Degree Course: Mountain Sciences Syllabus for A.Y. 2019/2020  

Materia e miscugli omogenei ed eterogenei. Atomi e molecole. Elettrone, protone, neutrone. Numero atomico. Numero di massa. Isotopi. Peso Atomico. Peso Molecolare. Definizione di Mole.. Le leggi ponderali della chimica. Legge della Conservazione delle masse (legge di Lavoisier). Legge delle proporzioni definite (legge di Proust). Teoria di Dalton e legge delle proporzioni multiple. Definizione di reazione chimica. Bilanciamento di una reazione chimica e calcoli stechiometrici.
Teoria atomica di Dalton. Modello atomico di Thomson. Modello atomico di Rutherford. Modello atomico di Bohr.. Equazione di Schrodinger. Numeri quantici. Orbitali atomici e loro rappresentazione..
Configurazione elettronica degli elementi nello stato fondamentale. Principio di costruzione (Aufbau). Principio di esclusione di Pauli. Principio della massima molteplicità (Regola di Hund). Tavola periodica degli elementi. Gruppi e periodi. Metalli e non metalli. Proprietà chimiche degli elementi e periodicità. Elettroni di valenza. Regola dell’ottetto.
Legami chimici. Legame ionico. Legame covalente: legame omopolare; polare; dativo. Strutture di Lewis. Ibirdazione. Legame metallico. Interazioni intermolecolari: ione-ione; ione dipolo; dipolo-dipolo; dipolo indotto-dipolo indotto. Legame a idrogeno.
Ossidi, idrossidi, idracidi, ossiacidi, sali, perossidi, idruri: formule chimiche; reazioni di preparazione; numero di ossidazione. Nomenclatura tradizionale. Calcoli stechiometrici.
Classificazione delle reazioni chimiche. Bilanciamento delle equazioni chimiche. Reazioni di ossidoriduzione. Bilanciamento delle ossidoriduzioni mediante il metodo ionico-elettronico. Calcoli stechiometrici.
Stati di aggregazione della materia: Solido, Gas, Liquido. Legge dei gas perfetti. Soluzioni di liquidi. Unità di misura della concentrazione: molarità, molalità, frazione molare, percentuale peso/peso, peso/volume. Peso equivalente. Normalità. Proprietà colligative: pressione osmotica. Principi Termodinamica.
L’equilibrio chimico. Costante di equilibrio. Principio di Le Chatelier. Entalpia, Entropia ed Energia libera e spontaneità di una reazione chimica. Equilibri in soluzione: prodotto di solubilità.
Acidi e basi. Teoria di Arrhenius. Teoria di Lowry-Bronsted. Acidi di Lewis. Acidi e basi forti. Definizione di pH. Acidi e basi deboli deboli. Costante di ionizzazione di acidi e basi. Proprietà acido-base dell’acqua. Definizione di pH. Calcolo del pH di soluzioni acquose contenenti acidi/basi forti, acidi/basi deboli. Reazioni acido-base: formazione di sali. Soluzioni tampone. Cenni Elettrochimica
Ibridazione carbonio:sp, sp2 e sp3. Rappresentazione delle molecole organiche. Isomeria. Risonanza. Scissione omolitica ed eterolitica dei legami chimici. Carbocationi, carbanioni, radicali e stabilità dei carbocationi. Teoria del complesso attivato ed energia di attivazione. Nucleofili, elettrofili. Reattività dei composti organici: reazioni addizione, sostituzione ed eliminazione.
Classi di composti organici. Gruppi funzionali. Nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chmico-fisiche.
- Alcani. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche: sostituzione radicalica. Isomeri di struttura. Cicloalcani. Tensione torsionale. Tensione angolare.
- Alcheni. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche: addizione elettrofila Isomeria cis/trans; E/Z.
- Alchini. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche.
- Composti aromatici. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche: Sostituzione elettrofila aromatica. Effetto orientante dei sostituenti.
- Composti alogenati. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche: Sostituzione Nucleofila mono e bimolecolare (Sn1 e Sn2)
- Alcoli e fenoli. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimico-fisiche.
- Aldeidi e chetoni. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Proprietà chimiche: Addizione Nucleofila
- Acidi carbossilici e derivati. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Acidità ed effetto dei sostituenti. Proprietà chimiche: Sostituzione Nucleofila acilica.
- Ammine. Struttura e nomenclatura IUPAC. Basicità ed effetto dei sostituenti. Proprietà chimico-fisiche.
- Stereoisomeria. Enantiomeri e diastereomeri. Centri chirali. Formule proiettive di Fisher. Regole di Cahn, Ingold e Prelog per la determinazione della configurazione R, S dei centri chirali. Proprietà degli stereoisomeri. Potere rotatorio specifico.
- Biomolecole. Amminoacidi. Il legame Peptidico. Proteine e loro struttura Enzimi e catalisi enzimatica. Carboidrati: classificazione. Monosaccaridi D e L. Glucosio e fruttosio: strutture aperte e cicliche. Disaccaridi: saccarosio, lattosio, maltosio. Polisaccaridi: amido, cellulosa e glicogeno. Lipidi. Trigliceridi. Fosfolipidi. Steroidi. Acidi Nucleici: nucleotidi. Basi puriniche e pirimidiniche. Struttura primaria del DNA e del RNA.

CHIMICA E PROPEDEUTICA BIOCHIMICA
F. A. Bettelheim, W. H. Brown, M. K. Campbell, S. O. Farrell, O. J. torres
EDISES

Presentation of the course. Logic and logical connectives. Set theory
Numeric sets. Intervals and Surroundings. Major, minor. Upper / lower extremes
Functions: parity, disparity, injectivity, image
Power, exponential, logarithm, protractor functions
Trigonometric functions, composed. Domain. Classification
Limitations. Asymptotes
Properties of the limits: Permanence of the sign. Study of the function with the graphic method
Theorems: Comparison, sum, product, ratio, compound function
Infinites and infinitesimals. Continuity
Dedivate and differential calculus
Theorems: compound, inverse function, De L'Hopital, Taylor
Theorems: Fermat, Rolle, Middle value, Cauchy
Concave convexity. Study complete with function
Definite integral
Integral resolution methods. Integral in an improper sense
Succession. Series
Series
Elements of Linear Algebra. Matrices and Determinants

Material distributed during the lessons

THE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
Weak bonds and their role for the stability of biological macromolecules.
Water: chemical characteristics and biological importance
Biological molecules:
monosaccharides - reserve and structural carbohydrates
lipids
nucleotides - notes on the structure of nucleic acids
amino acids - proteins: structural organization and function

STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND DNA REPLICATION
notes on DNA replication and repair. From DNA to proteins: mechanisms of
DNA transcription and translation.

EVOLUTION OF THE CELL
Levels of organization and characteristics of living organisms. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Hypothesis on the origins of life. Characteristics of animal, plant, bacterial and virus cells.

THE PLASMATIC MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane (properties and functions). The membrane potential. Electrochemical gradient. Osmosis. Transport of substances through membranes: Diffusion, passive and active transport. Sodium - potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis.

FINE STRUCTURE OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL
Membranous systems (endoplasmic reticles and ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes)
mitochondria (function and morphology)
Notes on chloroplasts
Nuclear compartment (cariotheca, nucleolus, chromosomes):
Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments)

THE CELL CYCLE
The phases of the cell cycle. Mitosis.

Meiosis: general description - differences between meiosis and Crossing-over mitosis - Gametogenesis -egg and sperm cell - Fertilization - Acrosomal process - Embryogenesis - Cell development and differentiation: model organisms - Stem cells

INHERITANCE (MENDEL’S LAWS)
Notes on Mendel's laws: purity of gametes, segregation, independence. Chance. Dominance relations: multiple alleles; Genotype and environment: penetrance, expressiveness.

LABORATORY ACTIVITIES
Basic knowledge of the research laboratory
Immortalized cell cultures and primary cells.
Cell study methods (optical microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry). Pollen: the aerobiological monitoring center.
Molecular biology techniques: DNA extraction and PCR

All the slides used during the lessons are available at the Montagna Science office - Polo di Rieti.
The book indicated below is suggested as an example but students can still use other university texts. The recommended text is available at the library of the Polo di Rieti "Sabina Universitas"
- Bruce Alberts et al. Zanichelli Editore: The essential of cell molecular biology. fourth edition

Introduction to the terrestrial system as a complex and dynamic system: the concept of resilience, and feedback, positive and negative; reserves and natural resources.
Geologic hazard and risk: global changes and local catastrophes; fragility of the Italian territory; hydrogeological instability, the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation; The costs of hydrogeological instability.
Origin and evolution of the Earth system: The hypothesis of the nebula; planetesimals and planetoids; the processes of differentiation of the terrestrial planetoid; evolution of the lithosphere of the atmosphere of the hydrosphere and the biosphere. The appearance of terrestrial vegetation and its effects on erosion processes and rocks cycle.
Structure and composition of the Earth: the main subdivisions and methods of observation of the interior of the Earth; astronomical data and direct observations (surface data and probing perforations); seismic waves and seismology.
Seismic hazard and risk: earthquakes and tsunamis.
The terrestrial system and its dynamics: atmosphere (the main convective cells), hydrosphere (mechanisms of ocean circulation, the hydrogeological cycle), lithosphere (introduction to the theory of plate tectonics); the role of the biosphere.
The Earth's magnetic field: role origin and its variations, paleomagnetism and paleomagnetic dating.
The representation of the shapes of the terrestrial relief: introduction to the reading of topographic maps.
Brief of territorial information systems and open source GIS: the national geoportal and regional portals.
Minerals: minerals and crystals: classification principles; morphological approach to the study of crystals; symmetry and crystalline systems; structure and properties of the main groups of minerals making up the rocks, the methods of studying minerals useful for their recognition in the rocks
Introduction to the study of rocks: brief on the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) and on the principles used for their classification; the description of the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), brief on the technical classification of rocks based on mechanical behavior and permeability; brief on the modes of circulation of groundwater (the main types of aquifers and springs), criteria for the unification of rocks in lithological and geomorphological units having similar characteristics).
Introduction to reading geological maps. The Geological Map of Italy on a scale of 1: 100,000; the CARG project and the state of implementation of the New Geological Map of Italy on a scale of 1: 50,000. Brief on the use of online services of the national Geoportal and the Geological Service portal.
Plate tectonics and orogenic processes.
Rock deformation processes: characteristics and nomenclature of the main types of folds and faults.
The processes of physical disintegration and chemical alteration of rocks and their effects on the formation of residual rocks, on the chemism of the waters, on the composition of the atmosphere and on the genesis of sedimentary rocks and soils: the hydrolysis of silicates and the formation of minerals clay; the processes of dissolution of carbonate and evaporitic rocks, karst and pseudocarsic processes and the processes of formation of continental carbonate deposits produced by cold mineralized waters (speleothemes and calcareous tufa).
Igneous rocks: processes of consolidation and magmatic differentiation; the main groups of intrusive and effusive igneous rocks (classification, modality of putting in place, description in the legend of the geological maps, hints on the technical characteristics): The intrusive hypoabysmal and Filonian igneous rocks; Pyroclastic rocks; the lavas.
Volcanoes and volcanic risk: plate volcanic and tectonic activity; the main types of volcanic activity; the main types of volcanoes; danger and volcanic risk; hydrothermal activity and continental carbonate deposits produced by thermonimeral waters.
Sedimentary rocks: transport and sedimentation erosion processes; classification of the main types of sedimentary rocks; the processes of lithification and diagenesis.
The principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology.
The geological time and its measure: the fossils and the relative dating; radiometric methods of rock dating; chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the geological time scale and mass extinction events.
The environment and marine deposits: The terrestrial environment, and siliciclastic rocks, turbiditic (Flysch); the carbonate environment and the carbonate marine rocks (limestone and dolomite); transitional, pelagic and abyssal environments and their deposits
The environment and the coastal deposits: the action of wave motion, the main types of coastal forms and deposits, the problems of coastal erosion.
The environment and continental deposits: gravitational processes and mass transport: debris, slope deposits and colluvial and eluvial deposits; landslides and slow slope movements (creep and solifuction); classification of landslides; the IFFI (Inventory of landslides in Italy) project.
The environment and continental deposits: the erosive processes due to the action of surface waters: fluvial processes and forms (linear processes); the concept of a river basin; alluvial and lacustrine deposits, the concept of equilibrium profile and basic level, terraced deposits; floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; accelerated erosion and soil loss the phenomena of gully erosion.
The environment and continental deposits: wind and desert processes
The environment and continental deposits: glacial forms and processes
Rocks and metamorphic processes; metamorphic structures; classification of metamorphic rocks; plate metamorphism and tectonics.
The Earth's climate system: climatic variations and extreme weather events

GROTZINGER J., PRESS F. ,SIEVER R., JORDAN T.H - Understanding Earth - Published 2006 by W. H. Freeman (first published February 1st 2006)
BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Interpretation of Geological Maps. Longman Scientific & Technical
ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore:Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php .
Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/

Fundamental and derived physical quantities. Dimensions and dimensional analysis.
Measurement errors and significant figures
Vectors, vector quantities and Cartesian representation
Kinematics of the material point: position, speed, acceleration. Uniform, circular, parabolic rectilinear motion. Free fall of a serious.
Dynamics of the material point: Laws of Dynamics. Universal gravitation.
Special forces: Weight force, static and dynamic friction force. Elastic force
Constraint reactions
Work and Energy. Potential Energy and Power. Kinetic energy.
Living forces theorem. Conservative and non-conservative forces.
Force weight. Elastic force.
Gravitational potential energy.
System of material points. Center of Massa.
Earth-Sun system.
Motion of the center of mass. Theorem.
Momentum of a system of material points.
Dynamics equations of a system of material points.
Conservation of momentum. Moment of momentum. Angular momentum.
Rigid body. Cardinal equations. Moti
Translational, rotary, rotational motion.
Moment of inertia
Exercises

Didactic material distributed during the lessons

The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions.
Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids).
Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells.
The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata.

Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics.
Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots.
Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels.
Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport .
Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes:
phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
phylum Conipherophyta (conifers)
phylum Antophyta (angiosperms)
Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination.
Flower structure in plants.
The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.).
Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees.
The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients.
Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism.

Suggested Textbooks:
Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin.
Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli.
Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli.
Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi

Additional Textbooks and Websites for microscopic plant anatomy:
Speranza, Calzoni. Struttura delle piante per immagini. Zanichelli.
http://www.dipbot.unict.it/frame/botgenit.htm
http://www.atlantebotanica.unito.it/page.asp

1. Fundamentals of economics
Introductory concepts: definition of economy, scarcity of resources, opportunity cost, efficiency, frontier of production possibilities.
Product market: demand, supply and price formation.
The choices of the consumer (utility, cost constraint) and of the producer (profit, production function, production costs).
Perfect competition markets and monopoly systems.
Market failures: externalities (protection and enhancement of natural resources); public goods.
Macroeconomics: Gross Domestic Product, public deficit and debt, inflation, unemployment.

2. Economy of the agroforestry farms in the mountain area
Profit, net income and agroforestry entrepreneur.
Characteristics of farms and agro-forestry production.
Business choices, investments planning and analysis.
Capitals and balance sheet of the agro-forestry farms.
Externalities and multifunctionality of the agroforestry sector.

3. Development policies of mountain territory
Agricultural Community Policy: income support and measures of Rural Development Programs in favour to mountain areas.
National Strategy for Internal Areas.
Measures to support and enhance small municipalities.

Samuelson P.A., Nordhaus W.D., Economia.
Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale.
Teaching material made available by the teacher

see the powerpoint materials of the lessons (in pdf format)

Software application for text processing. With particular reference to text revisions and the use of cross-references (summary). Application of software for the use of a spreadsheet and data processing. Functions, order data, cross-references, creation of graphs. Events, and random variable; Population and statistical sample; Sampling procedures; Models of probability density distribution of random variables and some sample statistics of the var. random; Quantiles. Continuous variability, variance and average; Null hypothesis and statistical test; Statistical tests within and between samples; Probability of simple events and compound events; Chi square test; Normal distribution; Correlation and Regression; Experimental drawings (Split-plot, RBD, Fattoriali); Variance analysis. Comparison of averages.

Whitlock MM, Schluter D (2010) Analisi statistica dei dati biologici. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna. ISBN 978-88-08-06297.
Camussi A., Moller F., Ottaviano E., Sari Gorla M. (1995). METODI STATISTICI PER LA SPERIMENTAZIONE BIOLOGICA. Zanichelli Editore, Bologna.

The teaching programme (6 credits) is articulated following the scheme of the leading production chains in mountain areas. The lesson’s topics are reported below:
1) General concepts on food quality, conservation techniques and food safety requirements (0.25 ECTS).
2) Dairy production (1,25 CFU): i) chemical composition of milk; ii) drinking milk, pasteurization, sterilization and special technological treatments; iv) the cheese-making process (acid and rennet coagulation), rennet characteristics, cheese-making phases, influence of the raw material and technology on the cheese-making process; V) production of dairy products (cream, butter and fermented milk).
3) Meat and egg industry (1,25 CFU): i) meat muscle transformation techniques; ii) tenderization; iii) conservation; iv) cured meats; v) egg and egg-products.
4) Processed cereals (1 ECTS): bakery products and beer production;
5) Processing of fruit and vegetables (0,75 CFU): juice, canned and semi-canned fruits and vegetable; production process management and reference procedure for safety.
6) Harvest and transformation of medicinal plants and forest undergrowth products (1 CFU): man conservation techniques through drying, evaporation, freeze-drying, and the integrated atmosphere. Different plant processing phases, post-harvest (fresh and dry processing); the balsamic time; distillation at atmospheric pressure, at reduced pressure, in a stream of steam and hydro-distillation. Essential oils: composition and properties. Production of Liqueurs and spirits production.
7) The apiary sector (0.5 ECTS), honey chemical composition, classification of unifloral honey, analytical parameters (chemical-physical, sensory and melissopalinological analysis)

Principi di Chimica degli Alimenti, P. Cappelli & V. Vannucchi, Casa editrice: ZANICHELLI
La Trasformazione Industriale di Frutta ed Ortaggi, C. Pompei, Casa editrice: EDAGRICOLE

Cell cycle and cell division; Chromosomal bases of inheritance; Ontogenetic cycles; Determination of sex; Mendel experiments; Multiple alleles, co-dominance dominance, gene interactions; genetic maps; chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids; Chromosome structure; Central Dogma; DNA replication; Transcription, role of regulatory sequences, interrupted genes (exons, introns); Genetic code; Protein translation and synthesis; Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations; spontaneous and induced; Regulation of gene expression; Quantitative genetics; Heritability in a broad sense and in a strict sense, response to selection; Population genetics, Hardy and Weinberg equilibrium; Evolutionary factors: mutations, gene flow, selection and genetic drift; their balance action.

Genetica agraria. Genetica e bitecnologie per l'agricoltura di Franco Lorenzetti, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Daniele Rosellini e F. Veronesi (31 dic. 2012)
Griffiths A.J.F, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, (2002) Genetica: principi di analisi formale. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna. ISBN 978-88-08-17590-8.

Definition of SIT
History of cartography
Definition of geography map
The projections: representation of a spherical surface on a plane
Mercator projections
Datum
Geographic and numerical scales
Types of cartography (traditional, photographic, numeric)
Types of maps (generic, techinical, tematic)
Digital representation of data: rasters and vectors
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Main functions of a GIS
Examples of online SIT
Open source databases
WMS/WFS/WCS services
Advanced functionality of Google Earth

Notes and PowerPoint given by the professor

Construction Science
Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety.
Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip.
Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams.
Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures.
Land survey and cartography
Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Levels, geometric leveling, leveling with total station. GNSS. Elements of cartography: projection Gauss-Boaga, UTM, map reading.

Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course

Description of the fruit nursery and plant certification. Organography in the different fruit species. Main aspects of pollination, fruit set and fertilisation in the different species. Parthenocarpy and apomixia of the fruits. Fruit development and ripening in the main species. Evaluation of fruit quality in different species; ripening indexes and methodologies. Vocationality of the environment to the cultivation of fruit species, sustainable production processes. Types, selection criteria and management of forms of farming and density of planting. Soil, canopy and harvest management techniques in relation to the soil and climate environment. Differences between Pomes and Stones and species for Nuts.
Monographic treatment of the main fruit species: actinidia, pome fruit, stone fruit, nuts, olive, vine, minor fruit and small fruit.
For each species, the following are considered: origin, distribution and prospects for crop development; botanical and biological characteristics (systematic classification, description of the plant and its organs, ontogenetic cycle and phenological phases, flower biology); climatic, soil, water and nutritional requirements; cultivar choice; propagation and rootstocks; breeding (objectives, means and results); cultivation techniques (orchard planting and management systems): density of planting, pruning, nutrition, irrigation, tillage); maturation, harvesting, conservation and use of the product; qualitative evaluation of the fruit.

Case studies on the cultivation of tree species in a protected environment (nature reserves, parks, etc.) and in the foothills of the mountains are also dealt with, with the treatment of alternative, sustainable and environmentally friendly cultivation techniques for the management of the orchard.

Arboricoltura generale e speciale, Valli R., Edagricole

Arboricoltura generale, Baldini E., CLEUB, Bologna
Manuale dell'Ortofrutticoltura Italiana, S. Sansavini, P. Ranalli. Edagricole (testo consigliato)

Agronomy:
- Physical and chemical characteristics of soil;
- Soil erosion;
- Soil tillage;
- Irrigation;
- Fertilization;
- weed control and rotations.

Herbaceous crop in mountain areas:
- Biophysiology and agronomic practices of cereals, potato, and forage crops;
- Classification, assessment, management and improvement of natural forage resources;
- Use of forage species.

Cropping systems:
Classification, structure, and mode of operation

Luigi Giardini, L`Agronomia per conservare il futuro (Pàtron, 2012);
R. Baldoni, L. Giardini, Coltivazioni Erbacee – Vol. 3 Foraggere e tappeti erbosi. Ed. Patron, Bologna;
Lesson notes;
Specific scientific papers will be suggested during the course.

b) Program: Part - Typical and quality products of mountain areas.
Concept of total quality: bromatological-chemical, nutritional, technological, organoleptic, health and hygiene of animal products. Farming systems in mountain areas: monogastric and ruminant. Traditional products of animal origin in the mountain area. Relationships between management, environment and quality of animal products. Promotion of traditional products: short chain, relationship with the territory. Legislation.

Material provided by the teacher

A link will be inserted to access the teaching material at the beginning of the course.

PRIMO MODULO
Introduzione al corso
Cenni storici sulle sistemazioni idraulico-forestali
Aspetti normativi

SECONDO MODULO
Cenni sulle proprietà fisiche dell’acqua
Idrostatica
Principi fondamentali dell’Idraulica
Foronomia
Correnti a pelo libero
Cenni di moto nel sottosuolo

TERZO MODULO
Definizione di Bacino idrografico
Idrologica di bacino
Trasporto solido
Erosione superficiale
Frane e valanghe
Cenni Opere di difesa (da erosione, frane e valanghe)

QUARTO MODULO
Correzione dei torrenti.
La pendenza di equilibrio.
Differenti tipologie di briglie.
Dimensionamento idraulico di una briglia torrentizia.

References:

1- lecturer's notes
2- pdf files of the presented Power Point
3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.