Degree Course: Sustainable management of forest and urban green space Syllabus for A.Y. 2022/2023

Internazionale- GESTIONE DEL VERDE URBANO E PERIURBANO

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
17863 - Organic chemistry and principles of general chemistry (objectives) The course is structured to provide students with a basic knowledge of Organic Chemistry, supported by the Elements of General Chemistry, to achieve the following educational objectives: 1) Knowledge and understanding. Provide a basic understanding of the structure, nomenclature, properties and reactivity of the main compounds. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding. Develop the ability to connect the topics of the course and also be able to explain phenomena related to problems of everyday life. 3) Making judgements. Develop the ability to analyze data, interpret and solve the exercises. 4) Communication skills. Develop the ability to describe course topics with language properties, clarity, synthesis skills and critical meaning. 5) Learning skills. Learn the tools to use for solving exercises. - Derived from 17863 Chimica organica ed elementi di chimica generale in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 BERNINI Roberta (syllabus) The course program includes two parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of General Chemistry, useful for understanding the second part of the course, devoted to Organic Chemistry, which is the predominant part of the course. The following are the topics covered. (1) Elements of General Chemistry. Atoms. Isotopes. Orbitals. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table. Periodic properties. Valence electrons. Rule of the octet. Chemical bonds. Moles. Avogadro's number. Balancing of chemical reactions. Chemical behaviour of the most common inorganic compounds. Stoichiometric calculations. Solutions. Units of concentration measurement. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Theories of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids and bases. pH. Oxidation-reduction reactions. (2) Organic Chemistry. Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Reactions in organic chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. (reference books) It is recommended to study the topics of the course using the lecturer's slides, made available on the Moodle platform, deepening the topics and doing the exercises available in the textbooks. The proposed texts are as follows: (1) Fondamenti di Chimica Generale - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education (2) Chimica Organica Essenziale - B. Botta, Edi-ermes	8	CHIM/06	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119689 - Mathematics (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide mathematical formalization and modeling tools, which can be used in various application contexts. The expected learning outcomes are as follows. 1. Knowledge and understanding: knowing and understanding the mathematical models and the algorithmic methods used in the description and solution of application problems. 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to be able to solve application problems using the methods studied. 3. Autonomy of judgment: knowing how to use the acquired knowledge to express autonomous evaluation in the different application contexts. 4. Communication skills: acquire the rigorous language typical of mathematics to communicate clearly and without ambiguity with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors. 5. Learning skills: develop adequate skills that allow you to autonomously explore mathematical issues in the contexts in which you will be working. - Derived from 14618 Matematica ed elementi di Fisica in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 0 Nobili Paolo	6	MAT/09	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
18183 - English language (objectives) EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. Lectures are partly organised in in-class practice tests coherent with the International Preliminary English Test (PET). A selection of scientific texts, uploaded to the Moodle page of the course, will be analyzed so that to build lexical knowledge and debating skills related to Natural Sciences subjects. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 14789 Lingua inglese in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 HERNANDEZ BORRAYO Elizabeth (syllabus) PROGRAM: B1 Grammar topics These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at the B1 level, such as Cambridge English Preliminary: Adverbs Both, either, neither A broader range of intensifiers; So, such, too, enough Comparatives and superlatives Question tags Conditionals: 0, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Connecting words expressing cause and effect, contrast, etc. (Linking words) Embedded questions Future (present simple, present continuous, going to+verb, will/shall), Will and going to, for prediction Modals - must/can’t, a deduction Modals – might, may, will, probably Modals – should have/might have/etc Modals: must/have to Present simple/present continuous Past simple/Past continuous Present Perfect/Past perfect Present/Future and Past tense responses Phrasal verbs, extended Prepositions of place and movement Present perfect continuous Present perfect/past simple Reported speech (range of tenses) Passive and Active voice: simple passive Wh- questions in the present, future, and past You can also see which grammar topics are associated with other CEF levels. Vocabulary Topics All the words in this section are in the Cambridge PET word list. These are the important words you need to know to pass an exam at B1 level. Appliances \| Buildings \| Clothes \| Colours \| Education \| Entertainment and Media \| Environment \| Food and Drink \| Health, Medicine and Exercise \| Hobbies and Leisure \| House and Home \| Language \| Personal Feelings, Opinions and Experiences \| Places: Countryside \| Places: Town and City \| Services \| Shopping \| Sport \| Technology and Communications \| The Natural World \| Travel and Transport \| Weather \| Work and Jobs Vocabulary learning tips Read as much as possible. If you come across a word you don't know, write it down or look it up. Use a dictionary. Many browsers include dictionaries. If you are reading online, you may be able to right-click on a word to look it up. Sign up for a 'word a day' email. Think of ways of remembering words. Do they sound like a word in your own language? Remember words are often used together with other words. Try to learn these 'collocations'. (reference books) Bibliography - Texts: 1. Barbara Centi (Autore). "ECOF@RMING. Farming practices for a Green World", ISBN 99788820366421. HOEPLI Editore. 2. Helen Stephenson (Autore), Paul Dummett (Autore), John Hughes, "LIFE PRE-INTERMEDIATE 2nd. Edition". Student's book and workbook; Student's book Build Up con CD, DVD-ROM, con e-book e con espansione online e contenuto digitale per download e accesso on line. Editore: ELI, Collana:Inglese corsi ESP, Data di Pubblicazione:2018, EAN:9788853625144, ISBN:8853625147 - (3 Books). 3. Raymond Murphy (Author), Lelio Pallini (Author); "Essential Grammar in Use, con soluzioni ed eBook, Quarta edizione. Grammatica di base della lingua inglese". ISBN 9781316509029. 4. B1 Preliminary for Schools practice tests, for Revised exam from 2020 con CD-Audio e file audio per il download. ISBN 9788853627872. Editore: ELI, Collana: Certificazioni, Data di Pubblicazione:2020. EAN: 9788853627872, ISBN: 8853627875. 176 pages. 5. Dispense di Grammatica livello A2-B1+. "Bringing National Geographic to Life" - https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/NGLandLife	6	L-LIN/12	48	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
119690 - Geology (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) to provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterise the national territory. Considering that the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010 has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge of the primary dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system and the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to clearly distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language related to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area) and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then, data will be acquired for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) Lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course) Recommended texts GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/	6	GEO/02	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118646 - Botany
- Biologia delle piante (objectives) "Biologia delle Piante" Knowledge and understanding Basic knowledge about plant structure and functioning as a result of evolution and environmental response. Understanding of the connections between cellular, histological and organ organization levels and the vegetative and reproductive differences among the main taxonomical groups of plants. Comprehension of the role of plants as producers in natural and artificial ecosystems. Applying knowledge and understanding The knowledge on plant structure and processes will give the scientific bases to develop quantitative laboratory or field methods for studying and monitoring plants and plant communities response to environmental changes. Making judgements Skills and knowledge acquired will provide the scientific bases to develop the ability of analyze the state of plants in relation to the environment and the impacts at the environmental or productive level. Communication skills The knowledge acquired will allow to communicate at the scientific or technical level on topics regarding plant biology, the role of plant in the biosphere, ecosystem response to climate change. Learning skills The scientific knowledge acquired will build the scientific bases for studying plant biology and accessing advanced studies on basic and applied plant biology. "Diversità vegetale" Theoretical-practical course for students of the three-year degree "Sustainable management of forests and urban greenery" aimed at the acquisition of knowledge on plant diversity at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks; correct use of the nomenclature for plant taxa; use of species identification techniques; acquiring the ability to recognize in the field the different taxa and the most common families of angiosperms of the Italian flora. - Di Filippo Alfredo (syllabus) The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions. Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells. The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata. Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics. Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots. Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels. Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport . Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes: phylum Pterophyta (ferns) phylum Conipherophyta (conifers) phylum Antophyta (angiosperms) Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination. Flower structure in plants. The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.). Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees. The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients. Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism. (reference books) Suggested Textbooks: Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin. Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli. Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli. Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119691 - Applied physics (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with the tools to know and understand the basics of Physics and its applications to technology and the environment, necessary for courses in the following years. The expected learning outcomes are as follows. 1. Knowledge and understanding: to know and understand the basics of Physics and the applications to technologies and the environment. 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to be able to solve application problems using the methods studied. 3. Autonomy of judgement: to be able to use the acquired knowledge to express autonomous judgement in different application contexts. 4. Communication skills: to acquire the technical language of physics in order to communicate clearly and unambiguously with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors. 5. Learning ability: to develop adequate skills to be able to independently investigate topics in the contexts in which one will be working. The student will have to demonstrate the ability to synthesise, ownership of language, clarity of exposition, judgement, knowledge of topics and ownership of language. - MONARCA Danilo (syllabus) Introduction to the course. Systems and units of measurement. Scalar and vector quantities. Sum and product of vectors. 1. Kinematics of the material point: displacement velocity, acceleration. Laws of circular motion. 2. Material point dynamics: Newton's laws. Conservative and non-conservative forces. work, energy and power. 3. Dynamics of particle systems and rigid bodies. Rototranslational motion. 4. Dynamics of fluids. Pressure, Pascal's Laws, Bernoulli's Theorem. 5. Applications and solution of exercises on items 1-4 in list 6. Heat and Temperature. Thermodynamic Systems. Internal Energy and Entropy. First, second and third principles of thermodynamics. Hints and basic principles about motors (reference books) Lecture slides can be downloaded from Moodle. We also recommend a Physics text (e.g. Fundamentals of Physics. Mechanics, Waves, Thermodynamics, by Halliday Resnick and Walker)	6	FIS/07	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	- -	ITA
119692 - Wildlife management (objectives) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The student must acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of wildlife management, including the biology, ecology, and behavior of wildlife species. This includes knowledge of species interactions with their habitats and the factors influencing population dynamics. The student should understand the policies, regulations, and practices of wildlife conservation and management, including methods for monitoring and evaluating wildlife populations. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The student must demonstrate the ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations in wildlife management. This includes proficiency in the use of techniques for detecting, monitoring, and managing wildlife populations, including in urban environments. The student should be able to develop and implement wildlife management plans that consider ecological, economic, and social needs, as well as current regulations. MAKING JUDGEMENTS The student must be capable of making informed and independent decisions regarding wildlife management strategies and interventions. This includes assessing the impacts of human activities on wildlife populations and vice versa and selecting appropriate mitigation measures. The student should be able to critically evaluate the ethical and sustainable implications of wildlife management practices, considering animal welfare and the conservation of agroecosystems. COMMUNICATION SKILLS The student should be able to effectively communicate wildlife management concepts and practices to a variety of audiences, including peers, administrators, and the general public. This includes the ability to prepare and present clear and informative reports on topics related to wildlife management. The student must demonstrate proficiency in both written and oral communication, using appropriate scientific terminology and adapting the language to meet the needs of different audiences, whether they are experts or laypersons. LEARNING SKILLS The student must be able to independently seek out and interpret scientific literature on wildlife management, keeping up-to-date with advancements in the field. The student should demonstrate the ability to engage in continuous professional development, utilizing the knowledge and skills acquired during the course to adapt to new challenges and opportunities in wildlife management. This includes the capability to undertake further specialized training or research in the sector. - Primi Riccardo (syllabus) Frontal lessons • Introduction to the course and concept of wildlife management. Concept of species and population. Population parameters • Wildlife and hunting planning of the territory, main regulations • Environmental suitability for wildlife; general information and methods of study • Ecological models • Environmental improvements (periodic, permanent, etc.). • Main techniques for monitoring and counting wild populations • Systematic classification of Italian ungulates with elements of biology, ecology and management (cervidae, bovidae and suidae) • Systematic classification of Italian lagomorphs with elements of biology, ecology and management • Elements of wolf biology, ecology and management • Elements of biology, ecology and management of the brown bear • Elements of biology, ecology and bird management • Elements of biology, ecology and management of alien species • Concepts of wildlife-hunting management: monitoring, wildlife immissions, sustainable collection • Wildlife interaction in agro-forestry and urban environments, types of damage, means of prevention • Evaluation of the impacts. • Elements of wildlife breeding; notes on the main deer, suidae, lagomorphs, galliformes (meat production, reintroduction, restocking) Tutorials: Recognition of wild species and presence indices, censuses, visits to wildlife farms Seminars (reference books) o Linee guida per la gestione degli Ungulati. Cervidi e Bovidi. Ispra, Manuali e Linee Guida 91/2013 o Mammiferi d’Italia, 2002. A cura di Mario Spagnesi e Anna Maria De Marinis, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della tutela del territorio, Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica. Quad. Cons. Natura 14. o Manuale di gestione della fauna. A cura di Francesco Riga e Sandro Lovari. Greentime ed. o Manuale di gestione della fauna urbana. Approccio alla biodiversità e all'ecologia in città. A cura di Stefano Ferretti e Giorgio Chiaranz. Il Piviere ed. o Il Lagomorfi in Italia. Linee guida per la conservazione e gestione. A cura di Valter Trocchi e Francesco Riga, 2005. Ed. Min. Politiche Agricole e Forestali – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica. Documenti Tecnici 25. o Linee guida per la gestione del Cinghiale, 2003. A cura di Monaco A., Franzetti B., Pedrotti L. e Toso S., Ed. Min. Politiche Agricole e Forestali – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica Other study material provided by the teacher	6	AGR/19	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119693 - Geographic Information Systems (objectives) The course provides fundamental knowledge of traditional and digital cartography. Students will acquire specific skills in producing digital maps through the acquisition, processing, and presentation of geographic data. During the course, students apply the concepts learned to real case studies, often in connection with other disciplines. Students will be guided through the development of a project related to a study area proposed by the instructor. The project is completed partly during guided exercises within the course and partly independently by the student. Students may organize into workgroups to enhance their presentation skills and ability to work collaboratively. - Ripa Maria Nicolina (syllabus) Cartography Elements of geodesy - Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations - Main cartographic projection systems - Main cartographic representation systems - Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga - Reading and content of national cartography - Altimetry Thematic cartography (forest and environmental). - Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.). The GPS (Global Position System) system - Operating principles - GPS surveys in forest environment Elements of numerical cartography and GIS - Generalities and functions of the GIS - Data representation models: raster and vector formats, - Georeferencing and related issues, - Concept of scale - Main functions of a GIS - Spatial analysis - Digital terrain models, Elements of analysis of remote sensing images - Aerial photos - Orthophoto card - Satellite images - Characteristics of the products available - Quickbird - Ikonos - Sentinel (reference books) Notes provided on moodle Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore. Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano	6	AGR/10	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118646 - Botany
- Diversità vegetale (objectives) Theoretical-practical course for students of the three-year degree "Sustainable management of forests and urban greenery" aimed at the acquisition of knowledge on plant diversity at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks; correct use of the nomenclature for plant taxa; use of species identification techniques; acquiring the ability to recognize in the field the different taxa and the most common families of angiosperms of the Italian flora. - CANCELLIERI Laura (syllabus) - Introduction to the course. Introduction to botany. Botany is the science that studies plant organisms. Study of plant diversity. - Concept of species, systematics, and taxonomy. Methods of classification. Artificial and natural classification systems. Analogy and homology. The taxonomic ranks. The species: morphological concept and biological concept. Phylogenetic classification. Nomenclature. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Main and secondary ranks. Subspecies, varieties, and cultivars. Main rules of the code. Taxon of hybrid origin. Speciation in plants. Polyploid speciation. Apomixis or Agamospermia. Introgression. - Prokaryotes: Cyanobacteria: outline of cytology, motility, heterocysts. Biological fixation of nitrogen. Systematics. Ecological and evolutionary importance. Cyanobacteria in the mountains. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (notes on general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae. Freshwater algae. Algae and eutrophication. - Mushrooms: Distinctive characters, elements on morphology, and reproduction. Main phyla (Zygomycota, Myxomycota, Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). Ecological importance. Yeasts. Lichens. Mycorrhizae. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Emergence from the water. Phylogenetic relationships between the main groups of terrestrial plants. The great stages in the evolution of plant organisms. Paleobotany. - Bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or pteridophytes: general characters, diagnostic characters, reproduction, hints of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida with examples and observation of fresh material). - Vascular plants with seeds: Gymnosperms: outline of general diagnostic characters, of systematics (and ecology). The angiosperms: general characteristics; diversity and hints on evolution; evolution of the floral morphology; the fruit; hints of systematics; Comparison between the “classical” (Cronquist's system) and molecular (APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) subdivision into families. Main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora (according to APG), diagnostic characters, and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). - basal angiosperms (Nymphaeaceae) - the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids: Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae). - Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae. - Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae. Orobancaceae. - identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti), the Portal to the flora of Italy 2020.1. - Notes on Italian vascular flora: native and allochthonous flora, notes on ranges and biological forms. - Erbari, the Herbarium of Tuscia. How to make a personal herbarium. (reference books) Libri principali: • Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., ultima edizione - Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin. • Y. Fragnière et al. – “Connaissances botaniques de base en un coup d’oeil” – Ulmer	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

Internazionale - SISTEMI FORESTALI E GESTIONE DELLE AREE PROTETTE

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
17863 - Organic chemistry and principles of general chemistry (objectives) The course is structured to provide students with a basic knowledge of Organic Chemistry, supported by the Elements of General Chemistry, to achieve the following educational objectives: 1) Knowledge and understanding. Provide a basic understanding of the structure, nomenclature, properties and reactivity of the main compounds. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding. Develop the ability to connect the topics of the course and also be able to explain phenomena related to problems of everyday life. 3) Making judgements. Develop the ability to analyze data, interpret and solve the exercises. 4) Communication skills. Develop the ability to describe course topics with language properties, clarity, synthesis skills and critical meaning. 5) Learning skills. Learn the tools to use for solving exercises. - Derived from 17863 Chimica organica ed elementi di chimica generale in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 BERNINI Roberta (syllabus) The course program includes two parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of General Chemistry, useful for understanding the second part of the course, devoted to Organic Chemistry, which is the predominant part of the course. The following are the topics covered. (1) Elements of General Chemistry. Atoms. Isotopes. Orbitals. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table. Periodic properties. Valence electrons. Rule of the octet. Chemical bonds. Moles. Avogadro's number. Balancing of chemical reactions. Chemical behaviour of the most common inorganic compounds. Stoichiometric calculations. Solutions. Units of concentration measurement. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Theories of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids and bases. pH. Oxidation-reduction reactions. (2) Organic Chemistry. Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Reactions in organic chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. (reference books) It is recommended to study the topics of the course using the lecturer's slides, made available on the Moodle platform, deepening the topics and doing the exercises available in the textbooks. The proposed texts are as follows: (1) Fondamenti di Chimica Generale - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education (2) Chimica Organica Essenziale - B. Botta, Edi-ermes	8	CHIM/06	64	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119689 - Mathematics (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide mathematical formalization and modeling tools, which can be used in various application contexts. The expected learning outcomes are as follows. 1. Knowledge and understanding: knowing and understanding the mathematical models and the algorithmic methods used in the description and solution of application problems. 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to be able to solve application problems using the methods studied. 3. Autonomy of judgment: knowing how to use the acquired knowledge to express autonomous evaluation in the different application contexts. 4. Communication skills: acquire the rigorous language typical of mathematics to communicate clearly and without ambiguity with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors. 5. Learning skills: develop adequate skills that allow you to autonomously explore mathematical issues in the contexts in which you will be working. - Derived from 14618 Matematica ed elementi di Fisica in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 0 Nobili Paolo	6	MAT/09	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
18183 - English language (objectives) EDUCATIONAL AIMS: The course aims to develop language skills at a pre-intermediate level (B1 in The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages), focusing on building essential grammatical and lexical foundations. Lectures are partly organised in in-class practice tests coherent with the International Preliminary English Test (PET). A selection of scientific texts, uploaded to the Moodle page of the course, will be analyzed so that to build lexical knowledge and debating skills related to Natural Sciences subjects. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student can: - understand texts that consist mainly of high-frequency everyday or job-related language; - understand the description of events, feelings, and wishes in personal letters; - understand the main points of clear standard speech on familiar matters; - enter into a conversation on topics that are familiar, of personal interest or pertinent to everyday life; - connect phrases in a simple way in order to describe experiences and events, his/her dreams, hopes and ambitions; - briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions related to scientific topics as well; - write simple connected text on topics that are familiar or of personal interest; - write personal letters describing experiences and impressions, and short stories sticking to specific hints. - Derived from 14789 Lingua inglese in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (L-25) L-25 HERNANDEZ BORRAYO Elizabeth (syllabus) PROGRAM: B1 Grammar topics These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at the B1 level, such as Cambridge English Preliminary: Adverbs Both, either, neither A broader range of intensifiers; So, such, too, enough Comparatives and superlatives Question tags Conditionals: 0, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Connecting words expressing cause and effect, contrast, etc. (Linking words) Embedded questions Future (present simple, present continuous, going to+verb, will/shall), Will and going to, for prediction Modals - must/can’t, a deduction Modals – might, may, will, probably Modals – should have/might have/etc Modals: must/have to Present simple/present continuous Past simple/Past continuous Present Perfect/Past perfect Present/Future and Past tense responses Phrasal verbs, extended Prepositions of place and movement Present perfect continuous Present perfect/past simple Reported speech (range of tenses) Passive and Active voice: simple passive Wh- questions in the present, future, and past You can also see which grammar topics are associated with other CEF levels. Vocabulary Topics All the words in this section are in the Cambridge PET word list. These are the important words you need to know to pass an exam at B1 level. Appliances \| Buildings \| Clothes \| Colours \| Education \| Entertainment and Media \| Environment \| Food and Drink \| Health, Medicine and Exercise \| Hobbies and Leisure \| House and Home \| Language \| Personal Feelings, Opinions and Experiences \| Places: Countryside \| Places: Town and City \| Services \| Shopping \| Sport \| Technology and Communications \| The Natural World \| Travel and Transport \| Weather \| Work and Jobs Vocabulary learning tips Read as much as possible. If you come across a word you don't know, write it down or look it up. Use a dictionary. Many browsers include dictionaries. If you are reading online, you may be able to right-click on a word to look it up. Sign up for a 'word a day' email. Think of ways of remembering words. Do they sound like a word in your own language? Remember words are often used together with other words. Try to learn these 'collocations'. (reference books) Bibliography - Texts: 1. Barbara Centi (Autore). "ECOF@RMING. Farming practices for a Green World", ISBN 99788820366421. HOEPLI Editore. 2. Helen Stephenson (Autore), Paul Dummett (Autore), John Hughes, "LIFE PRE-INTERMEDIATE 2nd. Edition". Student's book and workbook; Student's book Build Up con CD, DVD-ROM, con e-book e con espansione online e contenuto digitale per download e accesso on line. Editore: ELI, Collana:Inglese corsi ESP, Data di Pubblicazione:2018, EAN:9788853625144, ISBN:8853625147 - (3 Books). 3. Raymond Murphy (Author), Lelio Pallini (Author); "Essential Grammar in Use, con soluzioni ed eBook, Quarta edizione. Grammatica di base della lingua inglese". ISBN 9781316509029. 4. B1 Preliminary for Schools practice tests, for Revised exam from 2020 con CD-Audio e file audio per il download. ISBN 9788853627872. Editore: ELI, Collana: Certificazioni, Data di Pubblicazione:2020. EAN: 9788853627872, ISBN: 8853627875. 176 pages. 5. Dispense di Grammatica livello A2-B1+. "Bringing National Geographic to Life" - https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/NGLandLife	6	L-LIN/12	48	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Geologia (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 119690 Geologia in Gestione sostenibile delle foreste e del verde urbano L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) Lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentazioni delle lezioni e materiale didattico integrativo Tutte le presentazioni delle lezioni, dispense ed altro materiale didattico integrativo sono scaricabili dalla piattaforma moodle. Il materiale è protetto da una password che verrà fornita agli studenti che frequentano il corso (la password per aprire i file può essere richiesta in qualsiasi momento al docente mandando una mail a sermad@unitus.it specificando anno di frequenza, matricola e corso). Testi consigliati PRESS F. ,SIEVER R., GROTZINGER J.,JORDAN T.H - Capire La Terra A cura di Lupia Palmieri E. Casa editrice Zanichelli GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/	6	GEO/02	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118646 - Botany
- Biologia delle piante (objectives) "Biologia delle Piante" Knowledge and understanding Basic knowledge about plant structure and functioning as a result of evolution and environmental response. Understanding of the connections between cellular, histological and organ organization levels and the vegetative and reproductive differences among the main taxonomical groups of plants. Comprehension of the role of plants as producers in natural and artificial ecosystems. Applying knowledge and understanding The knowledge on plant structure and processes will give the scientific bases to develop quantitative laboratory or field methods for studying and monitoring plants and plant communities response to environmental changes. Making judgements Skills and knowledge acquired will provide the scientific bases to develop the ability of analyze the state of plants in relation to the environment and the impacts at the environmental or productive level. Communication skills The knowledge acquired will allow to communicate at the scientific or technical level on topics regarding plant biology, the role of plant in the biosphere, ecosystem response to climate change. Learning skills The scientific knowledge acquired will build the scientific bases for studying plant biology and accessing advanced studies on basic and applied plant biology. "Diversità vegetale" Theoretical-practical course for students of the three-year degree "Sustainable management of forests and urban greenery" aimed at the acquisition of knowledge on plant diversity at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks; correct use of the nomenclature for plant taxa; use of species identification techniques; acquiring the ability to recognize in the field the different taxa and the most common families of angiosperms of the Italian flora. - Di Filippo Alfredo (syllabus) The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions. Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids). Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells. The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata. Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics. Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots. Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels. Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport . Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver). Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes: phylum Pterophyta (ferns) phylum Conipherophyta (conifers) phylum Antophyta (angiosperms) Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination. Flower structure in plants. The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.). Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees. The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients. Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism. (reference books) Suggested Textbooks: Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin. Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli. Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli. Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119691 - Applied physics (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with the tools to know and understand the basics of Physics and its applications to technology and the environment, necessary for courses in the following years. The expected learning outcomes are as follows. 1. Knowledge and understanding: to know and understand the basics of Physics and the applications to technologies and the environment. 2. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: to be able to solve application problems using the methods studied. 3. Autonomy of judgement: to be able to use the acquired knowledge to express autonomous judgement in different application contexts. 4. Communication skills: to acquire the technical language of physics in order to communicate clearly and unambiguously with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors. 5. Learning ability: to develop adequate skills to be able to independently investigate topics in the contexts in which one will be working. The student will have to demonstrate the ability to synthesise, ownership of language, clarity of exposition, judgement, knowledge of topics and ownership of language. - MONARCA Danilo (syllabus) Introduction to the course. Systems and units of measurement. Scalar and vector quantities. Sum and product of vectors. 1. Kinematics of the material point: displacement velocity, acceleration. Laws of circular motion. 2. Material point dynamics: Newton's laws. Conservative and non-conservative forces. work, energy and power. 3. Dynamics of particle systems and rigid bodies. Rototranslational motion. 4. Dynamics of fluids. Pressure, Pascal's Laws, Bernoulli's Theorem. 5. Applications and solution of exercises on items 1-4 in list 6. Heat and Temperature. Thermodynamic Systems. Internal Energy and Entropy. First, second and third principles of thermodynamics. Hints and basic principles about motors (reference books) Lecture slides can be downloaded from Moodle. We also recommend a Physics text (e.g. Fundamentals of Physics. Mechanics, Waves, Thermodynamics, by Halliday Resnick and Walker)	6	FIS/07	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	- -	ITA
119692 - Wildlife management (objectives) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The student must acquire a thorough understanding of the fundamental principles of wildlife management, including the biology, ecology, and behavior of wildlife species. This includes knowledge of species interactions with their habitats and the factors influencing population dynamics. The student should understand the policies, regulations, and practices of wildlife conservation and management, including methods for monitoring and evaluating wildlife populations. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The student must demonstrate the ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations in wildlife management. This includes proficiency in the use of techniques for detecting, monitoring, and managing wildlife populations, including in urban environments. The student should be able to develop and implement wildlife management plans that consider ecological, economic, and social needs, as well as current regulations. MAKING JUDGEMENTS The student must be capable of making informed and independent decisions regarding wildlife management strategies and interventions. This includes assessing the impacts of human activities on wildlife populations and vice versa and selecting appropriate mitigation measures. The student should be able to critically evaluate the ethical and sustainable implications of wildlife management practices, considering animal welfare and the conservation of agroecosystems. COMMUNICATION SKILLS The student should be able to effectively communicate wildlife management concepts and practices to a variety of audiences, including peers, administrators, and the general public. This includes the ability to prepare and present clear and informative reports on topics related to wildlife management. The student must demonstrate proficiency in both written and oral communication, using appropriate scientific terminology and adapting the language to meet the needs of different audiences, whether they are experts or laypersons. LEARNING SKILLS The student must be able to independently seek out and interpret scientific literature on wildlife management, keeping up-to-date with advancements in the field. The student should demonstrate the ability to engage in continuous professional development, utilizing the knowledge and skills acquired during the course to adapt to new challenges and opportunities in wildlife management. This includes the capability to undertake further specialized training or research in the sector. - Primi Riccardo (syllabus) Frontal lessons • Introduction to the course and concept of wildlife management. Concept of species and population. Population parameters • Wildlife and hunting planning of the territory, main regulations • Environmental suitability for wildlife; general information and methods of study • Ecological models • Environmental improvements (periodic, permanent, etc.). • Main techniques for monitoring and counting wild populations • Systematic classification of Italian ungulates with elements of biology, ecology and management (cervidae, bovidae and suidae) • Systematic classification of Italian lagomorphs with elements of biology, ecology and management • Elements of wolf biology, ecology and management • Elements of biology, ecology and management of the brown bear • Elements of biology, ecology and bird management • Elements of biology, ecology and management of alien species • Concepts of wildlife-hunting management: monitoring, wildlife immissions, sustainable collection • Wildlife interaction in agro-forestry and urban environments, types of damage, means of prevention • Evaluation of the impacts. • Elements of wildlife breeding; notes on the main deer, suidae, lagomorphs, galliformes (meat production, reintroduction, restocking) Tutorials: Recognition of wild species and presence indices, censuses, visits to wildlife farms Seminars (reference books) o Linee guida per la gestione degli Ungulati. Cervidi e Bovidi. Ispra, Manuali e Linee Guida 91/2013 o Mammiferi d’Italia, 2002. A cura di Mario Spagnesi e Anna Maria De Marinis, Ministero dell’Ambiente e della tutela del territorio, Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvatica. Quad. Cons. Natura 14. o Manuale di gestione della fauna. A cura di Francesco Riga e Sandro Lovari. Greentime ed. o Manuale di gestione della fauna urbana. Approccio alla biodiversità e all'ecologia in città. A cura di Stefano Ferretti e Giorgio Chiaranz. Il Piviere ed. o Il Lagomorfi in Italia. Linee guida per la conservazione e gestione. A cura di Valter Trocchi e Francesco Riga, 2005. Ed. Min. Politiche Agricole e Forestali – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica. Documenti Tecnici 25. o Linee guida per la gestione del Cinghiale, 2003. A cura di Monaco A., Franzetti B., Pedrotti L. e Toso S., Ed. Min. Politiche Agricole e Forestali – Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica Other study material provided by the teacher	6	AGR/19	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119693 - Geographic Information Systems (objectives) The course provides fundamental knowledge of traditional and digital cartography. Students will acquire specific skills in producing digital maps through the acquisition, processing, and presentation of geographic data. During the course, students apply the concepts learned to real case studies, often in connection with other disciplines. Students will be guided through the development of a project related to a study area proposed by the instructor. The project is completed partly during guided exercises within the course and partly independently by the student. Students may organize into workgroups to enhance their presentation skills and ability to work collaboratively. - Ripa Maria Nicolina (syllabus) Cartography Elements of geodesy - Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations - Main cartographic projection systems - Main cartographic representation systems - Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga - Reading and content of national cartography - Altimetry Thematic cartography (forest and environmental). - Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.). The GPS (Global Position System) system - Operating principles - GPS surveys in forest environment Elements of numerical cartography and GIS - Generalities and functions of the GIS - Data representation models: raster and vector formats, - Georeferencing and related issues, - Concept of scale - Main functions of a GIS - Spatial analysis - Digital terrain models, Elements of analysis of remote sensing images - Aerial photos - Orthophoto card - Satellite images - Characteristics of the products available - Quickbird - Ikonos - Sentinel (reference books) Notes provided on moodle Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore. Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano	6	AGR/10	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Pedologia (objectives) "Modulo di Geologia" The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) to provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterise the national territory. Considering that the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010 has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge of the primary dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system and the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to clearly distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language related to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area) and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then, data will be acquired for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. "Modulo di Pedologia" The course will introduce students to soil science, principles and approaches to soil investigation. The course aims to provide knowledge on the genesis and evolution of soils and provide the basis for further specialized studies in the field of soil conservation as a non-renewable environmental resource. The various types of soils in diversified environments will be covered, from natural to highly anthropized and degraded. Particular attention will be paid to soils of grassland and forest ecosystems. 1) Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge on the main pedogenic processes, on the environmental factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in soil maps, as well as having the basic knowledge necessary to be able to acquire soil data. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student must demonstrate that he or she is able to carry out a soil investigation aimed at specific objectives. 3) Making judgements Through the examples proposed during the lessons and during the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the pedological information acquired through the cartographic and field surveys. 4) Communication skills The student must acquire a basic technical language related to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises, in order to be able to communicate with professionals and experts involved in the analysis, management and planning in the environmental and territorial fields. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and/or in the final exam. 5) Learning ability The student must demonstrate not only that he/she possesses the essential knowledge to be able to carry out a pedological survey, but also that he/she is able to acquire further knowledge necessary for a pedological survey aimed at specific objectives.	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities		ITA
118646 - Botany
- Diversità vegetale (objectives) Theoretical-practical course for students of the three-year degree "Sustainable management of forests and urban greenery" aimed at the acquisition of knowledge on plant diversity at the level of the highest taxonomic ranks; correct use of the nomenclature for plant taxa; use of species identification techniques; acquiring the ability to recognize in the field the different taxa and the most common families of angiosperms of the Italian flora. - CANCELLIERI Laura (syllabus) - Introduction to the course. Introduction to botany. Botany is the science that studies plant organisms. Study of plant diversity. - Concept of species, systematics, and taxonomy. Methods of classification. Artificial and natural classification systems. Analogy and homology. The taxonomic ranks. The species: morphological concept and biological concept. Phylogenetic classification. Nomenclature. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Main and secondary ranks. Subspecies, varieties, and cultivars. Main rules of the code. Taxon of hybrid origin. Speciation in plants. Polyploid speciation. Apomixis or Agamospermia. Introgression. - Prokaryotes: Cyanobacteria: outline of cytology, motility, heterocysts. Biological fixation of nitrogen. Systematics. Ecological and evolutionary importance. Cyanobacteria in the mountains. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (notes on general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae. Freshwater algae. Algae and eutrophication. - Mushrooms: Distinctive characters, elements on morphology, and reproduction. Main phyla (Zygomycota, Myxomycota, Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). Ecological importance. Yeasts. Lichens. Mycorrhizae. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Emergence from the water. Phylogenetic relationships between the main groups of terrestrial plants. The great stages in the evolution of plant organisms. Paleobotany. - Bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators. - Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or pteridophytes: general characters, diagnostic characters, reproduction, hints of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida with examples and observation of fresh material). - Vascular plants with seeds: Gymnosperms: outline of general diagnostic characters, of systematics (and ecology). The angiosperms: general characteristics; diversity and hints on evolution; evolution of the floral morphology; the fruit; hints of systematics; Comparison between the “classical” (Cronquist's system) and molecular (APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) subdivision into families. Main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora (according to APG), diagnostic characters, and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). - basal angiosperms (Nymphaeaceae) - the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids: Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae). - Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae. - Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae. Orobancaceae. - identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti), the Portal to the flora of Italy 2020.1. - Notes on Italian vascular flora: native and allochthonous flora, notes on ranges and biological forms. - Erbari, the Herbarium of Tuscia. How to make a personal herbarium. (reference books) Libri principali: • Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., ultima edizione - Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin. • Y. Fragnière et al. – “Connaissances botaniques de base en un coup d’oeil” – Ulmer	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

GESTIONE DELLE AREE PROTETTE

SECOND YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118625 - Ecologia forestale e dendrometria
- Ecologia forestale (objectives) The course aims to provide the basic concepts of ecology with examples and case studies of the Italian and global forest environments. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES. 1) Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student will have the necessary tools to analyze the forest ecosystem from an ecological point of view, in particular in relation to the cycles of the elements, the interactions between its components and the study of its characteristics and evolution. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding: the course will provide the necessary cognitive tools to allow the choice of the most suitable measurement and analysis techniques for the study of the ecosystem according to the aspects to be analyzed (biodiversity, element cycles, ecosystem status, etc.). 3) Making judgments: once the training course is over, the student will have the tools for a strong autonomy of judgement on issues related to the interaction between forest ecosystems, climate and humans (climate change, natural and anthropogenic disturbances, ecosystem management). 4) Communication skills: at the end of the training course, the student must demonstrate that he or she is able to communicate and discuss in a concise but effective way the issues dealt with during the course, demonstrating the ability to integrate the knowledge acquired. 5) Learning skills: at the end of the course the student must have learned the concepts and techniques addressed and know how to define limits and fundamentals. - PAPALE Dario (syllabus) Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept Energy, energy balance and trophic chains Climate and biomes Climate change and ecosystems International initiatives to contrast climate change Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P) Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges Ecology of populations Communities, niches and ecotones Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem Biodiversity Fire as an ecological factor Main forest biomes (reference books) Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger) Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson) Material provided by the teacher (Moodle)	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118629 - Ingegneria forestale
- Meccanizzazione forestale e sicurezza sul lavoro (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES: The teaching will be oriented towards solving problems, analyzing and assessing risks, planning suitable prevention and protection interventions, paying attention to in-depth analysis based on the different levels of risk. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding (knowledge and understanding): It will allow the acquisition of knowledge / skills to: - identify the dangers and assess the risks present in the workplace, including ergonomic and work-related stress risks; - identify the specific prevention and protection measures for the sector, including PPE, with reference to the specific nature of the risk and the work activity; - help identify adequate technical, organizational and procedural safety solutions for each type of risk. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding; possibility to apply knowledge in all work environments, with understanding of the technical and regulatory terms of workplace safety. Furthermore, ability to manage both training projects and technical assessments. 3) Autonomy of judgment (making judgments); Understanding if the technical and / or legislative settings have been carried out in a workmanlike manner within the company, and knowing how to manage the non-conformities present both from a technical and legal point of view. 4) Communication skills; Ability to relate also through the design of appropriate training courses. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills): verify learning also through work groups on specific topics. - Colantoni Andrea (syllabus) ---------------------------- (reference books) --------------------------------------	6	AGR/09	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
- Costruzioni forestali e rilievo del territorio - Marucci Alvaro (syllabus) Construction Science Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety. Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip. Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams. Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures. Land survey and cartography Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Leveling with total station. GNSS. Design of green areas using CAD software. Design drawings: pot plan, technical report, bill of quantities , price list, special contract specifications. (reference books) Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;	6	AGR/10	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Geologia (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 119690 Geologia in Gestione sostenibile delle foreste e del verde urbano L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) Lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentazioni delle lezioni e materiale didattico integrativo Tutte le presentazioni delle lezioni, dispense ed altro materiale didattico integrativo sono scaricabili dalla piattaforma moodle. Il materiale è protetto da una password che verrà fornita agli studenti che frequentano il corso (la password per aprire i file può essere richiesta in qualsiasi momento al docente mandando una mail a sermad@unitus.it specificando anno di frequenza, matricola e corso). Testi consigliati PRESS F. ,SIEVER R., GROTZINGER J.,JORDAN T.H - Capire La Terra A cura di Lupia Palmieri E. Casa editrice Zanichelli GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/	6	GEO/02	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18198 - Trainning stage	4		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
18197 - Optional subjects	12		96	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA
118623 - Chimica forestale (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with an adequate mastership of general scientific principles and methods as well as the acquisition of some specific professional knowledge. The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge on the chemical, physical and biochemical processes functioning within soil systems particularly focusing on the chemical composition and fertility of soil materials. Furthermore, the course allows to acquire knowledge relating to the structure and functions of biological macromolecules and the main cellular processes of plants of agricultural interest in which they are present and/or involved. - ASTOLFI Stefania (syllabus) Soil The definition of soil The components of soil The physical properties of soil Texture Structure Density and porosity Consistency, temperature, colour Movement of water in the soil Water-soil relationships Water potential in the soil Available water in the soil The movement of water in the soil The physico-chemical properties of soil Cation and anion exchange Soil pH and its measurement Buffer power of soil Oxidation-reduction reactions Organic matter Constituents of organic matter Humic substances Humification Extraction of humic substances Immobilisation and mineralisation of organic matter Enzymatic reactions Enzymes: characteristics, structure, classification. Characteristics of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors, regulation. Photosynthesis The chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, the light phase (photosystem I and II and cyclic electron transfer), the dark phase (carboxylation enzymes, Rubisco and PEPc), C3, C4, CAM plants. Respiration The mitochondria, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the respiratory chain, the cyanide-resistant pathway, ATP synthesis. Translated with DeepL.com (free version) (reference books) Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed Hand-outs from lessons	6	AGR/13	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18189 - Dendrology (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary for the recognition, biology, and ecology of Italian tree species. Particular attention will be paid to insights related to the ontogenetic cycle of trees and the state and dynamics of forest populations with insights related to the naturalness of ecosystems (old forests, managed forests, degraded forests), the dynamics of forest vegetation and the impact of climate change . At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to apply the criteria of taxonomic recognition of trees of forest interest and be able to understand the environmental needs and the bio-ecological role of each species in the dynamism of forest populations. During the course, students will be stimulated to develop independent judgment, communication skills, and the ability to learn. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) General part Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees. Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation. Special part Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses. Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris. THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics (reference books) Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher. Websites (Acta plantarum) and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118625 - Ecologia forestale e dendrometria
- Dendrometria ed assestamento forestale (objectives) The general learning objective of the course is to enable the student to acquire basic skills in measuring and interpreting the parameters that describe the characteristics of forest stands in quantitative terms. In particular: a) Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge on the main instruments for measuring tree sizes and understanding how they work; acquisition of knowledge on the methods of calculating the dendrometric parameters of forest stands, that can be obtained starting from tree measurements, and understanding of the meaning of the individual parameters for describing the characteristics of a forest and the changes to which these are subject during the growth process. b) Applying knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge and understanding of the application of measurement instruments and sampling survey methods, and calculation of dendrometric parameters from the assessed tree sizes, through practical activities carried out in the forest, and data processing in classroom using spreadsheets. c) Making judgement Acquisition of the ability to choose dendrometric instruments to use in the different operating forest site conditions; acquisition of the ability to evaluate the dendrometric parameters of a forest stand for the purposes of management decisions. d) Communication skills Acquisition of the ability to communicate with appropriate technical language the methodologies and instruments for measuring trees applied to a dendrometric survey and the results obtained with the development of reports and presentations with dedicated software. e) Learning skills Acquisition of greater ability to learn the complexity of natural systems through the interpretation of the results of dendrometric surveys and their discussion in class, and the reading of scientific articles on the topics covered. - PORTOGHESI Luigi (syllabus) To achieve objective a) the following topics will be dedicated, carried out through lecturers in the classroom, for a total of 32 hours (4 CFU): Definition and purposes of dendrometry. Evolution of the meaning of forest mensuration. Importance of sampling in dendrometry. The measure of tree diameter. The tree caliper. Errors to avoid when measuring tree diameter in forest. Sampling plots: shape and size; delimitation rules. The basic attributes of a forest stand: Number of tree, Basal area, Average diameter, Top diameter; Distribution curve of the number of trees in diameter classes. The measurement of the total height of a tree. - Blume Leiss hypsometer, Vertex hypsometer and forest clysimeter: trigonometric principles of operation and practical use; - height model trees sampling criteria; - the diameter-height curve; - average height and top height of a forest stand; slenderness coefficient. Estimation of volume of fallen and standing trees. - dendrometric prototypes and the geometric theory of the volume of a tree - the volume of logs: formula of the median section and the average section; - estimation of stem volume by sections: Heyer's formula, trapezoid formula, - single and double entry volume tables: characteristics and use; - general formula for the tree and a stand volume; the ordinary reduction coefficient; - volume of a pile of wood; Measurement of the age of a tree: direct and indirect methods. The tree borer. Principles of relascopic dendrometry; The Bitterlich relascope: characteristics and methods of use; choice of basal area factor; adiametric relascopic sampling for estimating the basal area of a forest stand; diametric relascopic sampling for estimating stand basal area, number of trees and stand volume. Dendroauxonomy (tree and stand growth): - the volume-age curve of an even-aged stand - current, average and percentage increments: definition and trend; - yield tables: definition and characteristics; - the growth of an uneven-aged stand. - measurement of the volume increment of standing trees: general formula, simplified Pressler and Schneider formulas; comparison of subsequent inventories. Basic knowledge of forest management planning: - definition and objectives of forest planning; - hierarchy of forestry planning in Italy; - characteristics of forest property in Italy; - actors of the forest management plan; - chapters of a forest management plan; - forest compartments and forest management units; - the forest map attached to the plan. The practical activities of measuring trees in the forest with dendrometric instruments are dedicated to achieving objective b), and the processing of measurements for the calculation of the dendrometric and auxometric variables of the stands detected, in class, with the use of a spreadsheet, for a total of 12 hours (1.5 CFU) To achieve objective d) the preparation of a report on the results of the practical activities carried out in the forest will be dedicated, which can be presented in class and evaluated for the purposes of the exam grade. The discussion of the topics covered in the lectures, the results of the practical activities in the forest and other case studies proposed by the teacher will be dedicated to the achievement of objectives c) and e), for a total of 4 hours (0.5 CFU). (reference books) Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18193 - Silviculture (objectives) The course aims to describe unmanaged forests in relation to those managed (used) by man. After having explained that the forest has no need for man, the main types of forest management and treatment and the strengths and weaknesses of each of them are illustrated. The main legislative references that regulate the management of forests in Italy are also illustrated. The goal is to train a careful and aware forestry man and not a simple user of forest biomass - solano francesco (syllabus) 1- Introduction to Silviculture What is a forest: legal definition, ecological definition Formation: ecological successions, natural dynamics, and old-growth forests Human-forest interaction throughout history: evolution of forestry thought New approaches to silviculture: multifunctional and sustainable forest management 2- Site Diagnosis The concept of a forest stand: factors defining stand characteristics Climate and climate indices: key climatic factors and climate diagrams Phytoclimate: phytoclimatic classifications 3- Stand Description - Extension - Composition - Spatial structure: vertical, horizontal, tree classification - Age structure: even-aged and uneven-aged forests - Origin - Evolutionary stages (even-aged forests) - Phytosanitary status 4- Forms of Management High forest Coppice forest Coppice Treatments Even-aged coppice: simple coppice, coppice with standards Uneven-aged coppice: coppice with standards on a rotation Compound coppice 6- High Forest Treatments Even-aged high forest: clearcutting, clearcutting on small areas (strip, edge, gap), shelterwood cuts (uniform, small areas) Uneven-aged high forest: selection cutting Intermediate forms: group selection cutting 7- Intermediate Cuts Thinnings and cleanings Thinnings: type, intensity, starting age, frequency 8- Special Techniques Conversions and transformations (reference books) Lecture notes, slides and handouts provided by the teacher. Cappelli, Mario. Elementi di selvicoltura generale : governo, trattamento e cure colturali ai boschi. Bologna : Edagricole, 1982	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Pedologia (objectives) The course will introduce students to soil science to the principles and approaches of soil research. The course aims to provide knowledge on the genesis and evolution of soils and provide the basis for further specialized studies in the field of soil conservation as a non-renewable environmental resource. The various types of soils in different environments will be treated, from natural to man impacted and degraded. Particular attention will be paid to the soils of grassland and forest ecosystems. 1) Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge on the main pedogenetic processes, on the environmental factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbolism used in the soil maps, as well as the basic knowledge necessary to be able to acquire the soil data. 2) Knowledge and applied understanding skills At the end of the training activity the student will demonstrate to be able to carry out a soil survey aimed at specific objectives 3) Autonomy of judgment Through the examples proposed during the lessons and during the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the soil information acquired through cartographic and field surveys. 4) Communication skills The student will have to acquire a basic technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises, in order to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in analysis, management and planning in the environmental and territorial field. Communication skills will be tested during the ongoing tests and / or in the final exam. 5) Ability to learn The student must demonstrate not only that he is in possession of the essential knowledge to be able to carry out a soil survey, but also that he is able to acquire further knowledge necessary for a soil survey aimed at specific objectives. - Priori Simone (syllabus) Introduction to the course and history of pedology as a discipline. The physical-chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics of soils. Pedogenetic factors (climate, lithology, morphology, climate, and biota, including man). The main landscape forms (karstic, glacial, fluvial, slope, structural) that guide the distribution and evolution of soils Pedogenic processes that guide the development of soil horizons. Soil profile and genetic horizons. The phases of a pedological survey and the interpretation of a profile. Fundamentals of international soil classification and soil distribution in the world. Soil ecosystem services and the threats to which soils are subjected, with a particular focus on erosion.	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118630 - Sistemazioni idraulico-forestali (objectives) The course deals with the main aspects concerning the management of hydrographic basins. In particular, the fundamental hydrological, hydraulic and erosive processes occurring at basin scale are analyzed. Upon completion of this course, learners should achieve the following objectives: 1) knowledge and ability to understand a field of study at a level that is characterized by the use of advanced textbooks and also includes knowledge of some cutting-edge topics in the field of river basin management and bioengineering; 2) ability to apply their knowledge and understanding in a manner that demonstrates a professional approach to their work, as well as adequate skills to both devise and support arguments to solve problems in the field of river basin management and bioengineering; 3) ability to collect and interpret hydrologic data; 4) ability to communicate information, ideas, problems, and solutions, on the issues addressed, to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors; 5) learning skills necessary to undertake further studies (Master Degree) with a high degree of autonomy. - APOLLONIO Ciro (syllabus) Part 1 Introduction to the course Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements Regulatory aspects Part 2 Notes on the physical properties of water Fundamental principles of hydraulics Part 3 Definition of River Basin Basin hydrology Soil erosion Flooding Part 4 Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction (reference books) References: 1- lecturer's notes 2- pdf files of the presented Power Point 3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.	6	AGR/08	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

THIRD YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18195 - Forest technology (objectives) The course is held in Italian A) Basic knowledge on the formation of woody tissues, on the anatomical structure, on the micro and macroscopic characteristics of wood. Knowledge of the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of wood, of the main products and manufacturing processes. Brief references to forest uses B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding Knowledge of the morpho-anatomical characteristics of wood, with correlation between structure and function, of the properties of wood and its uses; the main processing of wood and derivatives, the treatments to which they may be subjected, the defects and behavior of wood and derivatives, according to the storage or operating environments. The knowledge and understanding skills underlie the principles of environmental sustainability. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental concepts of wood behavior: hygroscopicity, hygroscopic balance, shrinkage and swelling, anisotropy and durability, even if induced; knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the wood assortments, of their use, of the defects and of their technological quality, of the techniques / processes of first processing and of the main products that can be obtained; knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of wood necessary for correct use, according to the storage or operating environments, in the various possible applications. The knowledge and skills acquired have the purpose of supporting one's judgments and resolving issues relating to the production of wood and its use. These skills are developed according to the principles of environmental sustainability, with a professional and ethically correct approach. 3) Autonomy of judgment (making judgments); Being able to collect data and interpret the results obtained from the observation of the wood or the artefact to draw judgments supported by a scientific methodological approach, knowing how to choose the most appropriate methodology for the particular case, taking into account the sustainability of the processes. 4) Communication skills; Being able to communicate in the appropriate language with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, correctly using the scientific and technical terminology of the wood sector. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills). Develop learning skills necessary to keep the preparation updated and to undertake subsequent studies with a high degree of autonomy. To this end, the use of scientific texts and electronic resources from the Library is recommended. - LO MONACO Angela (syllabus) The course is held in Italian Microscopic characteristics of wood. Organization of xylem tissues in the stem. Description of the cellular elements (tracheids, tracheas, fibers, parenchyma, epithelial cells, channels and intercellular spaces). Chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood (outline). Elemental chemical composition, organic components, ultrastructural architecture of the wall, effects of chemical constituents and the ultra-structure on the properties of wood. Use of keys for the microscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Macroscopic characteristics of wood. Fundamental anatomical sections. Sapwood and heartwood. Color. Large anatomical elements. Grain, design, texture, shine, other organoleptic characteristics. Use of keys for macroscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Variations in the structure of the wood. Variations within a tree, horizontal, vertical, between different trees of the same species. Notes on wood of branches and roots. Defects and anomalies of round and sawn wood Growth anomalies. Anomalies in the anatomical constitution of the stems (reaction wood, chives, resin pockets). Color anomalies. Anomalies due to aging. Defects from abnormal cellular content and extractives. Defects in the shape of the arboreal stems, curvature, irregular and eccentric sections, protuberances, tapering. Knots. Marrow. Biological alterations from bacteria, fungi, insects and other animals. Growth rate. Frost cracks, lightning strikes, top breaking, felling tear, incorrect limbing. Foreign bodies incorporated, natural (concretions) or of other origin. Defects of the sawn timber present at the origin or induced by processing. Alterations to the wood (notes) Abiotic factors. Biotic factors (Bacteria, Fungi, Higher plants, Insects, Marine organisms, other animals). Fire wood relationships. Upper and lower calorific value. Combustion. Carbonization. Fire resistant Test methods, classifications, physical and mechanical characteristics. Technical regulations. Standards and regulatory bodies. Types of evidence. Sampling. Test conditions. Sample size. Structural wood Density Direct determination. Sampling. Factors affecting the density. Density variations. Relations between water and wood. Hygroscopicity. Saturation water and imbibition water. Wood moisture measurement. Moisture in the tree. Air humidity Properties of air-vapor mixtures. Relative humidity measurement. Wood moisture Desorption and adsorption. Maximum moisture content. Moisture content under constant atmospheric conditions. Cell wall saturation point. Moisture content in variable atmospheric conditions. Dimensional variations. Shrinkage and swelling. Factors affecting shrinkage and swelling. Anisotropy of shrinkage and swelling. Determination of shrinkage and swelling. Consequences of dimensional variations. Round and sawn assortments. Mechanical properties of wood Types of stresses. Resistance to compression, traction, bending, shear, impact, penetration or hardness, wear Elementary woodworking, hints. Machining with or without chip removal. Wood characteristics relevant for processing. Band saws, reciprocating and circular, with chain. Sheeters and sheeters Sawn timber Raw material and products. Organization of a sawmill. Production techniques (sawing performance, cutting systems and methods, technological defects). Plants and production lay-out. Seasoning in the air. Factors that influence seasoning. Stacks. Artificial drying. Correction of drying defects. Notes on preservative treatments Notes on derivatives. Peeled, sliced, panels Outlines of forest utilisation (reference books) Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati: G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito. R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione) Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118615 - Conservazione della biodiversità forestale (objectives) To strengthen and expand the knowledge and comprehension of the bases of dversity of forest species and ecosystems; to provide a practical framework for the application of analysis and monitoring methods for biodiversity conservation - Simeone Marco Cosimo (syllabus) Definitions: biodiversity, species, genes, ecosystems Biodiversity Hotspots. The Mediterranean Biome. The Italian Ecoregion Importance: products, services, culture, resilience. Agro-biodiversity and Forest Biodiversity Regulation Species Biodiversity Species concept, species ranges, populations Taxonomy and phylogenetics. Autoctony, adaptation, provenances, races, clines, ecotypes, varieties and subspecies Endemic, rare and threatened forest species Alfa, beta, gamma diversity and traditional biodiversity metrics Ecosystem diversity Ecological functionality and attributes of forest ecosystems Rete natura 2000 Old-growth populations, monumental trees and habitat trees Disjunct and marginal populations Glacial refugia and hybrid zones Genetic Diversity Forest Genetic Resources Environmental and genotypic contribution to phenotype Quantitative Trait Loci Neutral markers (morphological, biochemical and molecular) DNA Barcoding, Phylogenetic Diversity Index (PDI) Threats Soil consumption, Fragmentation, pollution, fires, wild fauna, grazing, wrong silvicultural regimes, Invasive alien species, genetic bottle necks, genetic pollution Climate change Conservation General considerations In situ Conservation strategies: parks, reserves, seed forests, Gene conservation units Ex situ Conservation strategies: germoplasm and DNA banks, living collections, clonal archives Biodiversity and nursery activities Implications for the germplasm transfer, provenance regions (reference books) Lesson notes and Powerpoint presentations	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118617 - Sistemi zootecnici nelle aree protette (objectives) To study and understand the role of the main extensive livestock farming systems, with insights concerning the issues of the quality of traditional animal products, the maintenance of ecosystem services, the management of livestock farming in protected areas. - RONCHI Bruno	6	AGR/18	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
15836 - Final test and thesis	3		-	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test		ITA
118632 - Economia, estimo e legislazione forestale
- Legislazione forestale e ambientale (objectives) The reasoned knowledge of the applicable legislation - regional, national and supranational - in forestry-environmental matters, is an indispensable element for an agronomist and forestry doctor who wishes to adequately interface with the structural and functional complexity of territorial systems and with the multifunctionality required in planning processes. , management and conservation of natural resources. The course, therefore, after an introduction on the fundamental principles, history and sources of forestry-environmental law, intends to address, with a dual regulatory and application approach, the main issues with which operators in the sector must deal in the territory. national and regional. The course is therefore aimed at providing 1) knowledge of the relevant legislation; 2) knowledge of the application measures relating to the aforementioned regulatory framework; 3) useful tools for students to develop autonomous analyzes and judgments, in the face of fundamental regulatory issues in this matter. To do this, the course will be structured on a dialogic basis, with lessons that provide for constant interaction between teacher and students and will aim to stimulate students' learning skills as much as possible. - SABATO Gabriele (syllabus) Below is the program for the Forestry and Environmental Law course: 30/09/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Introduction to forest law and environmental law. The sources of law. 07/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools. 14/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools. 21/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, forest management activities and the forestry agricultural enterprise. The TUFF and the recovery of abandoned land. 28/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Trade in wood and derivatives. Agricultural activity and protection of biodiversity. 04/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Landscape. Hydrogeological constraint. Water and soil protection. 11/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Protection of forests from fires (XXVIII). State Forestry Corps and Carabinieri Forestry, Environmental and Agri-Food Unit Command (XXIX). Protected natural areas (X). Wetlands (XI). Natura 2000 network (XII). 25/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Environment and its protection. The environmental code. Legal protections against damage to the environment. Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools. 03/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Legal protection against damage to the environment (XXVI). Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools (XXVII). Water and soil protection (XVI). 09/12/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Agronomic use of wastewater (XVII). Mountain areas (XXV). Monumental trees (XX). Urban Green (XXI). Urban gardens (XXII). 16/12/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Final summary lesson of the course, followed by the seminar organized for the presentation of the book by F. Roggero, Alle origini del diritto forestale italiano (reference books) For the Forestry and Environmental Law course: - N. Ferrucci (edited by), Diritto forestale e ambientale, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2020; - G.M. Flick, M. Flick, Elogio della foresta, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2020 [recommended reading]; - F. Roggero, Alle origini del diritto forestale italiano, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2022 [recommended reading].	4	IUS/10	32	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118631 - Difesa forestale ed ambientale
- Patologia forestale (objectives) To train the students on: general concepts of Plant Pathology with specific reference to forest ecosystems, urban forestry, nurseries, and plantations; ii) description of the main diseases of forest species at national and European level. - VANNINI Andrea (syllabus) Introduction to the course; Forest Pathology and its context; Concept of disease and damage; biotic and abiotic disease agents; triangle of disease, classification of diseases; introduction to symptoms. The Symptomatology; classification of symptoms; diagrammatic scales of disease; disease indices: incidence, severity, mortality; calculation of disease indices; use of disease indices to evaluate status, severity and distribution in a forest stand; example of interaction between entomology and forest pathology: the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia; alteration of processes: photosynthesis; breathing; transport; reproduction; transcription; The disease cycle: overwintering; primary inoculum; dissemination; inoculation; activation; adhesion of the pathogen to the host; passive and active penetration; infection; apoplastic / symplastic, biotrophic / necrotrophic colonization; evasion of the pathogen. Defense mechanisms: evasion, tolerance, resistance. Passive and active, morphological and chemical resistance. Receptor elicitor system. The VTA, concepts, and use in the urban environment; classification systems; practical exercises on VTA application. The diagnostic procedure: anamnesis and field diagnosis, phases of the diagnostic procedure in the field. Application cases: ambrosia beetles and associated mushrooms; chestnut blight; chestnut ink disease. The concept of sterility; growth media, autoclave, laminar flow hood. Koch's Postulates, application example. Introduction to Mycology; the fungal thallus; mushroom ecology: symbionts, saprotrophs. Fungi as pathogens of plants, animals, humans, and other microorganisms; the fungal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, the cell wall. The biological cycle of mushrooms; spore germination; hyphal growth; tropism; necrotrophic and biotrophic colonization; vegetative structures. Practical exercises of microscopic observation of fungal structures. Biological diagnostics: observation and dissection of symptomatic material; sterilization and plating in a laminar flow hood; wet room set-up. The fruiting bodies; nuclear phases; taxonomic classification; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; general information on Ascomycota: vegetative thallus, sexual reproduction (pleomorphism, telomorph and anamorph; gametangiogamia; ascus and ascospores) and asexual (conidia); fruiting bodies of the telomorph (apothecium, perithecium, cleistothecium, pseudothecium); fruiting bodies of the anamorph (acervulus, picnidium); taxonomy. Introduction to Basidiomycota; vegetative thallus; sexual reproduction (somatogamia; basidia and basidiospores); fruiting bodies (angiocarp; gymnocarp; hemiangiocarp); order Uredinales, reproductive forms and cycle; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalities, biology, and taxonomy. Special part: damping off of seedlings (causative agents, symptomatology, epidemiology, control methods). Powdery Mildews: introduction and taxonomic classification; Powdery Mildew of oaks, hazelnut, plane tree, poplar (causative agents, symptoms, cycle, epidemiology, control methods). Taphrinales: introduction and taxonomic framework; causative agents; symptoms; cycle; epidemiology. Introduction to rust diseases; the rusts diseases of forest plants: taxonomy, cycle of the disease, epidemiology. Pine blister rusts ; pine twist rust; the rust diseases of poplars; blister rusts of Spruce, Silver fir, and Douglas fir; juniper rust; witches broom of Silver fir. Leaf diseases: cycle, epidemiology; necrosis of pine needles (Lophodermium sp., Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); leaf necrosis of broad-leaved trees; anthracnose (plane tree, ash, walnut), shoots and cones blight of pine (Sphaeropsis sapinea). Tracheomycosis: general information and cycle; the Dutch elm disease; the stain canker of the plane tree; the verticillosis. Target cankers: Nectria and larch canker. Diffuse cankers: cypress canker; chestnut blight Root rot: Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora (reference books) Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro Ragazzi - Patron Editore)	6	AGR/12	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
- Entomologia forestale (objectives) The Forest Entomology part of this teaching aims to highlight the main concepts of General Entomology and Forest Entomology. Students will be taught in the logic of the split classroom, they will be able to interact with the teacher and with all the experts invited for the seminar activities and during the field exercises. Students will participate in group and individual activities in the laboratory and in the forest; they will perform practical actions with the description and management of case studies of defense of forest plants from phytophagous insects. Students will also participate in specialized seminars with entomologists and Italian professionals. The activities will allow obtaining an autonomy of judgment for the identification of entomological criticality in the forest and to formulate hypotheses of natural rebalancing. The teaching allows students to acquire communication skills to provide operators with useful information for management in the forest. - Speranza Stefano (syllabus) Generalities on insects; external morphology; Nervous system and sense organs; Digestive system; Circulatory system; Secretory and excretory systems; Reproductive system; Pheromones; Post embryonic development; Moulting; Metamorphosis; Means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Modes of penetration and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated pest management (IPM). (reference books) Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications: Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press - A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118632 - Economia, estimo e legislazione forestale
- Economia ed estimo forestale (objectives) Development of economic knowledge and skills related and their application to the forestry sector and the environment. The course is aimed at understanding: a) the basic elements of the economy; b) the economic interpretation keys relating to the management of natural resources and environmental resources; c) the functioning of the sector, the markets in which it operates and some policies that influence it; d) the basic principles and techniques of forest and environmental evaluation. The objective is to develop in students the ability to: autonomously interpret the economic processes that influence the sector and the environment in which one operates; assess the economic sustainability of forest enterprises and the validity of the investments made in them; develop simple forestry estimates. Ultimately, it is intended to train a graduate able to operate in productive activities that are carried out in the forest-wood-mobile system both in the enterprise and in the professional activity. - Severini Simone	7	AGR/01	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118616 - Sistemi colturali nelle aree protette (objectives) To teach the agronomic issues of the cropping system management in the protected areas. To provide the basics of agronomy for the management of low-input cropping systems. - RUGGERI Roberto (syllabus) Agronomy: The agricultural soil; Evapotranspiration; Protection and control of soil erosion; Soil tillage; Fertilization, irrigation and weed control principles; Crop rotation. Cropping system management: Design, classification, structure and operation of the low-input cropping systems; Diversification of agro-pastoral systems in the protected areas; Crops (cereals and forage species) and their management; Pasture management. (reference books) Luigi Giardini, L`Agronomia per conservare il futuro (Pàtron, 2012); Remigio Baldoni, Luigi Giardini. Coltivazioni erbacee - Foraggere e tappeti erbosi. Patron ed., 2002. Remigio Baldoni, Luigi Giardini. Coltivazioni erbacee - Cereali e proteaginose. Patron ed., 2002. Lecture notes.	6	AGR/02	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

FORESTE E CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI

SECOND YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118623 - Chimica forestale (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with an adequate mastership of general scientific principles and methods as well as the acquisition of some specific professional knowledge. The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge on the chemical, physical and biochemical processes functioning within soil systems particularly focusing on the chemical composition and fertility of soil materials. Furthermore, the course allows to acquire knowledge relating to the structure and functions of biological macromolecules and the main cellular processes of plants of agricultural interest in which they are present and/or involved. - ASTOLFI Stefania (syllabus) Soil The definition of soil The components of soil The physical properties of soil Texture Structure Density and porosity Consistency, temperature, colour Movement of water in the soil Water-soil relationships Water potential in the soil Available water in the soil The movement of water in the soil The physico-chemical properties of soil Cation and anion exchange Soil pH and its measurement Buffer power of soil Oxidation-reduction reactions Organic matter Constituents of organic matter Humic substances Humification Extraction of humic substances Immobilisation and mineralisation of organic matter Enzymatic reactions Enzymes: characteristics, structure, classification. Characteristics of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors, regulation. Photosynthesis The chloroplast, photosynthetic pigments, the light phase (photosystem I and II and cyclic electron transfer), the dark phase (carboxylation enzymes, Rubisco and PEPc), C3, C4, CAM plants. Respiration The mitochondria, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), the respiratory chain, the cyanide-resistant pathway, ATP synthesis. Translated with DeepL.com (free version) (reference books) Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed Hand-outs from lessons	6	AGR/13	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118625 - Ecologia forestale e dendrometria
- Ecologia forestale (objectives) The course aims to provide the basic concepts of ecology with examples and case studies of the Italian and global forest environments. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES. 1) Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course the student will have the necessary tools to analyze the forest ecosystem from an ecological point of view, in particular in relation to the cycles of the elements, the interactions between its components and the study of its characteristics and evolution. 2) Applied knowledge and understanding: the course will provide the necessary cognitive tools to allow the choice of the most suitable measurement and analysis techniques for the study of the ecosystem according to the aspects to be analyzed (biodiversity, element cycles, ecosystem status, etc.). 3) Making judgments: once the training course is over, the student will have the tools for a strong autonomy of judgement on issues related to the interaction between forest ecosystems, climate and humans (climate change, natural and anthropogenic disturbances, ecosystem management). 4) Communication skills: at the end of the training course, the student must demonstrate that he or she is able to communicate and discuss in a concise but effective way the issues dealt with during the course, demonstrating the ability to integrate the knowledge acquired. 5) Learning skills: at the end of the course the student must have learned the concepts and techniques addressed and know how to define limits and fundamentals. - PAPALE Dario (syllabus) Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept Energy, energy balance and trophic chains Climate and biomes Climate change and ecosystems International initiatives to contrast climate change Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P) Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges Ecology of populations Communities, niches and ecotones Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem Biodiversity Fire as an ecological factor Main forest biomes (reference books) Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger) Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson) Material provided by the teacher (Moodle)	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118629 - Ingegneria forestale
- Meccanizzazione forestale e sicurezza sul lavoro (objectives) TRAINING OBJECTIVES: The teaching will be oriented towards solving problems, analyzing and assessing risks, planning suitable prevention and protection interventions, paying attention to in-depth analysis based on the different levels of risk. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding (knowledge and understanding): It will allow the acquisition of knowledge / skills to: - identify the dangers and assess the risks present in the workplace, including ergonomic and work-related stress risks; - identify the specific prevention and protection measures for the sector, including PPE, with reference to the specific nature of the risk and the work activity; - help identify adequate technical, organizational and procedural safety solutions for each type of risk. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding; possibility to apply knowledge in all work environments, with understanding of the technical and regulatory terms of workplace safety. Furthermore, ability to manage both training projects and technical assessments. 3) Autonomy of judgment (making judgments); Understanding if the technical and / or legislative settings have been carried out in a workmanlike manner within the company, and knowing how to manage the non-conformities present both from a technical and legal point of view. 4) Communication skills; Ability to relate also through the design of appropriate training courses. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills): verify learning also through work groups on specific topics. - Colantoni Andrea (syllabus) ---------------------------- (reference books) --------------------------------------	6	AGR/09	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
- Costruzioni forestali e rilievo del territorio - Marucci Alvaro (syllabus) Construction Science Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety. Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip. Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams. Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures. Land survey and cartography Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Leveling with total station. GNSS. Design of green areas using CAD software. Design drawings: pot plan, technical report, bill of quantities , price list, special contract specifications. (reference books) Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;	6	AGR/10	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Geologia (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 119690 Geologia in Gestione sostenibile delle foreste e del verde urbano L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) Lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentazioni delle lezioni e materiale didattico integrativo Tutte le presentazioni delle lezioni, dispense ed altro materiale didattico integrativo sono scaricabili dalla piattaforma moodle. Il materiale è protetto da una password che verrà fornita agli studenti che frequentano il corso (la password per aprire i file può essere richiesta in qualsiasi momento al docente mandando una mail a sermad@unitus.it specificando anno di frequenza, matricola e corso). Testi consigliati PRESS F. ,SIEVER R., GROTZINGER J.,JORDAN T.H - Capire La Terra A cura di Lupia Palmieri E. Casa editrice Zanichelli GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/	6	GEO/02	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18198 - Trainning stage	4		-	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
18197 - Optional subjects	12		96	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18189 - Dendrology (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the knowledge necessary for the recognition, biology, and ecology of Italian tree species. Particular attention will be paid to insights related to the ontogenetic cycle of trees and the state and dynamics of forest populations with insights related to the naturalness of ecosystems (old forests, managed forests, degraded forests), the dynamics of forest vegetation and the impact of climate change . At the end of the course, the student must have acquired the ability to apply the criteria of taxonomic recognition of trees of forest interest and be able to understand the environmental needs and the bio-ecological role of each species in the dynamism of forest populations. During the course, students will be stimulated to develop independent judgment, communication skills, and the ability to learn. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) General part Bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees. Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Principles and practice of dendroecology. Environmental gradients and climate changes. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation. Special part Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and traditional uses. Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris. THE MEDITERRANEAN macchia: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics (reference books) Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher. Websites (Acta plantarum) and additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118625 - Ecologia forestale e dendrometria
- Dendrometria ed assestamento forestale (objectives) The general learning objective of the course is to enable the student to acquire basic skills in measuring and interpreting the parameters that describe the characteristics of forest stands in quantitative terms. In particular: a) Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge on the main instruments for measuring tree sizes and understanding how they work; acquisition of knowledge on the methods of calculating the dendrometric parameters of forest stands, that can be obtained starting from tree measurements, and understanding of the meaning of the individual parameters for describing the characteristics of a forest and the changes to which these are subject during the growth process. b) Applying knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge and understanding of the application of measurement instruments and sampling survey methods, and calculation of dendrometric parameters from the assessed tree sizes, through practical activities carried out in the forest, and data processing in classroom using spreadsheets. c) Making judgement Acquisition of the ability to choose dendrometric instruments to use in the different operating forest site conditions; acquisition of the ability to evaluate the dendrometric parameters of a forest stand for the purposes of management decisions. d) Communication skills Acquisition of the ability to communicate with appropriate technical language the methodologies and instruments for measuring trees applied to a dendrometric survey and the results obtained with the development of reports and presentations with dedicated software. e) Learning skills Acquisition of greater ability to learn the complexity of natural systems through the interpretation of the results of dendrometric surveys and their discussion in class, and the reading of scientific articles on the topics covered. - PORTOGHESI Luigi (syllabus) To achieve objective a) the following topics will be dedicated, carried out through lecturers in the classroom, for a total of 32 hours (4 CFU): Definition and purposes of dendrometry. Evolution of the meaning of forest mensuration. Importance of sampling in dendrometry. The measure of tree diameter. The tree caliper. Errors to avoid when measuring tree diameter in forest. Sampling plots: shape and size; delimitation rules. The basic attributes of a forest stand: Number of tree, Basal area, Average diameter, Top diameter; Distribution curve of the number of trees in diameter classes. The measurement of the total height of a tree. - Blume Leiss hypsometer, Vertex hypsometer and forest clysimeter: trigonometric principles of operation and practical use; - height model trees sampling criteria; - the diameter-height curve; - average height and top height of a forest stand; slenderness coefficient. Estimation of volume of fallen and standing trees. - dendrometric prototypes and the geometric theory of the volume of a tree - the volume of logs: formula of the median section and the average section; - estimation of stem volume by sections: Heyer's formula, trapezoid formula, - single and double entry volume tables: characteristics and use; - general formula for the tree and a stand volume; the ordinary reduction coefficient; - volume of a pile of wood; Measurement of the age of a tree: direct and indirect methods. The tree borer. Principles of relascopic dendrometry; The Bitterlich relascope: characteristics and methods of use; choice of basal area factor; adiametric relascopic sampling for estimating the basal area of a forest stand; diametric relascopic sampling for estimating stand basal area, number of trees and stand volume. Dendroauxonomy (tree and stand growth): - the volume-age curve of an even-aged stand - current, average and percentage increments: definition and trend; - yield tables: definition and characteristics; - the growth of an uneven-aged stand. - measurement of the volume increment of standing trees: general formula, simplified Pressler and Schneider formulas; comparison of subsequent inventories. Basic knowledge of forest management planning: - definition and objectives of forest planning; - hierarchy of forestry planning in Italy; - characteristics of forest property in Italy; - actors of the forest management plan; - chapters of a forest management plan; - forest compartments and forest management units; - the forest map attached to the plan. The practical activities of measuring trees in the forest with dendrometric instruments are dedicated to achieving objective b), and the processing of measurements for the calculation of the dendrometric and auxometric variables of the stands detected, in class, with the use of a spreadsheet, for a total of 12 hours (1.5 CFU) To achieve objective d) the preparation of a report on the results of the practical activities carried out in the forest will be dedicated, which can be presented in class and evaluated for the purposes of the exam grade. The discussion of the topics covered in the lectures, the results of the practical activities in the forest and other case studies proposed by the teacher will be dedicated to the achievement of objectives c) and e), for a total of 4 hours (0.5 CFU). (reference books) Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118628 - Geopedology
- Pedologia (objectives) The course will introduce students to soil science to the principles and approaches of soil research. The course aims to provide knowledge on the genesis and evolution of soils and provide the basis for further specialized studies in the field of soil conservation as a non-renewable environmental resource. The various types of soils in different environments will be treated, from natural to man impacted and degraded. Particular attention will be paid to the soils of grassland and forest ecosystems. 1) Knowledge and understanding Acquisition of knowledge on the main pedogenetic processes, on the environmental factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbolism used in the soil maps, as well as the basic knowledge necessary to be able to acquire the soil data. 2) Knowledge and applied understanding skills At the end of the training activity the student will demonstrate to be able to carry out a soil survey aimed at specific objectives 3) Autonomy of judgment Through the examples proposed during the lessons and during the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the soil information acquired through cartographic and field surveys. 4) Communication skills The student will have to acquire a basic technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises, in order to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in analysis, management and planning in the environmental and territorial field. Communication skills will be tested during the ongoing tests and / or in the final exam. 5) Ability to learn The student must demonstrate not only that he is in possession of the essential knowledge to be able to carry out a soil survey, but also that he is able to acquire further knowledge necessary for a soil survey aimed at specific objectives. - Priori Simone (syllabus) Introduction to the course and history of pedology as a discipline. The physical-chemical, biological and hydrological characteristics of soils. Pedogenetic factors (climate, lithology, morphology, climate, and biota, including man). The main landscape forms (karstic, glacial, fluvial, slope, structural) that guide the distribution and evolution of soils Pedogenic processes that guide the development of soil horizons. Soil profile and genetic horizons. The phases of a pedological survey and the interpretation of a profile. Fundamentals of international soil classification and soil distribution in the world. Soil ecosystem services and the threats to which soils are subjected, with a particular focus on erosion.	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118630 - Sistemazioni idraulico-forestali (objectives) The course deals with the main aspects concerning the management of hydrographic basins. In particular, the fundamental hydrological, hydraulic and erosive processes occurring at basin scale are analyzed. Upon completion of this course, learners should achieve the following objectives: 1) knowledge and ability to understand a field of study at a level that is characterized by the use of advanced textbooks and also includes knowledge of some cutting-edge topics in the field of river basin management and bioengineering; 2) ability to apply their knowledge and understanding in a manner that demonstrates a professional approach to their work, as well as adequate skills to both devise and support arguments to solve problems in the field of river basin management and bioengineering; 3) ability to collect and interpret hydrologic data; 4) ability to communicate information, ideas, problems, and solutions, on the issues addressed, to specialist and non-specialist interlocutors; 5) learning skills necessary to undertake further studies (Master Degree) with a high degree of autonomy. - APOLLONIO Ciro (syllabus) Part 1 Introduction to the course Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements Regulatory aspects Part 2 Notes on the physical properties of water Fundamental principles of hydraulics Part 3 Definition of River Basin Basin hydrology Soil erosion Flooding Part 4 Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction (reference books) References: 1- lecturer's notes 2- pdf files of the presented Power Point 3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.	6	AGR/08	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18193 - Silviculture (objectives) The course aims to describe unmanaged forests in relation to those managed (used) by man. After having explained that the forest has no need for man, the main types of forest management and treatment and the strengths and weaknesses of each of them are illustrated. The main legislative references that regulate the management of forests in Italy are also illustrated. The goal is to train a careful and aware forestry man and not a simple user of forest biomass - solano francesco (syllabus) 1- Introduction to Silviculture What is a forest: legal definition, ecological definition Formation: ecological successions, natural dynamics, and old-growth forests Human-forest interaction throughout history: evolution of forestry thought New approaches to silviculture: multifunctional and sustainable forest management 2- Site Diagnosis The concept of a forest stand: factors defining stand characteristics Climate and climate indices: key climatic factors and climate diagrams Phytoclimate: phytoclimatic classifications 3- Stand Description - Extension - Composition - Spatial structure: vertical, horizontal, tree classification - Age structure: even-aged and uneven-aged forests - Origin - Evolutionary stages (even-aged forests) - Phytosanitary status 4- Forms of Management High forest Coppice forest Coppice Treatments Even-aged coppice: simple coppice, coppice with standards Uneven-aged coppice: coppice with standards on a rotation Compound coppice 6- High Forest Treatments Even-aged high forest: clearcutting, clearcutting on small areas (strip, edge, gap), shelterwood cuts (uniform, small areas) Uneven-aged high forest: selection cutting Intermediate forms: group selection cutting 7- Intermediate Cuts Thinnings and cleanings Thinnings: type, intensity, starting age, frequency 8- Special Techniques Conversions and transformations (reference books) Lecture notes, slides and handouts provided by the teacher. Cappelli, Mario. Elementi di selvicoltura generale : governo, trattamento e cure colturali ai boschi. Bologna : Edagricole, 1982	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

THIRD YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18195 - Forest technology (objectives) The course is held in Italian A) Basic knowledge on the formation of woody tissues, on the anatomical structure, on the micro and macroscopic characteristics of wood. Knowledge of the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of wood, of the main products and manufacturing processes. Brief references to forest uses B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding Knowledge of the morpho-anatomical characteristics of wood, with correlation between structure and function, of the properties of wood and its uses; the main processing of wood and derivatives, the treatments to which they may be subjected, the defects and behavior of wood and derivatives, according to the storage or operating environments. The knowledge and understanding skills underlie the principles of environmental sustainability. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental concepts of wood behavior: hygroscopicity, hygroscopic balance, shrinkage and swelling, anisotropy and durability, even if induced; knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of the wood assortments, of their use, of the defects and of their technological quality, of the techniques / processes of first processing and of the main products that can be obtained; knowledge and understanding of the characteristics of wood necessary for correct use, according to the storage or operating environments, in the various possible applications. The knowledge and skills acquired have the purpose of supporting one's judgments and resolving issues relating to the production of wood and its use. These skills are developed according to the principles of environmental sustainability, with a professional and ethically correct approach. 3) Autonomy of judgment (making judgments); Being able to collect data and interpret the results obtained from the observation of the wood or the artefact to draw judgments supported by a scientific methodological approach, knowing how to choose the most appropriate methodology for the particular case, taking into account the sustainability of the processes. 4) Communication skills; Being able to communicate in the appropriate language with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, correctly using the scientific and technical terminology of the wood sector. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills). Develop learning skills necessary to keep the preparation updated and to undertake subsequent studies with a high degree of autonomy. To this end, the use of scientific texts and electronic resources from the Library is recommended. - LO MONACO Angela (syllabus) The course is held in Italian Microscopic characteristics of wood. Organization of xylem tissues in the stem. Description of the cellular elements (tracheids, tracheas, fibers, parenchyma, epithelial cells, channels and intercellular spaces). Chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood (outline). Elemental chemical composition, organic components, ultrastructural architecture of the wall, effects of chemical constituents and the ultra-structure on the properties of wood. Use of keys for the microscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Macroscopic characteristics of wood. Fundamental anatomical sections. Sapwood and heartwood. Color. Large anatomical elements. Grain, design, texture, shine, other organoleptic characteristics. Use of keys for macroscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Variations in the structure of the wood. Variations within a tree, horizontal, vertical, between different trees of the same species. Notes on wood of branches and roots. Defects and anomalies of round and sawn wood Growth anomalies. Anomalies in the anatomical constitution of the stems (reaction wood, chives, resin pockets). Color anomalies. Anomalies due to aging. Defects from abnormal cellular content and extractives. Defects in the shape of the arboreal stems, curvature, irregular and eccentric sections, protuberances, tapering. Knots. Marrow. Biological alterations from bacteria, fungi, insects and other animals. Growth rate. Frost cracks, lightning strikes, top breaking, felling tear, incorrect limbing. Foreign bodies incorporated, natural (concretions) or of other origin. Defects of the sawn timber present at the origin or induced by processing. Alterations to the wood (notes) Abiotic factors. Biotic factors (Bacteria, Fungi, Higher plants, Insects, Marine organisms, other animals). Fire wood relationships. Upper and lower calorific value. Combustion. Carbonization. Fire resistant Test methods, classifications, physical and mechanical characteristics. Technical regulations. Standards and regulatory bodies. Types of evidence. Sampling. Test conditions. Sample size. Structural wood Density Direct determination. Sampling. Factors affecting the density. Density variations. Relations between water and wood. Hygroscopicity. Saturation water and imbibition water. Wood moisture measurement. Moisture in the tree. Air humidity Properties of air-vapor mixtures. Relative humidity measurement. Wood moisture Desorption and adsorption. Maximum moisture content. Moisture content under constant atmospheric conditions. Cell wall saturation point. Moisture content in variable atmospheric conditions. Dimensional variations. Shrinkage and swelling. Factors affecting shrinkage and swelling. Anisotropy of shrinkage and swelling. Determination of shrinkage and swelling. Consequences of dimensional variations. Round and sawn assortments. Mechanical properties of wood Types of stresses. Resistance to compression, traction, bending, shear, impact, penetration or hardness, wear Elementary woodworking, hints. Machining with or without chip removal. Wood characteristics relevant for processing. Band saws, reciprocating and circular, with chain. Sheeters and sheeters Sawn timber Raw material and products. Organization of a sawmill. Production techniques (sawing performance, cutting systems and methods, technological defects). Plants and production lay-out. Seasoning in the air. Factors that influence seasoning. Stacks. Artificial drying. Correction of drying defects. Notes on preservative treatments Notes on derivatives. Peeled, sliced, panels Outlines of forest utilisation (reference books) Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati: G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito. R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione) Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118618 - Monitoraggio e inventariazione delle risorse forestali (objectives) The course aims to enable the student to develop the following skills: Knowledge and understanding - Acquisition of basic skills in the analysis of remote sensing images and management of spatial databases for mapping and monitoring of forest ecosystems. - Acquisition of basic skills for the application of the main inventory methods for the estimation of the main dendrometric parameters characterising forest stands. Applied knowledge and understanding - Ability to represent the results of the analysis effectively through digital cartography in a GIS environment - Ability to make use of sampling and statistical inference techniques used in the inventory field in an autonomous way Autonomy of judgement Ability to understand the results of inventory and cartographic knowledge tools used in forest resources monitoring Communication skills To be able to communicate with appropriate technical-scientific language the concepts related to the inventory and mapping of forest resources for monitoring purposes. Learning skills To develop the ability to set up autonomously remote sensing image analysis and spatial database management for mapping and monitoring of the forest ecosystems. To have the ability to draw on different cartographic and inventory databases and bibliographic sources in order to acquire new and updated skills. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)nts with a conceptual and practical understanding of the principles of remote sensing and statistically-designed inventories as tools for monitoring and inventorying forest resources. - BARBATI Anna (syllabus) 1. Monitoring and inventory of forest resources: an introduction 1.1 GIS: representation, management and analysis of geographic information 1.2 GIS data models: vector and raster 1.3 Main information sources in forest resource monitoring: remote sensing, digital cartography, GPS surveys 2. Fundamentals of remote sensing 2.1 Spectral signatures 2.2 Main characteristics of the sensors (spatial resolution, spectral resolution, radiometric resolution, temporal resolution) 2.3 Spectral indices and applications in vegetation monitoring: vegetation health, burned areas 3. Forest inventories 3.1 General concepts of the sampling survey of forest resources: population, variables, frequency, position indices and dispersion. 3.2 Sampling: objectives, subjective and probabilistic sampling. Accuracy and precision. Sample size and sampling designs. Generation of statistical sampling designs with GIS. 3.3 Integration of LIDAR and inventories for monitoring forest structural variables (reference books) Chirici G., Corona P. 2006. Utilizzo di immagini satellitare ad alta risoluzione nel rilevamento delle risorse forestali. Aracne Editrice.	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118620 - Utilizzazioni a basso impatto ambientale (objectives) TEACHED EXCLUSIVELY IN ITALIAN see above a) EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The course aims at the acquisition of advanced knowledge aimed at the effective application of silvicultural projects. In particular, the basis for applying sustainable forest management will be provided through the science of forest logging. In particular, adequate emphasis will be given to the concept of Reduced Impact Logging applied in national and extra-national contexts. b) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS At the end of the course, students must be able to: 1) know the legislative and technical principles managing forest logging in Italy and abroad; 2) analyze a silvicultural project and make it executive through the techniques resulting from low-impact forest logging; 3) knowing how to operate independently in evaluating the correct execution of forest logging carried out as part of an harvesting project; 4) acquire communication skills at a technical and scientific level, aimed at presenting one's arguments properly or expressing evaluations on concrete cases; 5) have the ability to know how to seek and learn scientific and technological innovations aimed at the sector of low-impact forest logging, making use of national and international officially recognized databases. - PICCHIO Rodolfo (syllabus) TEACHED EXCLUSIVELY IN ITALIAN see above c) PROGRAM Technologies for sustainable forest operations. Efficient use of resources such as energy, water, human workforce. Minimization of global production of residues and emissions, Minimization of impacts on forest structures and environmental functions. In particular, these criteria for sustainable forest management through low impact forest logging will be differentiated according to the various forms of forest management (high forest, coppice), treatment and the various types of crop care. Coppice management sites: simple coppice, coppice with standards. High forest management sites: even-aged, uneven-aged. Forest management sites: main parameters, advantages and disadvantages. Conversion sites of coppices in high forests. Conversion by natural evolution, indirect method, direct method. The transformations. Forest management sites in protected areas: low environmental impact forestry; forest recomposition and reconstitution. Furthermore, on the whole, the bases will be provided to make it possible to quantify and qualify forest logging activities, through the most common harmonized protocols for the study of forest utilization. Specifically, the topics will be: study of working times and productivity, study of logging costs, study of energy balances of forest yards, study of the logging impacts on the ground and above ground, application of the Reduced Impact Logging (RIL). (reference books) - Slides uploaded on the Moodle site. - Verani S., Sperandio G., Picchio R., Savelli S., La raccolta della biomassa forestale. Tecniche, economia e sicurezza sul lavoro. Monterotondo (Roma): Grafica Salaria, 2009, vol. 1, p. 50. - Baldini S., Marchi E., Picchio R., Mazzocchi F., Neri F., Spinelli R., Esboschi e trasporti per via terrestre. Edagricole, Bologna, 2021, p. 276. - Baldini S., Bortoli P.L., Cambi M., Marchi E., Mazzocchi F., Neri F., Picchio R., Spinelli R., Solari V., Concentramento ed esbosco per via aerea. Edagricole, Bologna, 2020, p. 278.	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
15836 - Final test and thesis	3		-	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test		ITA
118632 - Economia, estimo e legislazione forestale
- Legislazione forestale e ambientale (objectives) The reasoned knowledge of the applicable legislation - regional, national and supranational - in forestry-environmental matters, is an indispensable element for an agronomist and forestry doctor who wishes to adequately interface with the structural and functional complexity of territorial systems and with the multifunctionality required in planning processes. , management and conservation of natural resources. The course, therefore, after an introduction on the fundamental principles, history and sources of forestry-environmental law, intends to address, with a dual regulatory and application approach, the main issues with which operators in the sector must deal in the territory. national and regional. The course is therefore aimed at providing 1) knowledge of the relevant legislation; 2) knowledge of the application measures relating to the aforementioned regulatory framework; 3) useful tools for students to develop autonomous analyzes and judgments, in the face of fundamental regulatory issues in this matter. To do this, the course will be structured on a dialogic basis, with lessons that provide for constant interaction between teacher and students and will aim to stimulate students' learning skills as much as possible. - SABATO Gabriele (syllabus) Below is the program for the Forestry and Environmental Law course: 30/09/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Introduction to forest law and environmental law. The sources of law. 07/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools. 14/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, principles, legal definition of forest, programming and planning tools. 21/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 The TUFF, forest management activities and the forestry agricultural enterprise. The TUFF and the recovery of abandoned land. 28/10/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Trade in wood and derivatives. Agricultural activity and protection of biodiversity. 04/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Landscape. Hydrogeological constraint. Water and soil protection. 11/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Protection of forests from fires (XXVIII). State Forestry Corps and Carabinieri Forestry, Environmental and Agri-Food Unit Command (XXIX). Protected natural areas (X). Wetlands (XI). Natura 2000 network (XII). 25/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Environment and its protection. The environmental code. Legal protections against damage to the environment. Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools. 03/11/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Legal protection against damage to the environment (XXVI). Principle of preventive action and environmental assessment tools (XXVII). Water and soil protection (XVI). 09/12/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Agronomic use of wastewater (XVII). Mountain areas (XXV). Monumental trees (XX). Urban Green (XXI). Urban gardens (XXII). 16/12/2022 14:00 - 17:00 Final summary lesson of the course, followed by the seminar organized for the presentation of the book by F. Roggero, Alle origini del diritto forestale italiano (reference books) For the Forestry and Environmental Law course: - N. Ferrucci (edited by), Diritto forestale e ambientale, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2020; - G.M. Flick, M. Flick, Elogio della foresta, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2020 [recommended reading]; - F. Roggero, Alle origini del diritto forestale italiano, G. Giappichelli Editore, Turin, 2022 [recommended reading].	4	IUS/10	32	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118631 - Difesa forestale ed ambientale
- Patologia forestale (objectives) To train the students on: general concepts of Plant Pathology with specific reference to forest ecosystems, urban forestry, nurseries, and plantations; ii) description of the main diseases of forest species at national and European level. - VANNINI Andrea (syllabus) Introduction to the course; Forest Pathology and its context; Concept of disease and damage; biotic and abiotic disease agents; triangle of disease, classification of diseases; introduction to symptoms. The Symptomatology; classification of symptoms; diagrammatic scales of disease; disease indices: incidence, severity, mortality; calculation of disease indices; use of disease indices to evaluate status, severity and distribution in a forest stand; example of interaction between entomology and forest pathology: the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia; alteration of processes: photosynthesis; breathing; transport; reproduction; transcription; The disease cycle: overwintering; primary inoculum; dissemination; inoculation; activation; adhesion of the pathogen to the host; passive and active penetration; infection; apoplastic / symplastic, biotrophic / necrotrophic colonization; evasion of the pathogen. Defense mechanisms: evasion, tolerance, resistance. Passive and active, morphological and chemical resistance. Receptor elicitor system. The VTA, concepts, and use in the urban environment; classification systems; practical exercises on VTA application. The diagnostic procedure: anamnesis and field diagnosis, phases of the diagnostic procedure in the field. Application cases: ambrosia beetles and associated mushrooms; chestnut blight; chestnut ink disease. The concept of sterility; growth media, autoclave, laminar flow hood. Koch's Postulates, application example. Introduction to Mycology; the fungal thallus; mushroom ecology: symbionts, saprotrophs. Fungi as pathogens of plants, animals, humans, and other microorganisms; the fungal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, the cell wall. The biological cycle of mushrooms; spore germination; hyphal growth; tropism; necrotrophic and biotrophic colonization; vegetative structures. Practical exercises of microscopic observation of fungal structures. Biological diagnostics: observation and dissection of symptomatic material; sterilization and plating in a laminar flow hood; wet room set-up. The fruiting bodies; nuclear phases; taxonomic classification; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; general information on Ascomycota: vegetative thallus, sexual reproduction (pleomorphism, telomorph and anamorph; gametangiogamia; ascus and ascospores) and asexual (conidia); fruiting bodies of the telomorph (apothecium, perithecium, cleistothecium, pseudothecium); fruiting bodies of the anamorph (acervulus, picnidium); taxonomy. Introduction to Basidiomycota; vegetative thallus; sexual reproduction (somatogamia; basidia and basidiospores); fruiting bodies (angiocarp; gymnocarp; hemiangiocarp); order Uredinales, reproductive forms and cycle; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalities, biology, and taxonomy. Special part: damping off of seedlings (causative agents, symptomatology, epidemiology, control methods). Powdery Mildews: introduction and taxonomic classification; Powdery Mildew of oaks, hazelnut, plane tree, poplar (causative agents, symptoms, cycle, epidemiology, control methods). Taphrinales: introduction and taxonomic framework; causative agents; symptoms; cycle; epidemiology. Introduction to rust diseases; the rusts diseases of forest plants: taxonomy, cycle of the disease, epidemiology. Pine blister rusts ; pine twist rust; the rust diseases of poplars; blister rusts of Spruce, Silver fir, and Douglas fir; juniper rust; witches broom of Silver fir. Leaf diseases: cycle, epidemiology; necrosis of pine needles (Lophodermium sp., Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); leaf necrosis of broad-leaved trees; anthracnose (plane tree, ash, walnut), shoots and cones blight of pine (Sphaeropsis sapinea). Tracheomycosis: general information and cycle; the Dutch elm disease; the stain canker of the plane tree; the verticillosis. Target cankers: Nectria and larch canker. Diffuse cankers: cypress canker; chestnut blight Root rot: Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora (reference books) Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro Ragazzi - Patron Editore)	6	AGR/12	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
- Entomologia forestale (objectives) The Forest Entomology part of this teaching aims to highlight the main concepts of General Entomology and Forest Entomology. Students will be taught in the logic of the split classroom, they will be able to interact with the teacher and with all the experts invited for the seminar activities and during the field exercises. Students will participate in group and individual activities in the laboratory and in the forest; they will perform practical actions with the description and management of case studies of defense of forest plants from phytophagous insects. Students will also participate in specialized seminars with entomologists and Italian professionals. The activities will allow obtaining an autonomy of judgment for the identification of entomological criticality in the forest and to formulate hypotheses of natural rebalancing. The teaching allows students to acquire communication skills to provide operators with useful information for management in the forest. - Speranza Stefano (syllabus) Generalities on insects; external morphology; Nervous system and sense organs; Digestive system; Circulatory system; Secretory and excretory systems; Reproductive system; Pheromones; Post embryonic development; Moulting; Metamorphosis; Means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Modes of penetration and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated pest management (IPM). (reference books) Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications: Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press - A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118619 - Difesa del suolo e mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici (objectives) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Conduct basic field analyzes of forest and agricultural soils, including description of soil profiles and soil shapes, classification and basic description of the study site. Understand the fundamental properties and processes of forest and agricultural soils in relation to climate change. Knowing the effects of forest and agricultural soil management practices on soil properties and processes and knowing how to use management techniques influence soil properties and processes to improve productivity and sustainability. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Ability to recognize the correct type of management to be applied in relation to the type of ecosystem. Pedological survey to establish the connection between the different types of soil, vegetation and management. Application of soil survey methodologies: identification of homogeneous areas for pedogenesis factors and analysis and description of a soil profile. Ability to recognize the main types of management in the environmental field. MAKING JUDGMENTS Being able to interpret the processes that occur in a forest and agricultural ecosystem. Ability to evaluate the characteristics of the environment. Ability to evaluate forest and agricultural soil in relation to the type of management. COMMUNICATION SKILLS Being able to present scientific topics with clarity and synthesis. LEARNING SKILLS Be able to describe topics related to forest and agroforestry land management in written and / or oral form. This skill will be developed through the active involvement of students through oral discussions in the classroom and in the field on specific topics related to the course. - CHITI Tommaso (syllabus) 1. History and management of forest and agroforest soils (4 hours) 2. Composition of soils: Soil Formation and minerals (2 hours) 3. Composition of soils: Soil organic matter (4 hours) 4. Composition of soils: Soil structure, water and pores (2 hours) 5. Life in soils: the microorganism (2 hours) 6. Forest and agroforest Biogeochemistry (4 hours) 7. Soil and climate change (4 ore) 8. Sampling forest and agroforest soils across space and time (4 hours) 9. Influence of tree species, fire and site preparation on forest and agroforest soils (4 hours) 10. Forest and agroforest soils nutrition management (4 hours) 11. Managing forest and agroforest soils for carbon sequestration (6 hours) 12. Field practice in a forest in the Viterbo area: soil description and site evaluation (8 hours) (reference books) Recommended texts for exam preparation: - ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST SOILS. FOURTH EDITION. Dan Binkley, Richard F. FisherJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2013) - Fahad, S.; Chavan, S.B.; Chichaghare, A.R.; Uthappa, A.R.; Kumar, M.; Kakade, V.; Pradhan, A.; Jinger, D.; Rawale, G.; Yadav, D.K.; Kumar, V.; Farooq, T.H.; Ali, B.; Sawant, A.V.; Saud, S.; Chen, S.; Poczai, P. Agroforestry Systems for Soil Health Improvement and Maintenance. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214877 Supplementary teaching materials provided by the lecturer: Presentations of individual lectures will be made available on MOODLE at the course page. Additional materials such as handouts and/or videos will also be made available on MOODLE.	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118632 - Economia, estimo e legislazione forestale
- Economia ed estimo forestale (objectives) Development of economic knowledge and skills related and their application to the forestry sector and the environment. The course is aimed at understanding: a) the basic elements of the economy; b) the economic interpretation keys relating to the management of natural resources and environmental resources; c) the functioning of the sector, the markets in which it operates and some policies that influence it; d) the basic principles and techniques of forest and environmental evaluation. The objective is to develop in students the ability to: autonomously interpret the economic processes that influence the sector and the environment in which one operates; assess the economic sustainability of forest enterprises and the validity of the investments made in them; develop simple forestry estimates. Ultimately, it is intended to train a graduate able to operate in productive activities that are carried out in the forest-wood-mobile system both in the enterprise and in the professional activity. - Severini Simone	7	AGR/01	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

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