The course of "Mathematics and principles of statistics" aims at providing students with the basic tools of mathematical analysis and statistics in order to be able to study, analyze and discuss real situations and phenomena through the use of mathematical models and statistical tools. With specific reference to the Dublin Descriptors, the learning objectives are set out as follows: Knowledge understanding : at the end of the course, students will acquire specific knowledge on the methodologies of mathematical and statistical analysis to read, describe, specify and interpret a real phenomenon through technical tools of mathematical and statistical nature. With reference to the topics of mathematical analysis, students will develop methodological knowledge and will be provided with the basic tools to study linear and transcendental functions both through the study of limits and of differential calculus; they will also be able to elaborate real problems through the use of linear algebra and matrix calculus. As far as the notions of statistics are concerned, the aim of the course is to provide students with the methodological knowledge and the ability to use methods and tools for: a) the descriptive analysis of data; b) the introduction to the study of phenomena under conditions of uncertainty, through the notions of probability theory and random variables; c) the study of relationships between variables both from a descriptive point of view and an introduction to modelling through linear functions. Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, students will have acquired methodological knowledge and analytical skills and will be able to autonomously interpret analyses and empirical researches on the most relevant areas of intervention, also applied, relevant and related to the degree course. Students will be able to: i) evaluate the results of empirical analyses; consider the appropriateness of the mathematical and statistical methodologies used; identify any limitations of the analyses carried out and consider the use of alternative approaches;. Making judgements: the course is aimed at encouraging a critical approach to the use of different approaches, methods and techniques for mathematical-statistical modelling and data analysis for the interpretation of phenomena applied in the fields of interest of the degree course. Students: i) will develop critical skills on the use of various methods in relation to the analysis objectives of the phenomenon under study; ii) will be able to evaluate the contribution of a specific mathematical and data analysis methodology to the study of real phenomena, including complex ones; iii) will develop the ability to coherently integrate the contribution provided by quantitative analysis methods with the student's interdisciplinary skills. Communication skills: students will have developed specific skills to communicate unambiguously and clearly the analysis scheme adopted for the empirical study and to model, through mathematical analysis and statistics, real phenomena. The ability to communicate effectively will also be validated through the verification of logical-argumentative and synthesis skills. Learning skills: the teaching methodologies used during the course and the use of learning verification methods focused on the study of real functions and analysis of problems based on the study of empirical distributions will contribute to strengthen the students' ability of autonomy of judgement and the development of self-learning skills. Group: 1 - SECONDI Luca (syllabus) Introduction and review of basic mathematical notions. Natural numbers, sum and product of natural numbers. Neutral element and inverses. Relative numbers and rational numbers. Irrational and real numbers. Consistency and density of the real numbers. Units of measurement and conversion factors. Intervals. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equations and inequalities. Sets, inclusion relation, set representation with Eulero-Venn diagrams. Intersection, union, difference. Complement operation and cartesian product. Properties of the set operations. Functions and Properties of function. Injective, surjective, bijective functions. Real Functions of a Real Variable and their Geometrical Representation: graph, domain, codomain and image. Symmetry. Increasing and decreasing functions. Dependent and independent variables. Functional notation. Range and domain. The graph of a function. Function transformations: shifting, stretching, reflecting, sum, product and composition. Inverse functions. One-to-one and invertible functions. Determining the graph and equation of the inverse. Algebraic functions. Linear functions, quadratic functions, polynomial, power and rational functions. Transcendental functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. Function composition. The inverse function. Limits and Continuity. Definition of limits, properties and calculating the limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Derivatives The Tangent to a Curve and the Derivative of a Function. Definition and calculation of derivative: algebraic and transcendental functions. The First and Second Derivatives. Left and right derivatives, higher order derivatives. Necessary condition of differentiability (with proof). Non differentiable functions.. Global and local maximum and minimum. Extreme value theorem. Differentiability and monotonicity. Differentiability and local extremes. Concavity and inflection points (with proofs). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of inflection points (with proofs). De l’Hospital Theorem. Integration. Definite integration. Integrable and non integrable functions. Properties of the definite integral. Indefinite integration and antiderivatives. The fundamental theorem of calculus. Integration formulas. Integration by part and substitution. Linear algebra. Vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and properties. Determinants. Properties of determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Statistics. Notions of descriptive statistics: variables, categories and statistical units. Frequency distribution and graphical representations. Position measures: mean, median and mode. Variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Introduction to the linear regression models. Introduction to probability. Notion of event. Probability distributions. Axioms of probability. Independent events and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and the theory of hypothesis testing. (reference books) REFERENCE TEXTS: in English: - Lial, M. L., Hungerford, T. W., Holcomb, J. P., & Mullins, B. (2018). Mathematics with applications: in the management, natural, and social sciences. Pearson. - Whitlock M.C., Schluter D (2020) Analysis of Biological Data (International Edition - Third Edition) in Italian: - Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa Bodine et al (2017) Matematica per le scienze della vita. UTET - Guerraggio A. (2018) Matematica per le scienze. Pearson - Monti, A. (2008). Introduzione alla statistica. -Slides of the course and exercises made available in the student's portal. Group: 2 - MILLIANI Sara (syllabus) Introductory notions: reminders of numerical calculation. Measurement units and conversion factors. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equalities and inequalities. Percentages. Elements of analytical geometry: Cartesian coordinates. Lines and segments. Conical. Equations and inequalities. Concepts of set theory. Basic descriptive statistics and data analysis: distribution of a statistical character and its graphical representation. Measures of position, variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the method of least squares and introduction to linear regression models. Notion of function and property. Algebraic functions: linear, quadratic, polynomial functions, power functions and rational functions. Transcendent functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. The functional composition. functional inversion. The definition in parts. Introduction to modeling for discrete-time systems. Linear algebra: vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer's rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Combinatorial calculus and elements of probability theory. Event concept. Probability distributions. Probability axioms. Independent and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and hypothesis testing theory. Definition of limit, properties and calculation of limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Qualitative study of functions. Definition and calculus of derivatives: algebraic functions and transcendental functions. Growth and decrease. Minimums and maximums. Concavity and convexity. Taylor development. Introduction to partial derivatives. Integral calculus: definition of integral, properties of the integral. Indefinite integral. Integration by parts, integration by substitution. Definite integrals. (reference books) - Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa - Materiale didattico supplementare prodotto dal docente e fornito agli studenti a seguito di ogni lezione	7	MAT/05	48	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 -	ITA
16173 - Animal Biology (objectives) The main aim of the course is to provide all the basics for understanding the correlation between morphology, anatomy and function of organs and systems in invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. The main knowledge to be acquired will concern: - basic elements of taxonomy and classification; elements of population genetics - evolutionary theories - the main adaptations of animals in relation to the living environment - the systematics of the most important animal phyla. The main skills (i.e. the ability to use the acquired knowledge) will be: 1) the use of the optical microscope for the systematic classification of the main invertebrate groups, as well as the systematic evaluation of whole animal preparations under formaldehyde and the anatomical reconstruction of animals through plastic models; 2) Link the differences of the anatomo-physiological organization of animals to the different ecological niches they occupy. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS In the evaluation of the student, the level of knowledge of the topics covered, the ability to analyze and to apply the acquired knowledge as well as the autonomy of judgment will be taken into account. The capacity for synthesis, mastery of expression and communication and the ability to make connections within the discipline or interdisciplinary will be also considered. Group: 1 - DELLA BELLA Valentina (syllabus) The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy- Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU) (reference books) - Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill - Alternativily available in a SINGLE VOLUME: HICKMAN et al. Zoologia (18° ed.) Mc Graw & Hill -Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises -Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises -D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only) - Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes). Group: 2 - FOCHETTI Romolo (syllabus) The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU) (reference books) - Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises -Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises -D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only) - Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes). - Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill	8	BIO/05	56	-	8	-	Core compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 -	ITA
119537 - Plant Biology and Principles of Plant Biotechnology (objectives) The objective of this course is to develop knowledge and skills in understanding plant cytology, anatomy and morphology. This knowledge and skills will be applied in understanding the functioning mechanism of plant organisms in terms of photosynthetic activity, water transport and reproductive processes.In addition, the student will develop skills in learning about the plant world that will then be useful in the continuation of his or her course of study.In educational terms, the student will be stimulated in the learning process and will develop independent assessment, judgment and communication skills. The objective of the principles of plant biotechnology is to develop knowledge and understanding of the basics of biotechnology applied to the plant. This applying knowledge will be a tool for understanding the role of the plant world to the transformation and obtaining of functional products. Making judgments and learning skills will be the ultimate goal of the course, the students will also enable them to develop the communication skills necessary for further education. Group: 1 - TIEZZI Antonio (syllabus) Program Articulation and contents of the course (study program): The course is divided into two parts: -Part of Plant Biology (5 + 1 CFU) Plant organisms The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects The plant cell The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function. The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function. The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast. Plants: structure and function Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues. The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap. The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma. The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap. The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination. The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development. The seed: structural aspects; dissemination. Elements of classification of plants. -Part of Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU) What are Biotechnologies. The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures. The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century. Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology: Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs. Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms. (reference books) Referral texts for Plant Biology: - Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova. - Mauseth J.D.,, II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli. - Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna. Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology: - Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011. - Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course. Group: 2 - LAGHEZZA MASCI VALENTINA (syllabus) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU) What are Biotechnologies. The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures. The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century. Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology: • Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. • The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs. Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms. (reference books) Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology: - Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011. - Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022. - Pasqua G., Forni C. Biotecnologie Vegetali, Piccin Editore, Padova. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course. - Derived from 119491_1 Biologia vegetale in Scienze Forestali e Ambientali L-25 OVIDI ELISA (syllabus) Plant organisms The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects The plant cell The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function. The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function. The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast. Plants: structure and function Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues. The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap. The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma. The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap. The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination. The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development. The seed: structural aspects; dissemination. (reference books) Referral texts for Plant Biology: - Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova. - Mauseth J.D., II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli. - Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course	8	BIO/01	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 - -	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
14963 - General and Inorganic Chemistry (objectives) This teaching aims to provide students with general concepts relating to the chemical aspects of catalysis and its applications in the biological and biotechnological fields. Starting from the fundamental aspects of chemical kinetics, a path will be developed which will ultimately enable the student to discuss the reaction mechanism of some processes of biotechnological interest, identifying their possible catalytic nature and critically discussing the various phases and possible industrial applications. Knowledge and understanding: acquisition by the student of specific contents relating to: i) general principles of chemical kinetics and catalysis; ii) identification of catalytic processes of biotechnological interest, with detailed description of the various phases; iii) placement of the systems studied in the more general context of catalysis and industrial biocatalysis. 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student's ability to analyze, in the light of the knowledge acquired, the possible interest, even on a large scale, of a catalytic process, both natural and summary, critically examining the various phases and any application objectives. 3) Making judgments; the teaching will provide the student with the ability to work independently in judgment, also through critical consultation and comparison of teaching materials of various types. In any case, the ability of the individual to interact critically with the other components of a homogeneous class will be developed, stimulating in particular the interaction between the components of the same. 4) Communication skills: the student who attends the course will be continuously asked to illustrate, also through audiovisual techniques, the progress made in the study of the discipline and in the learning of the presented concepts. The teacher will also stimulate the discussion also through an exchange of opinions between the attending students, who will thus become an active part in the process of communication and elaboration of the individual. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills): it will be constantly stimulated also through the administration of tests and exercises to be performed autonomously, with the aim of restoring the results and comparing them with those obtained by students attending the same class. Class exercises and simulations of the final test will also be carried out. - GRANDINETTI Felice (syllabus) Introductory concepts. States of aggregation of the matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical substances and elements. Atomic theory of matter. Atomic properties: mass and dimensions. Scale of atomic weights. Avogadro's number, concept of mole. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Structure of the atom: Bohr model. Uncertainty principle. Wave nature of the electron. Schrodinger equation. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Aufbau rules. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties. The chemical bond: ionic, covalent and coordination bond. Properties of the link: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and dipole moment. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals, resonance and mesomery. Magnetic properties of molecules. Intermolecular bonds. Hydrogen bond. Chemical formulas. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Oxidation number. Structure of molecules and typical ions. The gaseous state: Gas laws. Equation of state for ideal gases. Real gases (outline). The solid state: crystal structures and their symmetries. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Chemical thermodynamics: Heat and work. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second law of thermodynamics. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical equilibrium: criteria of spontaneity and balance in chemical reactions. Law of mass action and its derivation. Isoterma and isocora of van't Hoff. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Solutions: Concentration and its units of measurement. Colligative properties of ideal solutions. Acid-base equilibria: General definitions. Strength of acids and bases. Structure and acid-base properties. Autoionization of water. The pH. Calculation of the pH of solutions of acids, bases and salts. Buffer solutions. Acid-base titrations and titration curves. Solubility equilibria: Solubility and factors that influence it. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Chemical kinetics: reaction rate. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Catalysis. Elements of inorganic chemistry: Inorganic compounds of biological and environmental interest: oxygen and ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds. The course includes the performance of stoichiometric calculations related to the theoretical topics listed above. (reference books) 1) AA.VV. Le basi della Chimica, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2022 2) AA. VV. Stechiometria, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2021 3) Lecture notes from the material used during the lessons 4) Collection of exam exercises	8	CHIM/03	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
15038 - English Language (objectives) "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. Lectures are partly organised in in-class practice tests coherent with the International Preliminary English Test (PET) and the Cambridge University. A selection of scientific texts, uploaded to the Moodle page or to the Google Classroom of the course, will be analyzed to build the right competencies for lexical knowledge and debating skills related to Natural Sciences subjects. "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - FOLINAZZO Giacomo Antonio (syllabus) Title: "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 English language Lecturer: Dr. Elizabeth Hernández Borrayo Email: elizabeth.hernandez@unitus.it Reception and Counselling Mode for Students: MONDAY (online Link: ) Hours: (13-14) The course foresees a basic knowledge of English level A2 (elementary level) and is aimed at strengthening the main linguistic structures of intermediate level B1, so as to put the student in a position to easily understand scientific texts. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) - Level B1 Language laboratory: 18 HOURS - https: //www.bsmart.it/ My Bsmart-code Online Class: Access code d2bf4a (register for the course) - GOOGLE CLASSROOM G-SUITE - Online Class (register for the course with the University email) code: ebv4orl GRAMMAR: - The word order in sentences. - Parts of speech: definite and indefinite articles, plural and singular nouns (countable and uncountable), adjectives: comparative and superlative, the order/position of adjectives; Prepositions, Pronouns, Adverbs, Verbs: auxiliary, regular, irregular, modal and reflexive. - Possessive adjectives / pronouns - Expressions of quantity - Verb tenses: indicative active (all), imperative, infinitive present: - Indicative passive present & past - Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Simple and Continuous for the future, To be going to, Will / Shall, Simple Present for the future with if / while / when / before/after/until / as soon as, Passive Form (all tenses). - Modal verbs - Conditional: type 0, 1, 2 & 3 - Frequency adverbs - Verbs with infinitive/gerund - Equivalent grammatical structures (e.g. It is likely that he will go / he will probably go) - Direct and indirect speech - Comparative and superlative adverbs - Habits in the past: "used to" and Would - Get it done: "have something done" - Conditionals: Zero, First, Second and Third Conditional, Wish + simple past/past perfect. - Relatives: Relative Pronouns, Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses. VOCABULARY: - Holidays, travel and transportation - Learning and education - Buy and sell; shopping - Animals, nature and human beings (family) - Health, exercise, and sport; body parts and medicine - Houses and lifestyles - Art, leisure, and entertainment - Security, household items - Science and technology - Relationships, family, personality, and feelings - The natural world and time - Food (eat and drink), celebrations and holidays - TV and mass media, books - Pastimes and free time - Clothing and fashion - The world of work and professions. COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS: - Asking / giving information (habits, routines, personal details, personal items, permission, time, date, places, spelling, directions, for travelling) - Expressing opinions / making choices, talking about plans, planning, telling past experiences - Talking about family, studies, free time - Talking about / planning holidays - Being and disagreeing - Describing the state of health, describing feelings / describing people - Drawing simple conclusions and giving advice - Talking about time - Expressing opinions, preferences, abilities and disabilities, needs and desires - Expressing preferences, abilities and disabilities - Expressing needs and desires, obligations and no obligations - Expressing cause and effect and giving reasons - Thanking and responding to thanks, inviting / responding to invitations - Make / decline simple requests - Apologize and respond to apologies, offer and suggest - Make comparisons, make predictions, give orders and commands - Buy and sell (costs, measures and totals) - Change the subject / criticize and complain - Count and use numbers - Greet and respond to greetings, present himself and others - Describe objects and accommodations - Stop the conversation, start a speech and resume it - Make appointments and organize meetings, make compliments - Make and respond to offers and suggestions - Talk about food and order in a restaurant - Talk about physical and emotional feelings - Talk about probability / improbability; possibility / impossibility - Talking and writing about the future and imaginary situations, future plans or intentions, past events and completed actions - Talking and writing about current events - Understanding and completing a form of personal details - Understanding and producing a simple story one letter - Understanding notices, notes, emails, reporting speech ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS: - Vowel phonemes (including diphthongs) and consonants - Sound pairs - The phonetic alphabet - Minimal pairs and allophones - The pronunciation of the finals -s; -es; -ed - Word stress - Sentence stress: function words and content words - Phonetic variations in connected speech: elision, linking, assimilation - Elision (linking patterns) - Introduction to intonation/tones - Intonation (and functions) of discursive markers and questions "echo" - Difficult phonetic specificities for Italian students. CULTURAL CONCEPTS - Courtesy forms - Idiomatic phrases - Recipes - Schools and universities - Simple governmental structures It includes the key points of familiar topics related to school, leisure etc. He knows how to move with ease in situations that can occur while travelling in the country of which he speaks the language. Can produce simple text relating to topics that are familiar or of personal interest. He is able to express experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and to briefly explain the reasons for his opinions and projects. SPECIFIC MICRO LANGUAGE: -Understanding and discussion of scientific texts (short oral presentation/summary of their content). Topics and texts will be defined specifically during the course and will focus on the following aspects: - DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies - Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects - The influence of human activities on ecosystems. (reference books) TEXTS A.A. 2021/2022 - Raymond Murphy e Lelio Pallini, "Essential grammar in use: grammatica di base della lingua inglese" quarta edizione con soluzioni ed e-Book, Cambridge University Press, versione italiana con soluzioni. ISBN 978-1316509029. - Valentina M. Chen, "Ready for B1 Preliminary for Schools". 8 Practice Tests with guidance and tips. ISBN 978-8853627872. (for REVISED EXAM from 2020) - Dispense e articoli forniti dal docente durante lo svolgimento del corso. Libro CONSIGLIATO A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English, Fourth Edition with answers and ebook, Includes ebook with audio: Raymond Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107539334.	6	L-LIN/12	48	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
15613 - European Law of Biotechnology (objectives) ll corso di Diritto europeo delle biotecnologie si propone di fornire una preparazione di base di carattere giuridico inerente nozioni e disciplina normativa delle biotecnologie a livello europeo e dell'ordinamento italiano, con attenzione al contesto internazionale. - RAGIONIERI Maria Pia (syllabus) The course is organized in two parts: a general and a special part. The general part deals with: fundamental notions of law, international sources of law, European Union sources of law, domestic sources of law and the relationship between them; definitions and field of application of biotechnologies; social, economic, ethic and environmental profiles of the legal regulation of biotecnologies; The special part deals with: The international framework and the european model of biotechnology discipline; protection of intellectual property rightes and patentability of biotechnological inventions; gmo, environment, agriculture and food safety; gmo discipline of the United States in the broader international framework; coexistence (notion, problems , comparison between models). (reference books) Ragionieri MP, GMO's in the EU law, Milano, 2016 , integrati con materiale a cura del docente caricato su moodle	6	IUS/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18424 - Physics (objectives) Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: develop knowledge of the fundamental principles of Physics and related methodologies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. Autonomy of judgment: develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills: discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered. Learning ability: be able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications - ERCOLI Alessandro (syllabus) Models, theories, laws, measures and uncertainties. Unit of measurement (International System). Physics and its relationship with other disciplines. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Two-dimensional kinematics; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Circular motion. Law of gravitation Work. Kinetic energy. Power. Conservative forces. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Momentum. Rotary motion. Vibrations and waves (harmonic motion, sound). Bodies in balance: elasticity. Fluids (static, dynamic, viscosity, surface tension). Review of: temperature and kinetic theory, heat, principles of thermodynamics, thermal machines. Electric charge and electric field. Electric potential and electricity; capacity. Dielectrics. Electric currents. Current circuits Magnetism. Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's laws. Magnetic properties of matter. Electromagnetic waves and their spectrum. Light: geometric optics. Wave nature of light (interference, diffraction, spectroscopy, polarization). Optical instruments. Quantum theory: Black body radiation and Planck hypothesis, Photoelectric effect. Radioactive decay. Measurement of ionizing radiation doses. (reference books) - Fisica, Giancoli, Ambrosiana (edizione con fisica moderna) Teaching materials The supporting teaching material will be made available by the teacher.	7	FIS/07	48	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
15790 - Stage	8		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
14962 - Mathematics and Principles of Statistics (objectives) The course of "Mathematics and principles of statistics" aims at providing students with the basic tools of mathematical analysis and statistics in order to be able to study, analyze and discuss real situations and phenomena through the use of mathematical models and statistical tools. With specific reference to the Dublin Descriptors, the learning objectives are set out as follows: Knowledge understanding : at the end of the course, students will acquire specific knowledge on the methodologies of mathematical and statistical analysis to read, describe, specify and interpret a real phenomenon through technical tools of mathematical and statistical nature. With reference to the topics of mathematical analysis, students will develop methodological knowledge and will be provided with the basic tools to study linear and transcendental functions both through the study of limits and of differential calculus; they will also be able to elaborate real problems through the use of linear algebra and matrix calculus. As far as the notions of statistics are concerned, the aim of the course is to provide students with the methodological knowledge and the ability to use methods and tools for: a) the descriptive analysis of data; b) the introduction to the study of phenomena under conditions of uncertainty, through the notions of probability theory and random variables; c) the study of relationships between variables both from a descriptive point of view and an introduction to modelling through linear functions. Applying knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, students will have acquired methodological knowledge and analytical skills and will be able to autonomously interpret analyses and empirical researches on the most relevant areas of intervention, also applied, relevant and related to the degree course. Students will be able to: i) evaluate the results of empirical analyses; consider the appropriateness of the mathematical and statistical methodologies used; identify any limitations of the analyses carried out and consider the use of alternative approaches;. Making judgements: the course is aimed at encouraging a critical approach to the use of different approaches, methods and techniques for mathematical-statistical modelling and data analysis for the interpretation of phenomena applied in the fields of interest of the degree course. Students: i) will develop critical skills on the use of various methods in relation to the analysis objectives of the phenomenon under study; ii) will be able to evaluate the contribution of a specific mathematical and data analysis methodology to the study of real phenomena, including complex ones; iii) will develop the ability to coherently integrate the contribution provided by quantitative analysis methods with the student's interdisciplinary skills. Communication skills: students will have developed specific skills to communicate unambiguously and clearly the analysis scheme adopted for the empirical study and to model, through mathematical analysis and statistics, real phenomena. The ability to communicate effectively will also be validated through the verification of logical-argumentative and synthesis skills. Learning skills: the teaching methodologies used during the course and the use of learning verification methods focused on the study of real functions and analysis of problems based on the study of empirical distributions will contribute to strengthen the students' ability of autonomy of judgement and the development of self-learning skills. Group: 1 - Derived from 14962 MATEMATICA E PRINCIPI DI STATISTICA in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 1 SECONDI Luca (syllabus) Introduction and review of basic mathematical notions. Natural numbers, sum and product of natural numbers. Neutral element and inverses. Relative numbers and rational numbers. Irrational and real numbers. Consistency and density of the real numbers. Units of measurement and conversion factors. Intervals. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equations and inequalities. Sets, inclusion relation, set representation with Eulero-Venn diagrams. Intersection, union, difference. Complement operation and cartesian product. Properties of the set operations. Functions and Properties of function. Injective, surjective, bijective functions. Real Functions of a Real Variable and their Geometrical Representation: graph, domain, codomain and image. Symmetry. Increasing and decreasing functions. Dependent and independent variables. Functional notation. Range and domain. The graph of a function. Function transformations: shifting, stretching, reflecting, sum, product and composition. Inverse functions. One-to-one and invertible functions. Determining the graph and equation of the inverse. Algebraic functions. Linear functions, quadratic functions, polynomial, power and rational functions. Transcendental functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. Function composition. The inverse function. Limits and Continuity. Definition of limits, properties and calculating the limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Derivatives The Tangent to a Curve and the Derivative of a Function. Definition and calculation of derivative: algebraic and transcendental functions. The First and Second Derivatives. Left and right derivatives, higher order derivatives. Necessary condition of differentiability (with proof). Non differentiable functions.. Global and local maximum and minimum. Extreme value theorem. Differentiability and monotonicity. Differentiability and local extremes. Concavity and inflection points (with proofs). Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of inflection points (with proofs). De l’Hospital Theorem. Integration. Definite integration. Integrable and non integrable functions. Properties of the definite integral. Indefinite integration and antiderivatives. The fundamental theorem of calculus. Integration formulas. Integration by part and substitution. Linear algebra. Vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and properties. Determinants. Properties of determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Statistics. Notions of descriptive statistics: variables, categories and statistical units. Frequency distribution and graphical representations. Position measures: mean, median and mode. Variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Introduction to the linear regression models. Introduction to probability. Notion of event. Probability distributions. Axioms of probability. Independent events and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and the theory of hypothesis testing. (reference books) REFERENCE TEXTS: in English: - Lial, M. L., Hungerford, T. W., Holcomb, J. P., & Mullins, B. (2018). Mathematics with applications: in the management, natural, and social sciences. Pearson. - Whitlock M.C., Schluter D (2020) Analysis of Biological Data (International Edition - Third Edition) in Italian: - Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa Bodine et al (2017) Matematica per le scienze della vita. UTET - Guerraggio A. (2018) Matematica per le scienze. Pearson - Monti, A. (2008). Introduzione alla statistica. -Slides of the course and exercises made available in the student's portal. Group: 2 - Derived from 14962 MATEMATICA E PRINCIPI DI STATISTICA in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 2 MILLIANI Sara (syllabus) Introductory notions: reminders of numerical calculation. Measurement units and conversion factors. Operations. Scientific notation. Approximations. Equalities and inequalities. Percentages. Elements of analytical geometry: Cartesian coordinates. Lines and segments. Conical. Equations and inequalities. Concepts of set theory. Basic descriptive statistics and data analysis: distribution of a statistical character and its graphical representation. Measures of position, variability and shape of a distribution. Analysis of the association between two characters, the method of least squares and introduction to linear regression models. Notion of function and property. Algebraic functions: linear, quadratic, polynomial functions, power functions and rational functions. Transcendent functions: exponential and logarithmic functions. Introduction to trigonometric functions. The functional composition. functional inversion. The definition in parts. Introduction to modeling for discrete-time systems. Linear algebra: vectors, vector spaces, geometric representation of vectors, linear dependence and independence. Matrices and determinants. Rank of a matrix. Matrix operations. Systems of linear equations. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Cramer's rule. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Combinatorial calculus and elements of probability theory. Event concept. Probability distributions. Probability axioms. Independent and incompatible events. Conditional probability. Bayes theorem. Random variables and probability distributions. Introduction to statistical inference and hypothesis testing theory. Definition of limit, properties and calculation of limits. Limits of functions, continuity and asymptotes. Qualitative study of functions. Definition and calculus of derivatives: algebraic functions and transcendental functions. Growth and decrease. Minimums and maximums. Concavity and convexity. Taylor development. Introduction to partial derivatives. Integral calculus: definition of integral, properties of the integral. Indefinite integral. Integration by parts, integration by substitution. Definite integrals. (reference books) - Cea D., Secondi L. (2022) Elementi di Statistica e Matematica per le scienze applicate. Libreria Universitaria editrice, in corso di stampa - Materiale didattico supplementare prodotto dal docente e fornito agli studenti a seguito di ogni lezione	7	MAT/05	48	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 -	ITA
16173 - Animal Biology (objectives) The main aim of the course is to provide all the basics for understanding the correlation between morphology, anatomy and function of organs and systems in invertebrate and vertebrate taxa. The main knowledge to be acquired will concern: - basic elements of taxonomy and classification; elements of population genetics - evolutionary theories - the main adaptations of animals in relation to the living environment - the systematics of the most important animal phyla. The main skills (i.e. the ability to use the acquired knowledge) will be: 1) the use of the optical microscope for the systematic classification of the main invertebrate groups, as well as the systematic evaluation of whole animal preparations under formaldehyde and the anatomical reconstruction of animals through plastic models; 2) Link the differences of the anatomo-physiological organization of animals to the different ecological niches they occupy. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS In the evaluation of the student, the level of knowledge of the topics covered, the ability to analyze and to apply the acquired knowledge as well as the autonomy of judgment will be taken into account. The capacity for synthesis, mastery of expression and communication and the ability to make connections within the discipline or interdisciplinary will be also considered. Group: 1 - Derived from 16173 Biologia animale in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 1 DELLA BELLA Valentina (syllabus) The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy- Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU) (reference books) - Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill - Alternativily available in a SINGLE VOLUME: HICKMAN et al. Zoologia (18° ed.) Mc Graw & Hill -Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises -Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises -D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only) - Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes). Group: 2 - Derived from 16173 Biologia animale in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 2 FOCHETTI Romolo (syllabus) The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU) (reference books) - Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises -Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises -D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (possibly also volumes 2, 3, 5, 6 only) - Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (also as single volumes). - Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill	8	BIO/05	56	-	8	-	Core compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 -	ITA
119537 - Plant Biology and Principles of Plant Biotechnology (objectives) The objective of this course is to develop knowledge and skills in understanding plant cytology, anatomy and morphology. This knowledge and skills will be applied in understanding the functioning mechanism of plant organisms in terms of photosynthetic activity, water transport and reproductive processes.In addition, the student will develop skills in learning about the plant world that will then be useful in the continuation of his or her course of study.In educational terms, the student will be stimulated in the learning process and will develop independent assessment, judgment and communication skills. The objective of the principles of plant biotechnology is to develop knowledge and understanding of the basics of biotechnology applied to the plant. This applying knowledge will be a tool for understanding the role of the plant world to the transformation and obtaining of functional products. Making judgments and learning skills will be the ultimate goal of the course, the students will also enable them to develop the communication skills necessary for further education. Group: 1 - Derived from 119537 Biologia vegetale e principi di biotecnologie vegetali in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 1 TIEZZI Antonio (syllabus) Program Articulation and contents of the course (study program): The course is divided into two parts: -Part of Plant Biology (5 + 1 CFU) Plant organisms The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects The plant cell The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function. The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function. The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast. Plants: structure and function Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues. The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap. The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma. The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap. The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination. The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development. The seed: structural aspects; dissemination. Elements of classification of plants. -Part of Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU) What are Biotechnologies. The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures. The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century. Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology: Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs. Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms. (reference books) Referral texts for Plant Biology: - Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova. - Mauseth J.D.,, II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli. - Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna. Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology: - Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011. - Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course. Group: 2 - Derived from 119537 Biologia vegetale e principi di biotecnologie vegetali in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 2 LAGHEZZA MASCI VALENTINA (syllabus) Introduction to Plant Biotechnology (2CFU) What are Biotechnologies. The old biotechnologies for food production: hydroponic cultures, plant cell cultures. The Green Revolution of the 50s-70s of the last century. Examples of current applications of Plant Biotechnology: • Biotechnologies from transformed plants and from unprocessed plants, plant biotechnologies for food quality improvement, new applications of hydroponic crops, new applications of plant cell cultures, biomass. • The transformation of plants, Molecular Farming, vaccine plants, plants for the production of Biofuels and Bioplastics, molecules of plant origin for the production of drugs. Considerations: Plant biotechnologies and their impact on society. Positive and negative effects in economic, employment, environmental and health terms. (reference books) Referral texts for Introduction to Plant Biotecnology: - Tiezzi A. Biotecnologie Vegetali, il futuro che viene da lontano. Argomenti per una riflessione”. Casa Editrice Aracne, Roma, 2011. - Tiezzi A. Dispensa "La Scienza ci dice....", 2022. - Pasqua G., Forni C. Biotecnologie Vegetali, Piccin Editore, Padova. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course. - Derived from 119491_1 Biologia vegetale in Scienze Forestali e Ambientali L-25 OVIDI ELISA (syllabus) Plant organisms The notion of plant organism. Biodiversity. Plants and man: ecological, economic and social aspects The plant cell The cell wall: biosynthesis, structure, chemical composition and function. The cytoplasmic membrane: structure, chemical composition and function. The nucleus and the nucleolus. Mitochondria, microcorps, dictiosomes. The plastids. Chloroplast: structural and functional aspects. Photosynthesis. Physiological aspects of the photosynthesis process. The cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments, associated structural proteins and molecular motors. Peculiar aspects of the cell division process: the preprophasic band, the mitotic spindle, the fragmoplast. Plants: structure and function Vegetable fabrics. Primary and secondary meristematic tissues. Fundamental, supportive, integumental, absorption, secretory and conductive tissues. The root: functions of the root, primary and secondary structure, lateral and adventitious roots; absorption of water and minerals. The transport of raw sap. The stem: functions of the stem, primary structure in monocotyledons and dicotyledons; vascular crib change, secondary structure; cork, phellogen and phelloderma. The leaf: form, structure and function; epidermis, mesophyll, conductive bundles; the stoma: anatomy and stomatal mechanism. The transport of the processed sap. The flower: the gynaeceum and the androceum. The pollination. The fruit: development of the embryo; endosperm; fruit development. The seed: structural aspects; dissemination. (reference books) Referral texts for Plant Biology: - Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica Generale e Diversità Vegetale, Piccin Editore, Padova. - Mauseth J.D., II° edizione italiana, Botanica (parte generale), Idelson Gnocchi Editori, Napoli. - Rost T.L., Barbour M.G., Stocking C.R., Murphy T.M., I° edizione italiana, Biologia delle piante, Zanichelli Editore, Bologna. The teacher makes available all the slides shown during the course	8	BIO/01	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	Group: 1 - Group: 2 - -	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
14963 - General and Inorganic Chemistry (objectives) This teaching aims to provide students with general concepts relating to the chemical aspects of catalysis and its applications in the biological and biotechnological fields. Starting from the fundamental aspects of chemical kinetics, a path will be developed which will ultimately enable the student to discuss the reaction mechanism of some processes of biotechnological interest, identifying their possible catalytic nature and critically discussing the various phases and possible industrial applications. Knowledge and understanding: acquisition by the student of specific contents relating to: i) general principles of chemical kinetics and catalysis; ii) identification of catalytic processes of biotechnological interest, with detailed description of the various phases; iii) placement of the systems studied in the more general context of catalysis and industrial biocatalysis. 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student's ability to analyze, in the light of the knowledge acquired, the possible interest, even on a large scale, of a catalytic process, both natural and summary, critically examining the various phases and any application objectives. 3) Making judgments; the teaching will provide the student with the ability to work independently in judgment, also through critical consultation and comparison of teaching materials of various types. In any case, the ability of the individual to interact critically with the other components of a homogeneous class will be developed, stimulating in particular the interaction between the components of the same. 4) Communication skills: the student who attends the course will be continuously asked to illustrate, also through audiovisual techniques, the progress made in the study of the discipline and in the learning of the presented concepts. The teacher will also stimulate the discussion also through an exchange of opinions between the attending students, who will thus become an active part in the process of communication and elaboration of the individual. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills): it will be constantly stimulated also through the administration of tests and exercises to be performed autonomously, with the aim of restoring the results and comparing them with those obtained by students attending the same class. Class exercises and simulations of the final test will also be carried out. - Derived from 14963 CHIMICA GENERALE E INORGANICA in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 0 GRANDINETTI Felice (syllabus) Introductory concepts. States of aggregation of the matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical substances and elements. Atomic theory of matter. Atomic properties: mass and dimensions. Scale of atomic weights. Avogadro's number, concept of mole. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Structure of the atom: Bohr model. Uncertainty principle. Wave nature of the electron. Schrodinger equation. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of the elements. Aufbau rules. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties. The chemical bond: ionic, covalent and coordination bond. Properties of the link: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and dipole moment. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals, resonance and mesomery. Magnetic properties of molecules. Intermolecular bonds. Hydrogen bond. Chemical formulas. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds. Oxidation number. Structure of molecules and typical ions. The gaseous state: Gas laws. Equation of state for ideal gases. Real gases (outline). The solid state: crystal structures and their symmetries. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Chemical thermodynamics: Heat and work. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second law of thermodynamics. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical equilibrium: criteria of spontaneity and balance in chemical reactions. Law of mass action and its derivation. Isoterma and isocora of van't Hoff. Homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria. Solutions: Concentration and its units of measurement. Colligative properties of ideal solutions. Acid-base equilibria: General definitions. Strength of acids and bases. Structure and acid-base properties. Autoionization of water. The pH. Calculation of the pH of solutions of acids, bases and salts. Buffer solutions. Acid-base titrations and titration curves. Solubility equilibria: Solubility and factors that influence it. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Chemical kinetics: reaction rate. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Catalysis. Elements of inorganic chemistry: Inorganic compounds of biological and environmental interest: oxygen and ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, fluorine and chlorine compounds. The course includes the performance of stoichiometric calculations related to the theoretical topics listed above. (reference books) 1) AA.VV. Le basi della Chimica, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2022 2) AA. VV. Stechiometria, EDIZIONI A.L.E. 2021 3) Lecture notes from the material used during the lessons 4) Collection of exam exercises	8	CHIM/03	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
15038 - English Language (objectives) "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. Lectures are partly organised in in-class practice tests coherent with the International Preliminary English Test (PET) and the Cambridge University. A selection of scientific texts, uploaded to the Moodle page or to the Google Classroom of the course, will be analyzed to build the right competencies for lexical knowledge and debating skills related to Natural Sciences subjects. "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 15038 IDONEITA' LINGUA INGLESE in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 0 FOLINAZZO Giacomo Antonio (syllabus) Title: "BIOTECHNOLOGY- Level B1 DIBAF" 2021-22 English language Lecturer: Dr. Elizabeth Hernández Borrayo Email: elizabeth.hernandez@unitus.it Reception and Counselling Mode for Students: MONDAY (online Link: ) Hours: (13-14) The course foresees a basic knowledge of English level A2 (elementary level) and is aimed at strengthening the main linguistic structures of intermediate level B1, so as to put the student in a position to easily understand scientific texts. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) - Level B1 Language laboratory: 18 HOURS - https: //www.bsmart.it/ My Bsmart-code Online Class: Access code d2bf4a (register for the course) - GOOGLE CLASSROOM G-SUITE - Online Class (register for the course with the University email) code: ebv4orl GRAMMAR: - The word order in sentences. - Parts of speech: definite and indefinite articles, plural and singular nouns (countable and uncountable), adjectives: comparative and superlative, the order/position of adjectives; Prepositions, Pronouns, Adverbs, Verbs: auxiliary, regular, irregular, modal and reflexive. - Possessive adjectives / pronouns - Expressions of quantity - Verb tenses: indicative active (all), imperative, infinitive present: - Indicative passive present & past - Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous, Present Simple and Continuous for the future, To be going to, Will / Shall, Simple Present for the future with if / while / when / before/after/until / as soon as, Passive Form (all tenses). - Modal verbs - Conditional: type 0, 1, 2 & 3 - Frequency adverbs - Verbs with infinitive/gerund - Equivalent grammatical structures (e.g. It is likely that he will go / he will probably go) - Direct and indirect speech - Comparative and superlative adverbs - Habits in the past: "used to" and Would - Get it done: "have something done" - Conditionals: Zero, First, Second and Third Conditional, Wish + simple past/past perfect. - Relatives: Relative Pronouns, Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses. VOCABULARY: - Holidays, travel and transportation - Learning and education - Buy and sell; shopping - Animals, nature and human beings (family) - Health, exercise, and sport; body parts and medicine - Houses and lifestyles - Art, leisure, and entertainment - Security, household items - Science and technology - Relationships, family, personality, and feelings - The natural world and time - Food (eat and drink), celebrations and holidays - TV and mass media, books - Pastimes and free time - Clothing and fashion - The world of work and professions. COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS: - Asking / giving information (habits, routines, personal details, personal items, permission, time, date, places, spelling, directions, for travelling) - Expressing opinions / making choices, talking about plans, planning, telling past experiences - Talking about family, studies, free time - Talking about / planning holidays - Being and disagreeing - Describing the state of health, describing feelings / describing people - Drawing simple conclusions and giving advice - Talking about time - Expressing opinions, preferences, abilities and disabilities, needs and desires - Expressing preferences, abilities and disabilities - Expressing needs and desires, obligations and no obligations - Expressing cause and effect and giving reasons - Thanking and responding to thanks, inviting / responding to invitations - Make / decline simple requests - Apologize and respond to apologies, offer and suggest - Make comparisons, make predictions, give orders and commands - Buy and sell (costs, measures and totals) - Change the subject / criticize and complain - Count and use numbers - Greet and respond to greetings, present himself and others - Describe objects and accommodations - Stop the conversation, start a speech and resume it - Make appointments and organize meetings, make compliments - Make and respond to offers and suggestions - Talk about food and order in a restaurant - Talk about physical and emotional feelings - Talk about probability / improbability; possibility / impossibility - Talking and writing about the future and imaginary situations, future plans or intentions, past events and completed actions - Talking and writing about current events - Understanding and completing a form of personal details - Understanding and producing a simple story one letter - Understanding notices, notes, emails, reporting speech ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONETICS: - Vowel phonemes (including diphthongs) and consonants - Sound pairs - The phonetic alphabet - Minimal pairs and allophones - The pronunciation of the finals -s; -es; -ed - Word stress - Sentence stress: function words and content words - Phonetic variations in connected speech: elision, linking, assimilation - Elision (linking patterns) - Introduction to intonation/tones - Intonation (and functions) of discursive markers and questions "echo" - Difficult phonetic specificities for Italian students. CULTURAL CONCEPTS - Courtesy forms - Idiomatic phrases - Recipes - Schools and universities - Simple governmental structures It includes the key points of familiar topics related to school, leisure etc. He knows how to move with ease in situations that can occur while travelling in the country of which he speaks the language. Can produce simple text relating to topics that are familiar or of personal interest. He is able to express experiences and events, dreams, hopes and ambitions and to briefly explain the reasons for his opinions and projects. SPECIFIC MICRO LANGUAGE: -Understanding and discussion of scientific texts (short oral presentation/summary of their content). Topics and texts will be defined specifically during the course and will focus on the following aspects: - DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies - Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects - The influence of human activities on ecosystems. (reference books) TEXTS A.A. 2021/2022 - Raymond Murphy e Lelio Pallini, "Essential grammar in use: grammatica di base della lingua inglese" quarta edizione con soluzioni ed e-Book, Cambridge University Press, versione italiana con soluzioni. ISBN 978-1316509029. - Valentina M. Chen, "Ready for B1 Preliminary for Schools". 8 Practice Tests with guidance and tips. ISBN 978-8853627872. (for REVISED EXAM from 2020) - Dispense e articoli forniti dal docente durante lo svolgimento del corso. Libro CONSIGLIATO A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate learners of English, Fourth Edition with answers and ebook, Includes ebook with audio: Raymond Murphy, "Essential Grammar in Use", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107539334.	6	L-LIN/12	48	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
15613 - European Law of Biotechnology (objectives) ll corso di Diritto europeo delle biotecnologie si propone di fornire una preparazione di base di carattere giuridico inerente nozioni e disciplina normativa delle biotecnologie a livello europeo e dell'ordinamento italiano, con attenzione al contesto internazionale. - Derived from 15613 DIRITTO EUROPEO DELLE BIOTECNOLOGIE in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 0 RAGIONIERI Maria Pia (syllabus) The course is organized in two parts: a general and a special part. The general part deals with: fundamental notions of law, international sources of law, European Union sources of law, domestic sources of law and the relationship between them; definitions and field of application of biotechnologies; social, economic, ethic and environmental profiles of the legal regulation of biotecnologies; The special part deals with: The international framework and the european model of biotechnology discipline; protection of intellectual property rightes and patentability of biotechnological inventions; gmo, environment, agriculture and food safety; gmo discipline of the United States in the broader international framework; coexistence (notion, problems , comparison between models). (reference books) Ragionieri MP, GMO's in the EU law, Milano, 2016 , integrati con materiale a cura del docente caricato su moodle	6	IUS/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18424 - Physics (objectives) Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: develop knowledge of the fundamental principles of Physics and related methodologies. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. Autonomy of judgment: develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills: discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered. Learning ability: be able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications - Derived from 18424 Fisica in BIOTECNOLOGIE (L-2) L-2 0 ERCOLI Alessandro (syllabus) Models, theories, laws, measures and uncertainties. Unit of measurement (International System). Physics and its relationship with other disciplines. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Two-dimensional kinematics; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Circular motion. Law of gravitation Work. Kinetic energy. Power. Conservative forces. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Momentum. Rotary motion. Vibrations and waves (harmonic motion, sound). Bodies in balance: elasticity. Fluids (static, dynamic, viscosity, surface tension). Review of: temperature and kinetic theory, heat, principles of thermodynamics, thermal machines. Electric charge and electric field. Electric potential and electricity; capacity. Dielectrics. Electric currents. Current circuits Magnetism. Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's laws. Magnetic properties of matter. Electromagnetic waves and their spectrum. Light: geometric optics. Wave nature of light (interference, diffraction, spectroscopy, polarization). Optical instruments. Quantum theory: Black body radiation and Planck hypothesis, Photoelectric effect. Radioactive decay. Measurement of ionizing radiation doses. (reference books) - Fisica, Giancoli, Ambrosiana (edizione con fisica moderna) Teaching materials The supporting teaching material will be made available by the teacher.	7	FIS/07	48	8	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
15790 - Stage	8		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA

Degree Course: Biotechnology Syllabus for A.Y. 2022/2023