Corso di laurea: SCIENZE FORESTALI E AMBIENTALI (LM-73) Programmazione per l'A.A. 2019/2020  

1. Economics concepts. 1.1 Market equilibrium; 1.2 Close and linear economic model; 1.3 Gross domestic products.
2. Environment Economics. 2.1 Environmental, public and external goods. 2.2 Environmental Kuznets Curve. 2.3 Demand, supply and market equilibrium in the presence of environmental goods. 2.3 Sustainable development. 2.4 Strategies to include the environment in the economic system
3. World Forest heritage. 4.1 Heritage and distribution; 4.2 Qualification; 4.3 Degradation processes.
4. Forest natural capital and forest ecosystem services. 3.1 Natural Capital. 3.2 Forest natural capital. 3.3 Ecosystem services: source, characters, role, and classification
5. Sustainable management of forest resources. 5.1 Sustainable Forest Management and Sustainability Types. 5.2 Sustainable management of forests, wildlife, grazing and tourism.
6. Institutions and forestry policies: 6.1 Cycle of policy. 6.2 International forest policy system. 6.3 Type of fest policies. 6.4 International forest institution and policies. 6.5 Regional forest institution and policy. 6.6 European forest institution and policy.
7. Forest protection and enhancement tools: 7.1 policy tools; 7.2 legal and regulatory tools; 7.3 Financial; 7.4 market-based; 7.5 Volunteers, 7.6 Negotiators, 7.7 Consumer orientation.
8. Evaluation of forest ecosystem services: Total economic value. Methods of assessment of environmental assets: a) market approaches; (B) non-market approaches.
9. Environmental investment assessment: cost-effectiveness analysis; cost benefit analysis.
10. Environmental evaluation tools: Strategic environmental evaluation; Environmental Impact Assessment; Assessment of Environmental Incidence.

Turner R.K., Pearce D., Bateman I., 1993. Environmental Economics. The Johns Hopkins. University Press, Baltimore
Other material: scientific articles, relevant documents, power point presentations, will be produced from the theacher.

Il concetto di gestione forestale sostenibile
Le funzioni del bosco
Gli strumenti della gestione forestale sostenibile
Livelli della pianificazione forestale in Italia
Le fasi della pianificazione territoriale e quelle dell’assestamento forestale classico
Definizione di Assestamento forestale
Oggetto, Obiettivo, Attori del Piano di assestamento
La fase conoscitiva del Piano di assestamento
I comparti forestali: compresa, particella, sottoparticella, incluso forestale
Criteri di suddivisione di un a superficie forestale in particelle
Concetto e dimensioni del Bosco normale
I tipi di turno
Tipi di ripresa
L’assestamento del ceduo matricinato: il metodo planimetrico spartitivo e il metodo planimetrico organico
L’assestamento della fustaia coetanea produttiva:
- Normalità planimetrico cronologica, normalità strutturale, normalità provvisionale, normalità incrementale.
- Calcolo della ripresa: Metodo camerale austrico, principio di Paulsen-Hundesagen e formule derivate
Assestamento della fustaia disetanea produttiva:
- Costruzione della curva di distribuzione normale
- Calcolo della ripresa
- Il periodo di curazione
I metodi colturali:
- Metodo del controllo
- Metodo colturale
- ll principio del controllo.
Struttura ed elaborati del Piano di assestamento forestale:
- principali parti della Relazione
- gli allegati
Il quadro di riferimento internazionale della pianificazione forestale:
- La convenzione quadro sui cambiamenti climatici
- La convenzione sulla biodiversità
- La convenzione sulla lotta alla desertificazione
- La conferenza ministeriale per la protezione delle foreste in Europa
- Le direttive Habitat ed Uccelli dell’Unione Europea
La pianificazione forestale di livello territoriale
Altri strumenti di pianificazione territoriale di area vasta:
La Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS)
La Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA)
La pianificazione nelle aree protette e nei siti della rete Natura 2000

Piermaria Corona, Anna Barbati, Barbara Ferrari, Luigi Portoghesi
Pianificazione Ecologica dei Sistemi Forestali
Compagnia delle Foreste, 2011

-Definizione portata di progetto e idrogramma di progetto;
-Tempo di Ritorno: significato, equazione, e implicazioni pratiche;
-Formula Razionale, teoria e pratica;
- Curve IDF - Intensità-Durata-Frequenza, teoria e pratica (Laboratorio con Excel);
- Modelli afflussi-deflussi per approcci a scala di evento;
- Ietogramma di progetto;
- Stima della precipitazione netta, il metodo NRCS-CN;
- Trasformazione afflussi-deflussi, approccio IUH e WFIUH;
- Strumenti GIS per applicazioni idrologiche;
- Software EBA4SUB: introduzione e discussione dei progetti (Laboratorio+lezioni frontali);
- Applicazione su casi di studio reali.

Applied Hydrology, Chow, Maidment, Mays,
McGraw-Hill

In aggiunga al testo sono resi disponibili sulla piattaforma GOMP articoli e altro materiale didattico utile, principalmente, allo svolgimento dell'esercitazione e del progetto.

I Vertebrati, origine, caratteristiche generali e classificazione del subphylum.
Pesci s.l.: caratteristiche generali e diversità; cenni sui pesci d’acqua dolce della fauna italiana.
Anfibi: caratteristiche generali, adattamenti, diversità e classificazione; gli urodeli e gli anuri della fauna italiana.
Rettili: caratteristiche generali, adattamenti, diversità e classificazione; i rettili terrestri e d’acqua dolce della fauna
italiana.
Uccelli: caratteristiche generali, adattamenti, diversità e classificazione; l’avifauna italiana con particolare riguardo
agli ambienti forestali e montani; cenni sugli uccelli delle zone umde e costiere.
Mammiferi: caratteristiche generali, adattamenti, diversità e classificazione; i mammiferi terrestri della fauna italiana
con particolare riguardo agli ambienti forestali e montani; cenni sui mammiferi marini.
Aspetti di conservazione dei vertebrati terrestri della fauna italiana (specie estinte, specie minacciate, specie
alloctone, specie problematiche).
Biogeografia dei vertebrati terrestri della fauna italiana.

Presentazioni delle lezioni.
Generalità
Baccetti et al., Zoologia - Trattato italiano - Grasso Editoriale, pp. 953-1193.
Westheide W., Rieger R., 2011. Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli.
Presentazioni delle lezioni
Fauna italiana
AA. VV., La Fauna in Italia. Touring Club Italiano:
Cap. Anfibi, Rettili e Mammiferi, pp. 120-149
Cap. Gli Uccelli, pp. 150-162
Cap. Pesci [no]
Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti d‘acqua dolce, pp. 198-202
Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti costieri, pp. 242-246

1. Introduzione e obiettivi del corso. Selvicoltura naturalistica e selvicoltura sostenibile: basi teoriche e principi applicativi. Effetti della selvicoltura sulle caratteristiche genetiche dei boschi. Risorse forestali in Europa: una prospettiva integrata su servizi ecosistemici, disturbi e minacce. Importanza della bioeconomia forestale in Europa.
2. Foreste europee: una panoramica ecologica. Fasce di vegetazione forestale in Italia. Classificazione delle foreste europee. Tipologie di foreste europee: la matrice delle specie forestali. Ripopolamento forestale in Europa nel postglaciale.
3. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste mediterranee: macchia mediterranea, pinete di pini mediterranei (Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, P. pinea); querceti sempreverdi (Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Q. coccifera). Produzione legnosa delle foreste mediterranee. Selvicoltura di alcune specie forestali minori dell’ambiente Mediterraneo.
4. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste della fascia basale: querceti caducifoglie (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q. cerris, Q. trojana); castagneti (Castanea sativa). Cenni su latifoglie correlate alle querce (Carpinus spp., Acer spp., Fraxinus spp.). Cenni sulla vegetazione degli ambienti ripariali in Europa. Produzione legnosa delle foreste della fascia basale. Cenni sulla vegetazione degli ambienti ripariali in Europa.
5. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste della fascia montana: Faggete (Fagus sylvatica); Abetine (Abies alba); Pinete montane (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. laricio, P. leucodermis). Cenni sulla selvicoltura delle grandi latifoglie esigenti comuni a più fasce di vegetazione. (Acer spp., Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium). Produzione legnosa delle foreste montane.
6. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste subalpine: peccete (Picea abies). Lariceti, cembreti, pinete di pino uncinato, mughete (Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Pinus uncinata, Pinus mugo). Produzione legnosa delle foreste subalpine.
7. Cenni su materiali forestali di moltiplicazione e vivaistica forestale. Piantagioni forestali: finalità e criteri operativi. Cenni su selvicoltura clonale, selvicoltura a turni brevi, ripristino di aree forestali.

Bernetti G., 1995 - Selvicoltura speciale. - UTET, Torino.
Del Favero R.. 2004 - I Boschi delle Regioni Alpine Italiane. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.
Del Favero R.. 2008 - I Boschi delle Regioni Meridionali ed Insulari d’Italia. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.
Del Favero R.. 2010 - I Boschi delle Regioni dell’Italia centrale. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.

I libri sono disponibili presso la biblioteca universitaria o sul web. Il materiale didattico verrà distribuito durante il corso e/o reso disponibile sul web.

PROGRAMME TOPICS

Morphologic and functional features of the main organs of forest trees: adaptation and acclimation

Growth and development of forest trees and responses to environmental factors and stresses

Tree architecture and forest microclimate

Transpiration, water relations and stress

Photosynthesis, respiration and carbon cycle of forest ecosystems

Quantitative methods for forest ecophysiological analyses (lab)

Introduction to ecophysiological process based mathematical models

Textbooks

Thomas P. Trees: their natural history. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons. Plant Physiological Ecology. Second Edition. Springer 2008.

1) Introduction to the Remote Sensing concept
2) The electromagnetic energy and most important equations
3) Reflectance curves
- water and snow
- soils
- vegetation
4) Effect of the vegetation characteristics on the reflectance
5) Remote sensing platforms and sensors
- characteristics of the platforms
- BRDF
- orbits
- main missions (Landsat, Spot, ...)
6) Digital images processing
- structure of the digital data (raster and vector)
- file formats and headers
- data types
7) Digital images visualization
- color visualization
- palette
8) Enhancement of RS images
- false and true color images
- stretch
- filters
- RGB-HSL and pan-sharp
9) Radiometric corrections
- Radiometric calibration
- stripping and other errors correction
10) Geometric corrections
- georeferencing
- orthorectification
- geometric distortions
11) Atmospheric corrections
- effect of the atmosphere on radiation
- path radiance
- image based methods to correct or minimize the atmosphere effect
12) Vegetation indexes and their use, fluorescence
- NDVI
- Soil line based VIs
- PRI
- fluorescence
13) Remote sensing and modeling
- RUE models
- concept of radiative transfer models
14) Model optimization and validation
- model definition and components
- strategy for model validation and optimization
- empirical and process-based models
- multiple constrain in models parameterization
15) Supervised and Unsupervised classifications
- hard and soft classification
- minimum distance and maximum likelihood
- unsupervised clustering
16) Artificial Neural Networks
- principles
- FFBP Neural Networks
- concepts of validation
- applications as soft classification
17) Practical applications
- exercises on the practical tasks
- example of multi-temporal analysis

- Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation - T.M. Lillesand, R.W. Kiefer, J.W. Chipman, Wiley Interational Edition
- Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective - John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Forest Ecosystems - R. H. Waring, S. W. Running, Academic Press
- Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Telerilevamento : manuale teorico pratico per l'elaborazione delle immagini digitali - Niccolò Dainelli, Flaccovio Editore
- Principi e metodi di Telerilevamento - P.A. Brivio, G. Lechi, E. Zilioli, Edizioni CittaStudi
- Telerilevamento: Informazione territoriale mediante immagini da satellite, A. Dermanis, L. Biagi, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

Course contents
Monitoring Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): criteria and indicators
Data collection: field survey and remote sensing derived variables
Descriptive statistics
Sampling error and sample size determination
Sampling designs in forest inventories
Integrating remote sensing in forest inventory

Kershaw JA, Ducey MJ, Beers TW, Husch B (2017). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons
Manly BFJ, Navarro Alberto JA (2014). Introduction to ecological sampling. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Johnson EW (2000). Forest sampling desk reference. CRC Press.
GOFC-GOLD (2017). A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables in Tropical Forests with Remote Sensing. Eds: GOFC-GOLD & GEO BON. Report version UNCBD COP-13, GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. ISSN: 2542-6729.

Significato, scopi e metodi dell’arboricoltura da legno in Italia e nel Mondo.
Considerazioni preliminari relative alle piantagioni da legno relative a: caratteristiche della stazione; scelta della specie; scelta del materiale d’impianto e aspetti di miglioramento genetico; tecniche di coltivazione e cure colturali. Analisi delle principali specie per l’arboricoltura da legno:
Latigoglie: Quercus suber, Castanea sativa, Juglans spp., Prunus avium, Populus spp., Eucalyptus spp., Robinia pseudoacacia, specie minori.
Conifere: Pinus halepensis ,Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster Pinus radiata, Cedrus spp, specie minori.
Piantagioni per la produzione di biomassa a turno breve (Short Rotation Forestry – SRF.
Agroselvicoltura.
Ruolo dell’arboricoltura da legno nella conservazione e nel miglioramento dell’ambiente: biodiversità e paesaggio, fasce ripariali, fasce tampone boscate (FTB), assorbimento del carbonio, fitodepurazione e fitorimedio.

Bernetti, G., Pividori, M., & Del Favero, R. (2012). Selvicoltura produttiva: manuale pratico. Edagricole.
Mercurio R. Minotta G. (2000) Arboricoltura da legno. CLUEB Bologna.
I libri sono disponibili presso la biblioteca universitaria o il docente. Il materiale didattico verrà distribuito durante il corso e/o reso disponibile sul web.

Planted Forests: Uses, Impacts & Sustainability. 2009. FAO and CABI. pp 213.
Bibliography will be also suggested depending on the student background
The book is available in the university library or on the web. Teaching material will be distributed during the course and/or made available on the web.

I. Introduction
Soil and its different definitions
Role and position of soils in terrestrial ecosystems
Ecosystem services and soil functions
Concepts of chemical and biological fertility

II. Indicators of soil quality and health
Review of concepts of soil quality, soil health and soil security. Rationale for the use of soil indicators and specific requisites. Physical, chemical and biological indicators. Static and dynamic descriptors.
Pools and processes.
Main bioindicators: definitions and functions.
Soil health and resilience
Soil quality indexes

III. Soil organic matter (SOM)
Main features, composition, physical, chemical and biological properties.
SOM as a complex indicator of soil quality. Quantity and quality of SOM
Role of SOM to maintain soil fertility, to promote carbon storage and as the site of tight interactions with soil biota. Pools of ecological relevance.

IV. Soil microbial biomass
Definition, composition and main characteristics
Factors influencing microbial biomass development. Trophic conditions and adaptation strategies. Functions of soil microrganisms and their specific role within nutrient cycles.
How to study microbial biomass. Quantitative and qualitative approaches. FE method, SIR, multi-SIR, CLPP techniques. Concepts of genetic and functional diversity.
Microbial indexes: the microbial quotient, significance and measurement.

V. Mineralization processes (C & N mineralization)
Significance of mineralization processes to guarantee soil fertility
C mineralization. Soil respiration and its components: definition and measurement
Microbial indexes: the metabolic and the mineralization quotients: significance and measurement
N mineralization. Mineralization potential and in situ measurements

VI. Soil enzymes
Definitions and main features. Notes on enzyme kinetics: general infos. Localization and origin of soil enzymes. Classes of soil enzymes. Functions and stability of enzymes in soil. Immobilized enzymes.
Intra- and extracellular enzymes.
Determination of enzyme activities by means of different methods : colorimetric and fluorimetric techniques. Specific activities. Real and potential activity.

VII. Drivers of global soils change:
Natural and anthropogenic pressures (climate changes, land use changes, pollution)
Threats to soil functions
Soil degradation, soil loss

VIII. How to plan a monitoring activity
WWWHWWW scheme.
Experimental design, sampling schemes.
How to choose the right indicators. New sets of indicators.
Presentation of specific case studies in forest soils


Integrative seminars
To be defined

Laboratory classes
1 - Determination of soil respiration
2 - Determination of acid phosphatase activity

Working group
Reading and discussion of recent literature

Texts
1) Brady NC, Weil RR, 2016
The nature and properties of soils, XV Ed. (Chapt. 1, 11, 12, 20), XIV Ed.(Chapt. 2, 12, 13, 21) or XIII Ed. (Chapt. 1-11-12-20)(University Library)

2) FAO and ITPS., 2015.
Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy (selected chapters)

3) NERI Technical Report No. 388, 2002
Microorganisms as indicators of soil health,

4) European Commission - DG ENV, Report 2010
Soil biodiversity: functions, threats and tools for policy makers,

5) Gardi C., Jeffrey J. , 2009
Soil biodiversity, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports

6) Shukla G., Varma A., 2011,
Soil enzymology –Springer Verlag
(selected chapters)

7) Course slides

The class and lab. activities lectures will be focused on the following groups of topics/abilities.
- General introduction to plant biotechnology: history, global significance of modern plant biotechnology, biotech trees;
- Model plants for tree species: the need of a model plant for tree species;
- Vegetative propagation and tissue culture (tree cloning, micropropagation, cryopreservation, callus culture, haploid plants, protoplast isolation, production of secondary metabolites);
- General introduction to the genetically modified trees; Methods of genetic transformation of forest trees (Agrobacterium, biolistic, and electroporation)
- Applications of recombinant DNA technology for the improvement of forest trees
- General introduction to the Omics sciences (genomics, proteomics and metabolomics)
- Sequencing of tree species (history and main methodologies), Next generation sequencing
- Molecular markers history, molecular markers currently used in plant biotechnology
- Marker Assisted Selection

1. Plant Cell Culture, essential methods (2010). Edited by M.R. Davey and P. Anthony. Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Tree biotechnology (2014). Edited by K. G. Ramawat, J. M. Mérillon, M. R. Ahuja. CRC Press.
3. Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century (2012). Edited by Altman A and Hasegawa PM. Accademic Press.
4. Plants, genes, and Crop Biotechnology (2003). Edited by M.J. Chrispeels & D.E. Sadava. Jones and Bartlett publishers.
Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the teacher for information about the program, teaching materials, and how to evaluate the benefit.

1) Introduction to the Remote Sensing concept
2) The electromagnetic energy and most important equations
3) Reflectance curves
- water and snow
- soils
- vegetation
4) Effect of the vegetation characteristics on the reflectance
5) Remote sensing platforms and sensors
- characteristics of the platforms
- BRDF
- orbits
- main missions (Landsat, Spot, ...)
6) Digital images processing
- structure of the digital data (raster and vector)
- file formats and headers
- data types
7) Digital images visualization
- color visualization
- palette
8) Enhancement of RS images
- false and true color images
- stretch
- filters
- RGB-HSL and pan-sharp
9) Radiometric corrections
- Radiometric calibration
- stripping and other errors correction
10) Geometric corrections
- georeferencing
- orthorectification
- geometric distortions
11) Atmospheric corrections
- effect of the atmosphere on radiation
- path radiance
- image based methods to correct or minimize the atmosphere effect
12) Vegetation indexes and their use, fluorescence
- NDVI
- Soil line based VIs
- PRI
- fluorescence
13) Remote sensing and modeling
- RUE models
- concept of radiative transfer models
14) Model optimization and validation
- model definition and components
- strategy for model validation and optimization
- empirical and process-based models
- multiple constrain in models parameterization
15) Supervised and Unsupervised classifications
- hard and soft classification
- minimum distance and maximum likelihood
- unsupervised clustering
16) Artificial Neural Networks
- principles
- FFBP Neural Networks
- concepts of validation
- applications as soft classification
17) Practical applications
- exercises on the practical tasks
- example of multi-temporal analysis

- Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation - T.M. Lillesand, R.W. Kiefer, J.W. Chipman, Wiley Interational Edition
- Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective - John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Forest Ecosystems - R. H. Waring, S. W. Running, Academic Press
- Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Telerilevamento : manuale teorico pratico per l'elaborazione delle immagini digitali - Niccolò Dainelli, Flaccovio Editore
- Principi e metodi di Telerilevamento - P.A. Brivio, G. Lechi, E. Zilioli, Edizioni CittaStudi
- Telerilevamento: Informazione territoriale mediante immagini da satellite, A. Dermanis, L. Biagi, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

COURSE PROGRAM

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
- About the course
- Program outlines and operative info

- Anthropic contexts
- Land uses
- Pressures in urban areas

SECTION 2 - SOIL HEALTH AND QUALITY
- Soil health, soil quality and resilience: Definitions and differences

SECTION 3 - SOIL PERTURBATIONS AND GENERAL INFO ON POLLUTION
- Pollution vs natural environments
- Sources, nature and types of soil contamination/pollution and its classification - The case of urban areas
- Classification of contaminants/pollutants (nature, toxicity, physical state, chemistry)
- Properties of contaminants/pollutants

SECTION 4 - SOIL ECOSYSTEM COMPOSITION AND FEATURES
- Soil: definitions, functions and importance
- Soil formation: factors and processes
- Soil composition and organisation
- Solid inorganic fractions and components:
- Description and properties of solid inorganic components - Minerals (silicates and non-silicates)
- Origin and formation of the inorganic fraction components - Rock cycle, weathering and genesis
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and processes (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 5 - SOIL-WATER RELATIONSHIPS
- Chemistry and properties of water
- Importance of water on the Earth, the hydrologic cycle, water distribution and uses
- Forces generating and controlling water dynamics in soil
- Types of water movements in soil (interception, infiltration, percolation, leakage, capillary rising and evaporation)
- Water uptake by plants, soil water balance (evapotranspiration), groundwater
- Soil water content; concepts, types and measurements; managements
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and processes (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 6 - SOIL-AIR RELATIONSHIPS
- Importance of air on the Earth
- Forces generating and controlling air dynamics in soil
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features - Wetlands - and processes (pollution and remediation)
- Soil volatiles (VOCs)

SECTION 7 - Solid organic fraction (SOM) and components
- Importance of SOM on the Earth, the C cycle, SOM distribution and uses
- Description and properties of solid organic components
- Origin and formation of the organic fraction components - Fresh OM degradation, transformation and interaction with the mineral components (persistence)
- Influences from external factors, functions and effects on soil features (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 8 - SOIL BIOTA, the soil living fraction
- Organisation and distribution of living organisms on the Earth - Ecosystems, biomes and biodiversity
- Importance of soil biota on the Earth and soil as a proper ecosystem
- Description, distribution, classification and functions of soil organisms - Soil animals and microorganisms
- Soil-plant-microorganism relationships - The rhizosphere
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and functions (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 9 - SOIL PROPERTIES
- Physical - Colour, texture, density, porosity, permeability, structure
- Physicochemical - Charges on colloids
- Sorption: physisorption, ion chemisorption and ion physicochemical adsorption - The Double layer and the Ion exchange (Cation and Anion Exchange Capacity)
- Chemical - Acidity and alkalinity, pH, buffer capacity
- Biological and Biochemical - Enzymes
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and functions (nutrition, pollution and remediation)

SECTION 10 - INTERACTIONS AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS WITH SOIL
- Inorganic pollutants in soil, interactions, processes(adsorption/fixation, absorption, solubilisation, mobility, leaching) and persistence
- Organic pollutants in soil, interactions, processes (partitioning, adsorption/fixation, absorption, solubilisation, mobility, volatilisation, degradation, leaching) and persistence

SECTION 11 - Monitoring soil pollution and remediation
- Soil sampling
- Monitoring soil quality (indicators)
- Monitoring soil pollutants (metals, organics)
- Traditional approaches in soil monitoring (traditional analyses)
- Smart approaches in soil monitoring - sensors, probes and (hybrid) sensing systems

TESTI CONSIGLIATI

• E.A. Paul (2015). Soil microbiology, ecology, and biochemistry (4th Edition). Academic Press.
• I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba, M.L. Brusseau (2006). Environmental and Pollution Science (2nd Edition). Academic Press.
• N.C. Brady, R.R. Weil (2010). Elements of the nature and properties of soils. Pearson. / Alternatively: N.C. Brady, R.R. Weil (2016). The nature and properties of soils (Global Edition). Pearson.

Course contents
Monitoring Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): criteria and indicators
Data collection: field survey and remote sensing derived variables
Descriptive statistics
Sampling error and sample size determination
Sampling designs in forest inventories
Integrating remote sensing in forest inventory

Kershaw JA, Ducey MJ, Beers TW, Husch B (2017). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons
Manly BFJ, Navarro Alberto JA (2014). Introduction to ecological sampling. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Johnson EW (2000). Forest sampling desk reference. CRC Press.
GOFC-GOLD (2017). A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables in Tropical Forests with Remote Sensing. Eds: GOFC-GOLD & GEO BON. Report version UNCBD COP-13, GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. ISSN: 2542-6729.

PROGRAMME TOPICS

• Morphologic and functional features of the main organs of plants and trees
• Plants and microclimate: basic elements
• Environmental drivers of transpiration and plant water relations
• Environmental drivers of photosynthesis and carbon allocation
• Impact of urban areas on soil and water contamination
• Application of phytotechnologies for soil remediation
• Application of phytotechnologies for storm water management
• Site assessments, project design and monitoring
• Other multipurpose green infrastructures
• Analysis of case studies

Textbooks

- Thomas P. Trees: their natural history. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Hirons A. D., Thomas P. Applied tree biology Wiley, 2018.
- Ansari, S.S. Gill, R. Gill, G.R. Lanza, L. Newman (Eds.) Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 1. Springer 2015
- Ansari, S.S. Gill, R. Gill, G.R. Lanza, L. Newman (Eds.) Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 2. Springer 2015

-Definizione portata di progetto e idrogramma di progetto;
-Tempo di Ritorno: significato, equazione, e implicazioni pratiche;
-Formula Razionale, teoria e pratica;
- Curve IDF - Intensità-Durata-Frequenza, teoria e pratica (Laboratorio con Excel);
- Modelli afflussi-deflussi per approcci a scala di evento;
- Ietogramma di progetto;
- Stima della precipitazione netta, il metodo NRCS-CN;
- Trasformazione afflussi-deflussi, approccio IUH e WFIUH;
- Strumenti GIS per applicazioni idrologiche;
- Software EBA4SUB: introduzione e discussione dei progetti (Laboratorio+lezioni frontali);
- Applicazione su casi di studio reali.

Chow, Maidment, Mays., Applied Hydrology, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1988

1) Introduction to the Remote Sensing concept
2) The electromagnetic energy and most important equations
3) Reflectance curves
- water and snow
- soils
- vegetation
4) Effect of the vegetation characteristics on the reflectance
5) Remote sensing platforms and sensors
- characteristics of the platforms
- BRDF
- orbits
- main missions (Landsat, Spot, ...)
6) Digital images processing
- structure of the digital data (raster and vector)
- file formats and headers
- data types
7) Digital images visualization
- color visualization
- palette
8) Enhancement of RS images
- false and true color images
- stretch
- filters
- RGB-HSL and pan-sharp
9) Radiometric corrections
- Radiometric calibration
- stripping and other errors correction
10) Geometric corrections
- georeferencing
- orthorectification
- geometric distortions
11) Atmospheric corrections
- effect of the atmosphere on radiation
- path radiance
- image based methods to correct or minimize the atmosphere effect
12) Vegetation indexes and their use, fluorescence
- NDVI
- Soil line based VIs
- PRI
- fluorescence
13) Remote sensing and modeling
- RUE models
- concept of radiative transfer models
14) Model optimization and validation
- model definition and components
- strategy for model validation and optimization
- empirical and process-based models
- multiple constrain in models parameterization
15) Supervised and Unsupervised classifications
- hard and soft classification
- minimum distance and maximum likelihood
- unsupervised clustering
16) Artificial Neural Networks
- principles
- FFBP Neural Networks
- concepts of validation
- applications as soft classification
17) Practical applications
- exercises on the practical tasks
- example of multi-temporal analysis

- Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation - T.M. Lillesand, R.W. Kiefer, J.W. Chipman, Wiley Interational Edition
- Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective - John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Forest Ecosystems - R. H. Waring, S. W. Running, Academic Press
- Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Telerilevamento : manuale teorico pratico per l'elaborazione delle immagini digitali - Niccolò Dainelli, Flaccovio Editore
- Principi e metodi di Telerilevamento - P.A. Brivio, G. Lechi, E. Zilioli, Edizioni CittaStudi
- Telerilevamento: Informazione territoriale mediante immagini da satellite, A. Dermanis, L. Biagi, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

COURSE PROGRAM

SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
- About the course
- Program outlines and operative info

- Anthropic contexts
- Land uses
- Pressures in urban areas

SECTION 2 - SOIL HEALTH AND QUALITY
- Soil health, soil quality and resilience: Definitions and differences

SECTION 3 - SOIL PERTURBATIONS AND GENERAL INFO ON POLLUTION
- Pollution vs natural environments
- Sources, nature and types of soil contamination/pollution and its classification - The case of urban areas
- Classification of contaminants/pollutants (nature, toxicity, physical state, chemistry)
- Properties of contaminants/pollutants

SECTION 4 - SOIL ECOSYSTEM COMPOSITION AND FEATURES
- Soil: definitions, functions and importance
- Soil formation: factors and processes
- Soil composition and organisation
- Solid inorganic fractions and components:
- Description and properties of solid inorganic components - Minerals (silicates and non-silicates)
- Origin and formation of the inorganic fraction components - Rock cycle, weathering and genesis
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and processes (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 5 - SOIL-WATER RELATIONSHIPS
- Chemistry and properties of water
- Importance of water on the Earth, the hydrologic cycle, water distribution and uses
- Forces generating and controlling water dynamics in soil
- Types of water movements in soil (interception, infiltration, percolation, leakage, capillary rising and evaporation)
- Water uptake by plants, soil water balance (evapotranspiration), groundwater
- Soil water content; concepts, types and measurements; managements
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and processes (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 6 - SOIL-AIR RELATIONSHIPS
- Importance of air on the Earth
- Forces generating and controlling air dynamics in soil
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features - Wetlands - and processes (pollution and remediation)
- Soil volatiles (VOCs)

SECTION 7 - Solid organic fraction (SOM) and components
- Importance of SOM on the Earth, the C cycle, SOM distribution and uses
- Description and properties of solid organic components
- Origin and formation of the organic fraction components - Fresh OM degradation, transformation and interaction with the mineral components (persistence)
- Influences from external factors, functions and effects on soil features (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 8 - SOIL BIOTA, the soil living fraction
- Organisation and distribution of living organisms on the Earth - Ecosystems, biomes and biodiversity
- Importance of soil biota on the Earth and soil as a proper ecosystem
- Description, distribution, classification and functions of soil organisms - Soil animals and microorganisms
- Soil-plant-microorganism relationships - The rhizosphere
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and functions (pollution and remediation)

SECTION 9 - SOIL PROPERTIES
- Physical - Colour, texture, density, porosity, permeability, structure
- Physicochemical - Charges on colloids
- Sorption: physisorption, ion chemisorption and ion physicochemical adsorption - The Double layer and the Ion exchange (Cation and Anion Exchange Capacity)
- Chemical - Acidity and alkalinity, pH, buffer capacity
- Biological and Biochemical - Enzymes
- Influences from external factors and effects on soil features and functions (nutrition, pollution and remediation)

SECTION 10 - INTERACTIONS AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS WITH SOIL
- Inorganic pollutants in soil, interactions, processes(adsorption/fixation, absorption, solubilisation, mobility, leaching) and persistence
- Organic pollutants in soil, interactions, processes (partitioning, adsorption/fixation, absorption, solubilisation, mobility, volatilisation, degradation, leaching) and persistence

SECTION 11 - Monitoring soil pollution and remediation
- Soil sampling
- Monitoring soil quality (indicators)
- Monitoring soil pollutants (metals, organics)
- Traditional approaches in soil monitoring (traditional analyses)
- Smart approaches in soil monitoring - sensors, probes and (hybrid) sensing systems

TESTI CONSIGLIATI

• E.A. Paul (2015). Soil microbiology, ecology, and biochemistry (4th Edition). Academic Press.
• I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba, M.L. Brusseau (2006). Environmental and Pollution Science (2nd Edition). Academic Press.
• N.C. Brady, R.R. Weil (2010). Elements of the nature and properties of soils. Pearson. / Alternatively: N.C. Brady, R.R. Weil (2016). The nature and properties of soils (Global Edition). Pearson.

PROGRAMME TOPICS

• Morphologic and functional features of the main organs of plants and trees
• Plants and microclimate: basic elements
• Environmental drivers of transpiration and plant water relations
• Environmental drivers of photosynthesis and carbon allocation
• Impact of urban areas on soil and water contamination
• Application of phytotechnologies for soil remediation
• Application of phytotechnologies for storm water management
• Site assessments, project design and monitoring
• Other multipurpose green infrastructures
• Analysis of case studies

Textbooks

- Thomas P. Trees: their natural history. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Hirons A. D., Thomas P. Applied tree biology Wiley, 2018.
- Ansari, S.S. Gill, R. Gill, G.R. Lanza, L. Newman (Eds.) Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 1. Springer 2015
- Ansari, S.S. Gill, R. Gill, G.R. Lanza, L. Newman (Eds.) Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 2. Springer 2015

-Definizione portata di progetto e idrogramma di progetto;
-Tempo di Ritorno: significato, equazione, e implicazioni pratiche;
-Formula Razionale, teoria e pratica;
- Curve IDF - Intensità-Durata-Frequenza, teoria e pratica (Laboratorio con Excel);
- Modelli afflussi-deflussi per approcci a scala di evento;
- Ietogramma di progetto;
- Stima della precipitazione netta, il metodo NRCS-CN;
- Trasformazione afflussi-deflussi, approccio IUH e WFIUH;
- Strumenti GIS per applicazioni idrologiche;
- Software EBA4SUB: introduzione e discussione dei progetti (Laboratorio+lezioni frontali);
- Applicazione su casi di studio reali.

Chow, Maidment, Mays., Applied Hydrology, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1988

The class and lab. activities lectures will be focused on the following groups of topics/abilities.
- General introduction to plant biotechnology: history, global significance of modern plant biotechnology, biotech trees;
- Model plants for tree species: the need of a model plant for tree species;
- Vegetative propagation and tissue culture (tree cloning, micropropagation, cryopreservation, callus culture, haploid plants, protoplast isolation, production of secondary metabolites);
- General introduction to the genetically modified trees; Methods of genetic transformation of forest trees (Agrobacterium, biolistic, and electroporation)
- Applications of recombinant DNA technology for the improvement of forest trees
- General introduction to the Omics sciences (genomics, proteomics and metabolomics)
- Sequencing of tree species (history and main methodologies), Next generation sequencing
- Molecular markers history, molecular markers currently used in plant biotechnology
- Marker Assisted Selection

1. Plant Cell Culture, essential methods (2010). Edited by M.R. Davey and P. Anthony. Wiley-Blackwell.
2. Tree biotechnology (2014). Edited by K. G. Ramawat, J. M. Mérillon, M. R. Ahuja. CRC Press.
3. Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century (2012). Edited by Altman A and Hasegawa PM. Accademic Press.
4. Plants, genes, and Crop Biotechnology (2003). Edited by M.J. Chrispeels & D.E. Sadava. Jones and Bartlett publishers.
Non-attending students are encouraged to contact the teacher for information about the program, teaching materials, and how to evaluate the benefit.

FOREST GENETICS

The course is organized into four major sections:
1) summary of basic genetic principles (mendelian and molecular genetics);
2) population genetics;
3) quantitative genetics;
4) basic principles of genetic improvement of forest trees.

1) SUMMARY OF BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES

a) Mendelian genetics
- Mendel's principles
Monohybrid crosses: the principles of dominance and segregation; dihybrid crosses: the principle of independent assortment.
- Extension of Mendel's principles: partial dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, genetic linkage, pleiotropy.

b) Molecular genetics and cytogenetics
- Structures of DNA and RNA.
- The central dogma of molecular biology: replication, transcription and translation, the genetic code.
- Gene structure and regulation.
- The organization of DNA in chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, chromosome theory of inheritance,
- Genomics.
- Mutations.
- Polyploidy.

- Causes and types of variability in forest stands.

2) POPULATION GENETICS
- Genetic structure of populations: genotype and allele frequencies.
- The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium law: assumption and predictions of the law; implications of the law in natural populations.
- Mating systems and inbreeding: influence of inbreeding on genotypic frequencies, inbreeding coefficient, inbreeding depression in forest trees.
- Forces that change allele frequency (evolutionary forces): mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift.

3) QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
- Characteristics of quantitative traits.
- Study of the amount of phenotypic variation for a quantitative trait.; statistical tools: samples and populations, frequency distributions, mean, variance and standard deviation, correlation and regression analyses.
- Estimating the relative contribution of environmental and genetic effects on the observed phenotypic variability: heritability and its estimation in forest species.
- Estimating the genotypic value of parental phenotypes by the analysis of offspring: clonal and breeding values; general combining ability and specific combining ability.
- Genetic gain or genetic progress in a tree improvement program: realized gain and predicted gain on the basis of quantitative genetics theory; clonal and breeding genetic gain.
- Genetic correlations: genetic correlations between two distinct traits (traits/traits correlations); genetics correlations of the same trait expressed at different ages (juvenile/mature correlations); genetic correlations of the same trait expressed in different environments (genotype x environment interaction).

4) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENTS OF FOREST TREES
- Genetic improvements under natural regeneration systems.
- Scope and structure of forest tree improvement programs.
- Population types and activities in the breeding cycle of tree improvement programs.
- Characteristics of different types of populations: base population, selected population, breeding population, external population.
- Propagation population: clonal seed orchards, seedling seed orchards.
- Objectives and functions of genetic tests in the breeding cycle of tree improvement programs.
- Interim options for meeting immediate seed needs for reforestation programs: seed production areas, directed seed collections.

FOREST GENETICS
Notes and slides of the lectures provided by the teacher.
Textbook: Forest Genetics (2009), Editors: White T.L., Adams W.T., Neale D.B. ISBN 9781845932855

PROGRAMME TOPICS

Morphologic and functional features of the main organs of forest trees: adaptation and acclimation

Growth and development of forest trees and responses to environmental factors and stresses

Tree architecture and forest microclimate

Transpiration, water relations and stress

Photosynthesis, respiration and carbon cycle of forest ecosystems

Quantitative methods for forest ecophysiological analyses (lab)

Introduction to ecophysiological process based mathematical models

Textbooks

Thomas P. Trees: their natural history. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons. Plant Physiological Ecology. Second Edition. Springer 2008.

I. Introduction
Soil and its different definitions
Role and position of soils in terrestrial ecosystems
Ecosystem services and soil functions
Concepts of chemical and biological fertility

II. Indicators of soil quality and health
Review of concepts of soil quality, soil health and soil security. Rationale for the use of soil indicators and specific requisites. Physical, chemical and biological indicators. Static and dynamic descriptors.
Pools and processes.
Main bioindicators: definitions and functions.
Soil health and resilience
Soil quality indexes

III. Soil organic matter (SOM)
Main features, composition, physical, chemical and biological properties.
SOM as a complex indicator of soil quality. Quantity and quality of SOM
Role of SOM to maintain soil fertility, to promote carbon storage and as the site of tight interactions with soil biota. Pools of ecological relevance.

IV. Soil microbial biomass
Definition, composition and main characteristics
Factors influencing microbial biomass development. Trophic conditions and adaptation strategies. Functions of soil microrganisms and their specific role within nutrient cycles.
How to study microbial biomass. Quantitative and qualitative approaches. FE method, SIR, multi-SIR, CLPP techniques. Concepts of genetic and functional diversity.
Microbial indexes: the microbial quotient, significance and measurement.

V. Mineralization processes (C & N mineralization)
Significance of mineralization processes to guarantee soil fertility
C mineralization. Soil respiration and its components: definition and measurement
Microbial indexes: the metabolic and the mineralization quotients: significance and measurement
N mineralization. Mineralization potential and in situ measurements

VI. Soil enzymes
Definitions and main features. Notes on enzyme kinetics: general infos. Localization and origin of soil enzymes. Classes of soil enzymes. Functions and stability of enzymes in soil. Immobilized enzymes.
Intra- and extracellular enzymes.
Determination of enzyme activities by means of different methods : colorimetric and fluorimetric techniques. Specific activities. Real and potential activity.

VII. Drivers of global soils change:
Natural and anthropogenic pressures (climate changes, land use changes, pollution)
Threats to soil functions
Soil degradation, soil loss

VIII. How to plan a monitoring activity
WWWHWWW scheme.
Experimental design, sampling schemes.
How to choose the right indicators. New sets of indicators.
Presentation of specific case studies in forest soils

Integrative seminars
To be defined

Laboratory classes
1 - Determination of soil respiration
2 - Determination of acid phosphatase activity

Working group
Reading and discussion of recent literature

Texts
1) Brady NC, Weil RR, 2016
The nature and properties of soils, XV Ed. (Chapt. 1, 11, 12, 20), XIV Ed.(Chapt. 2, 12, 13, 21) or XIII Ed. (Chapt. 1-11-12-20)(University Library)

2) FAO and ITPS., 2015.
Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy (selected chapters)

3) NERI Technical Report No. 388, 2002
Microorganisms as indicators of soil health,

4) European Commission - DG ENV, Report 2010
Soil biodiversity: functions, threats and tools for policy makers,

5) Gardi C., Jeffrey J. , 2009
Soil biodiversity, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports

6) Shukla G., Varma A., 2011,
Soil enzymology –Springer Verlag
(selected chapters)

7) Course slides

Course contents
Monitoring Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): criteria and indicators
Data collection: field survey and remote sensing derived variables
Descriptive statistics
Sampling error and sample size determination
Sampling designs in forest inventories
Integrating remote sensing in forest inventory

Kershaw JA, Ducey MJ, Beers TW, Husch B (2017). Forest mensuration. John Wiley & Sons
Manly BFJ, Navarro Alberto JA (2014). Introduction to ecological sampling. Chapman and Hall/CRC
Johnson EW (2000). Forest sampling desk reference. CRC Press.
GOFC-GOLD (2017). A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables in Tropical Forests with Remote Sensing. Eds: GOFC-GOLD & GEO BON. Report version UNCBD COP-13, GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. ISSN: 2542-6729.

1) Introduction to the Remote Sensing concept
2) The electromagnetic energy and most important equations
3) Reflectance curves
- water and snow
- soils
- vegetation
4) Effect of the vegetation characteristics on the reflectance
5) Remote sensing platforms and sensors
- characteristics of the platforms
- BRDF
- orbits
- main missions (Landsat, Spot, ...)
6) Digital images processing
- structure of the digital data (raster and vector)
- file formats and headers
- data types
7) Digital images visualization
- color visualization
- palette
8) Enhancement of RS images
- false and true color images
- stretch
- filters
- RGB-HSL and pan-sharp
9) Radiometric corrections
- Radiometric calibration
- stripping and other errors correction
10) Geometric corrections
- georeferencing
- orthorectification
- geometric distortions
11) Atmospheric corrections
- effect of the atmosphere on radiation
- path radiance
- image based methods to correct or minimize the atmosphere effect
12) Vegetation indexes and their use, fluorescence
- NDVI
- Soil line based VIs
- PRI
- fluorescence
13) Remote sensing and modeling
- RUE models
- concept of radiative transfer models
14) Model optimization and validation
- model definition and components
- strategy for model validation and optimization
- empirical and process-based models
- multiple constrain in models parameterization
15) Supervised and Unsupervised classifications
- hard and soft classification
- minimum distance and maximum likelihood
- unsupervised clustering
16) Artificial Neural Networks
- principles
- FFBP Neural Networks
- concepts of validation
- applications as soft classification
17) Practical applications
- exercises on the practical tasks
- example of multi-temporal analysis

- Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation - T.M. Lillesand, R.W. Kiefer, J.W. Chipman, Wiley Interational Edition
- Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective - John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Forest Ecosystems - R. H. Waring, S. W. Running, Academic Press
- Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, John R. Jensen, Prentice Hall
- Telerilevamento : manuale teorico pratico per l'elaborazione delle immagini digitali - Niccolò Dainelli, Flaccovio Editore
- Principi e metodi di Telerilevamento - P.A. Brivio, G. Lechi, E. Zilioli, Edizioni CittaStudi
- Telerilevamento: Informazione territoriale mediante immagini da satellite, A. Dermanis, L. Biagi, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

Le invasioni biologiche: concetti generali e glossario; concetto di introduzione, naturalizzazione, acclimatamento e invasione; esempi di invasioni biologiche; fattori associati al rischio di introduzione. Patogeni Invasivi Forestali: dimensione del problema. Corridoi di introduzione: commercio di piante vive; commercio di legname; commercio di semi e materiale di propagazione; corridoi non regolati – manufatti in legno; esempi. Strategie di invasione: ‘host jump’; formazione di ibridi con specie native; evoluzione differenziale. Impatti: economico, sulla biodoversità; sulla fissazione del carbonio; sul patrimonio culturale; esempi. I regolamenti fitosanitari: la convenzione internazionale per la protezione delle piante (ICPP); l’accordo SPS: gli standard internazionali ISPS; le organizzazioni per la protezione delle piante (NPPO, RPPO); EPPO: ruolo e servizi; le liste di organismi da quarantena; gli standard EPPO; la Pest Risk Analysis (PRA). Patogeni Forestali Invasivi: Situazione Europea, vulnerabilità dei singoli stati alle invasioni. La Pest Risk Analysis: concetti e esempi. Problemi dell’attuale legislazione fitosanitaria; possibili soluzioni: la ricerca dei centri di origine dei patogeni forestali; la strategia delle piante sentinella. Introduzione alla diagnostica; diagnostica serologica: anticorpi monoclonali e policlonali; gli antigeni; i test ELISA; metodi molecolari: PCR; concetto di marcatore; caratteristiche dei marcatori per la diagnostica molecolare; primer universali e specifici; applicazioni pratiche; multiplex e nested PCR; PCR quantitativa, TaqMan e SYBR Green; esempi applicativi; prova di vitalità dei patogeni: uso di mRNA come templare; l’approccio dqRT-PCR; l'approciio HTS; uso dei diagnostic standards della EPPO. Monitoraggi fitosanitari: introduzione; proximal e remote sensing, vantaggi e svantaggi. Il monitoraggio fitosanitario in Europa (l’esempio della Francia); situazione dei monitoraggi in Italia. Il monitoraggio ICP delle foreste europee, livello 1 e 2. I virus delle piante: struttura, ciclo, epidemiologia, sintomatologia, tassonomia, diagnosi e controllo. Esempi di malattie evirali. Fitoplasmi e spiroplasmi: struttura, ciclo, epidemiologia, sintomatologia, tassonomia, diagnosi e controllo. Esempi di malattie da Mollicutes. I batteri: struttura, ciclo, epidemiologia, sintomatologia, tassonomia, diagnosi e controllo. Esempi di malattie batteriche. Oomycetes: struttura, ciclo, epidemiologia, sintomatologia, tassonomia, diagnosi e controllo. Esempi di malattie da Phytophthora. Attività di laboratorio: raccolta dei campioni; osservazione allo stereomicroscopio e microscopio ottico; isolamento in coltura pura; applicazione delle chiavi di identificazione; estrazione del DNA da colture fungine; elettroforesi in gel di agarosio; ppreparazione delle reazione per PCR; amplificazione e verifica del risultato (sequenza e BLAST su GeneBank).

Dispense del professore; articoli scientifici; siti web; software online

1. Introduzione e obiettivi del corso. Selvicoltura naturalistica e selvicoltura sostenibile: basi teoriche e principi applicativi. Effetti della selvicoltura sulle caratteristiche genetiche dei boschi. Risorse forestali in Europa: una prospettiva integrata su servizi ecosistemici, disturbi e minacce. Importanza della bioeconomia forestale in Europa.
2. Foreste europee: una panoramica ecologica. Fasce di vegetazione forestale in Italia. Classificazione delle foreste europee. Tipologie di foreste europee: la matrice delle specie forestali. Ripopolamento forestale in Europa nel postglaciale.
3. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste mediterranee: macchia mediterranea, pinete di pini mediterranei (Pinus halepensis, P. pinaster, P. pinea); querceti sempreverdi (Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Q. coccifera). Produzione legnosa delle foreste mediterranee. Selvicoltura di alcune specie forestali minori dell’ambiente Mediterraneo.
4. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste della fascia basale: querceti caducifoglie (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. frainetto, Q. cerris, Q. trojana); castagneti (Castanea sativa). Cenni su latifoglie correlate alle querce (Carpinus spp., Acer spp., Fraxinus spp.). Cenni sulla vegetazione degli ambienti ripariali in Europa. Produzione legnosa delle foreste della fascia basale. Cenni sulla vegetazione degli ambienti ripariali in Europa.
5. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste della fascia montana: Faggete (Fagus sylvatica); Abetine (Abies alba); Pinete montane (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. laricio, P. leucodermis). Cenni sulla selvicoltura delle grandi latifoglie esigenti comuni a più fasce di vegetazione. (Acer spp., Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior, Prunus avium). Produzione legnosa delle foreste montane.
6. Distribuzione, ecologia e selvicoltura delle foreste subalpine: peccete (Picea abies). Lariceti, cembreti, pinete di pino uncinato, mughete (Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, Pinus uncinata, Pinus mugo). Produzione legnosa delle foreste subalpine.
7. Cenni su materiali forestali di moltiplicazione e vivaistica forestale. Piantagioni forestali: finalità e criteri operativi. Cenni su selvicoltura clonale, selvicoltura a turni brevi, ripristino di aree forestali.

Bernetti G., 1995 - Selvicoltura speciale. - UTET, Torino.
Del Favero R.. 2004 - I Boschi delle Regioni Alpine Italiane. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.
Del Favero R.. 2008 - I Boschi delle Regioni Meridionali ed Insulari d’Italia. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.
Del Favero R.. 2010 - I Boschi delle Regioni dell’Italia centrale. Tipologia, funzionamento, selvicoltura. Coop. Libraria Editrice Università di Padova.

I libri sono disponibili presso la biblioteca universitaria o sul web. Il materiale didattico verrà distribuito durante il corso e/o reso disponibile sul web.

Richiamo ad alcuni elementi della scienza e tecnologia del legno. Chimica del legno, cellulosa, emicellulose, estrattivi (terpeni, tannini, chinoni, lignani).
Durabilità del legno. Agenti biotici di degrado, classi di rischio, permeabilità e degrado abiotico.
Organismi nazionali e commissioni europee per la normativa; tipologie di norme tecniche.
Legno solido. Regole per tondo e classificazione del legno per uso strutturale. Normativa tecnica EN. Strutture in edifici storici.
Preservanti e consolidanti del legno.
Modificazione del legno: trattamenti con calore (thermowood, Plato-wood.Moldrup) modificazione chimica (acetilazione, alcol furfurilico, isocianati), proprietà del legno chimicamente modificato.
Adesivi. Legno liquefatto, legno frizionato, colle naturali (proteine, amido, tannini).
Lamellari e pannelli solidi a base di legno: compensati, XLAM, KVH, LVL, PVL etc. EN norme tecniche. Pannelli di particelle (waferboard, flakeboards, OSB) etc.
Compositi a base di fibre (MDF, HDF, LDF), Compositi a base di legno-plastica (WPC), Nanocompositi a base di cellulosa, schiume e aerogels. Bioraffineria, legno riciclato.
Nanoparticelle di lignina e nanofibre di cellulosa.

References
Rowell. 2013. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC Press
Slides of the teacher (first draft).
Ansell M. Wood Composites.
AA.VV. Development of commercial wood preservants.
Tsoumis 1991. Wood Science and Technology
Suggested Review Articles by the teacher.

Il concetto di gestione forestale sostenibile
Le funzioni del bosco
Gli strumenti della gestione forestale sostenibile
Livelli della pianificazione forestale in Italia
Le fasi della pianificazione territoriale e quelle dell’assestamento forestale classico
Definizione di Assestamento forestale
Oggetto, Obiettivo, Attori del Piano di assestamento
La fase conoscitiva del Piano di assestamento
I comparti forestali: compresa, particella, sottoparticella, incluso forestale
Criteri di suddivisione di un a superficie forestale in particelle
Concetto e dimensioni del Bosco normale
I tipi di turno
Tipi di ripresa
L’assestamento del ceduo matricinato: il metodo planimetrico spartitivo e il metodo planimetrico organico
L’assestamento della fustaia coetanea produttiva:
- Normalità planimetrico cronologica, normalità strutturale, normalità provvisionale, normalità incrementale.
- Calcolo della ripresa: Metodo camerale austrico, principio di Paulsen-Hundesagen e formule derivate
Assestamento della fustaia disetanea produttiva:
- Costruzione della curva di distribuzione normale
- Calcolo della ripresa
- Il periodo di curazione
I metodi colturali:
- Metodo del controllo
- Metodo colturale
- ll principio del controllo.
Struttura ed elaborati del Piano di assestamento forestale:
- principali parti della Relazione
- gli allegati
Il quadro di riferimento internazionale della pianificazione forestale:
- La convenzione quadro sui cambiamenti climatici
- La convenzione sulla biodiversità
- La convenzione sulla lotta alla desertificazione
- La conferenza ministeriale per la protezione delle foreste in Europa
- Le direttive Habitat ed Uccelli dell’Unione Europea
La pianificazione forestale di livello territoriale
La Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS)
La Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA)
La pianificazione nelle aree protette e nei siti della rete Natura 2000

Piermaria Corona, Anna Barbati, Barbara Ferrari, Luigi Portoghesi
Pianificazione Ecologica dei Sistemi Forestali
Compagnia delle Foreste, 2011

1. Economics concepts. 1.1 Market equilibrium; 1.2 Close and linear economic model; 1.3 Gross domestic products.
2. Environment Economics. 2.1 Environmental, public and external goods. 2.2 Environmental Kuznets Curve. 2.3 Demand, supply and market equilibrium in the presence of environmental goods. 2.3 Sustainable development. 2.4 Strategies to include the environment in the economic system
3. World Forest heritage. 4.1 Heritage and distribution; 4.2 Qualification; 4.3 Degradation processes.
4. Forest natural capital and forest ecosystem services. 3.1 Natural Capital. 3.2 Forest natural capital. 3.3 Ecosystem services: source, characters, role, and classification
5. Sustainable management of forest resources. 5.1 Sustainable Forest Management and Sustainability Types. 5.2 Sustainable management of forests, wildlife, grazing and tourism.
6. Institutions and forestry policies: 6.1 Cycle of policy. 6.2 International forest policy system. 6.3 Type of fest policies. 6.4 International forest institution and policies. 6.5 Regional forest institution and policy. 6.6 European forest institution and policy.
7. Forest protection and enhancement tools: 7.1 policy tools; 7.2 legal and regulatory tools; 7.3 Financial; 7.4 market-based; 7.5 Volunteers, 7.6 Negotiators, 7.7 Consumer orientation.
8. Evaluation of forest ecosystem services: Total economic value. Methods of assessment of environmental assets: a) market approaches; (B) non-market approaches.
9. Environmental investment assessment: cost-effectiveness analysis; cost benefit analysis.
10. Environmental evaluation tools: Strategic environmental evaluation; Environmental Impact Assessment; Assessment of Environmental Incidence.

Turner R.K., Pearce D., Bateman I., 1993. Environmental Economics. The Johns Hopkins. University Press, Baltimore
Other material: scientific articles, relevant documents, power point presentations, will be produced from the theacher.

Program
The Vertebrates, origin, general features and classification of the lineage (subphylum).
Fishes: general features and diversity; notes on the freshwater Italian fish fauna .
Amphibians: general features, adaptations, diversity and classification; salamanders and frogs of the Italian fauna.
Reptiles: general features, adaptations, diversity and classification; terrestrial and freshwater reptiles fauna of the Italian region.
Birds: general features, adaptations, diversity and classification; the Italian avifauna especially with regard to forest and montane ecosystems; notes on birds of wetlands and coastal areas.
Mammals: general features, adaptations, diversity and classification; terrestrial mammals of the Italian fauna, with particular references to forest and montane ecosystems (hints on marine Italian mammals).

Aspects of conservation of terrestrial vertebrates of the Italian fauna (extinct species, endangered species, non-native species, problematic species).
Biogeography of terrestrial vertebrates of the Italian fauna.

Textbooks
Generality
Baccetti et al., Zoologia - Trattato italiano - Grasso Editoriale, pp. 953-1193.
Westheide W., Rieger R., 2011. Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli.


Italian fauna
AA. VV., Wildlife in Italy. Touring Club Italiano:
Cap. Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals, pp. 120-149; Cap. Birds, pp. 150-162; Cap. Fishes [no]; Cap. Birds of freshwater habitats, pp. 198-202; Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti costieri, pp. 242-246

Class presentations and other materials (papers, pdf, internet sites, ecc.)

Generality
Baccetti et al., Zoologia - Trattato italiano - Grasso Editoriale, pp. 953-1193.
Westheide W., Rieger R., 2011. Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli.


Italian fauna
AA. VV., Wildlife in Italy. Touring Club Italiano:
Cap. Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals, pp. 120-149; Cap. Birds, pp. 150-162; Cap. Fishes [no]; Cap. Birds of freshwater habitats, pp. 198-202; Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti costieri, pp. 242-246

Class presentations and other materials (papers, pdf, internet sites, ecc.)

-Definizione portata di progetto e idrogramma di progetto;
-Tempo di Ritorno: significato, equazione, e implicazioni pratiche;
-Formula Razionale, teoria e pratica;
- Curve IDF - Intensità-Durata-Frequenza, teoria e pratica (Laboratorio con Excel);
- Modelli afflussi-deflussi per approcci a scala di evento;
- Ietogramma di progetto;
- Stima della precipitazione netta, il metodo NRCS-CN;
- Trasformazione afflussi-deflussi, approccio IUH e WFIUH;
- Strumenti GIS per applicazioni idrologiche;
- Software EBA4SUB: introduzione e discussione dei progetti (Laboratorio+lezioni frontali);
- Applicazione su casi di studio reali.

Chow, Maidment, Mays., Applied Hydrology, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, 1988