Degree Course: Science of Forest and Nature Syllabus for A.Y. 2020/2021  

MATHEMATICS

BASICS:
Sets, elements, membership, inclusion, intersection, union, difference, empty set. Relations, applications or functions, domain, codomain. Numerical sets, intervals, upper and lower endpoints. Natural numbers, relative integers, rational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, logarithms, one-to-one correspondence with the points of a line.
EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:
Basic concepts and elementary algebra overview, analytic geometry overview, equations and inequalities of first and second degree, exercises on the solution of equations and inequalities of second degree and systems of inequalities by analytical and graphical methods.
COORDINATES, TRIGONOMETRY:
Oriented lines, polar coordinates, cartesian coordinates, distance between two points. Unit circle, trigonometric functions, addition and subtraction formulas, duplication and bisection formulas, transformation between cartesian and polar coordinates.
ELEMENTS OF ENUMERATIVE COMBINATORICS:
Simple dispositions, permutations and combinations, binomial coefficients, properties and definitions.
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:
Definitions and properties of matrices, diagonal matrices, transpose matrix, inverse matrix. Determinant of a square matrix, Laplace theorems, Sarrus rule, general properties of determinants, minors and rank of a matrix.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix.
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Overview on systems of linear equations, Rouché-Capelli theorem, Cramer theorem, systems of m equations in n unknowns, homogeneous systems.
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OVERVIEW:
Cartesian plane, equation of a straight line, parallelism, orthogonality and intersection of straight lines. Circle, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola. General equation of conic sections.
REAL VARIABLE FUNCTIONS:
Trigonometric functions, composition of functions, inverse functions, inf and sup of a function, limits of a function, theorems about limits, uniqueness of limits theorem, permanence of sign theorem, squeeze theorem, limit of a sum, product, quotient, etc. of functions, notable limits.
CONTNUOUS FUNCTIONS:
Definitions and basic properties, continuity, Neper number, maximum and minimum, inverse function.
DERIVATIVES:
Definition and geometric interpretation of derivatives, operations on derivatives and differentiation rules, differentiation of trigonometric functions, differentiation of combined functions and inverse functions, differentiability and continuity, differential, higher derivatives, relative maxima and minima, asymptotes, concavity and convexity, inflection points, graphs of functions. Rolle, Cauchy, Lagrange, De L'Hopital theorems, indeterminate forms.
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS:
Inverse trigonometric functions, logarithm function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions.
FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES:
Definitions, domain, limits and continuity, partial derivatives and higher partial derivatives. Hessian matrix. Brief notes on function of n variables.
INTEGRALS:
Indefinite integrals, definition and properties, relation between integrability e differentiability, notable integrals, definite integrals, calculation of areas. Double integrals.

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS

Reality description: models, theories, laws and measurements; the international system of units; scalar quantities and vector quantities; sum and difference of vectors; decomposition of vectors along given directions; scalar product, cross product, mixed product.
KINEMATICS:
Basics. Motion of point particles. Coordinate systems. Linear velocity and acceleration. Uniform and non-uniform circular motion; angular velocity and acceleration.
DYNAMICS:
Newton laws (I, II e III) and their applications. Point particles dynamics. Friction forces. Work and kinetic energy. Conservative forces. Potential energy; energy conservation. Power. Non-conservative forces. Momentum and its conservation; collisions and their classification. Motion of rigid bodies and equilibrium conditions. Moment of inertia and angular momentum for rotations around a fixed axis; momentum of forces; second law of rigid body dynamics. Kinetic energy; rolling and the role of frictions. Work and power.
FLUIDS:
Hydrostatics and applications. Fluid dynamics: mass flow rate, conservation law of mass flow rate. Bernoulli theorem and applications. Real fluids: surface tension and capillarity.

"Lezioni di matematica generale" - Alvaro Marucci - Edizioni Sette Città, Viterbo

The course program includes two parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of General Chemistry, useful for understanding the second part of the course, devoted to Organic Chemistry, which is the predominant part of the course. The following are the topics covered.
(1) Elements of General Chemistry. Atoms. Isotopes. Orbitals. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table. Periodic properties. Valence electrons. Rule of the octet. Chemical bonds. Moles. Avogadro's number. Balancing of chemical reactions. Chemical behaviour of the most common inorganic compounds. Stoichiometric calculations. Solutions. Units of concentration measurement. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Theories of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids and bases. pH. Oxidation-reduction reactions.
(2) Organic Chemistry. Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Reactions in organic chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties.

It is recommended to study the topics of the course using the lecturer's slides, made available on the Moodle platform, deepening the topics and doing the exercises available in the textbooks. The proposed texts are as follows:
(1) Fondamenti di Chimica Generale - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education
(2) Chimica Organica Essenziale - B. Botta, Edi-ermes

The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions.
Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Protoplast, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton; Golgi, Transition and maturation vesicles. Endoplasmic model (RE). The endomembrane system.
Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids).
Mitochondria: structure (relationship and matrix) in relation to the main reactions involved in cellular respiration.
Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells.
The plasmalemma. Structure of cell membranes. Differential permeability. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Transport of solutes through the membrane.
The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata.

The cell nucleus (synthesis). The genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis. Importance of genetic information and proteins in relation to cellular metabolism.
Modes of the mitotic division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis. Fragmoplast and wall formation from cell division.
The meiotic division of the nucleus. Consequences of meiosis for the genetic variability of individuals.

Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics.
Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots.
Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels.
Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport .
Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes:
phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
phylum Conipherophyta (conifers)
phylum Antophyta (angiosperms)
Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination.
Flower structure in plants.
The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.).
Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees.
The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients.
Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism.

Suggested Textbooks:
Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin.
Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli.
Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli.
Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi

Additional Textbooks and Websites for microscopic plant anatomy:
Speranza, Calzoni. Struttura delle piante per immagini. Zanichelli.
http://www.dipbot.unict.it/frame/botgenit.htm
http://www.atlantebotanica.unito.it/page.asp

Cell cycle and cell division; Chromosomal bases of inheritance; Ontogenetic cycles; Determination of sex; Mendel experiments; Multiple alleles, co-dominance dominance, gene interactions; genetic maps; chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids; Chromosome structure; Central Dogma; DNA replication; Transcription, role of regulatory sequences, interrupted genes (exons, introns); Genetic code; Protein translation and synthesis; Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations; spontaneous and induced; Regulation of gene expression; Quantitative genetics; Heritability in a broad sense and in a strict sense, response to selection; Population genetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Evolutionary factors: mutations, gene flow, selection and genetic drift; their balance action.

Genetica agraria. Genetica e bitecnologie per l'agricoltura di Franco Lorenzetti, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Daniele Rosellini e F. Veronesi.
Griffiths A.J.F, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, (2002) Genetica: principi di analisi formale. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Elements of geodesy
- Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations
- Main cartographic projection systems
- Main cartographic representation systems
- Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga
- Reading and content of national cartography
- Altimetry
Thematic cartography (forest and environmental).
- Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.).
The GPS (Global Position System) system
- Operating principles
- GPS surveys in forest environment
Elements of numerical cartography and GIS
- Generalities and functions of the GIS
- Data representation models: raster and vector formats,
- Georeferencing and related issues,
- Concept of scale
- Main functions of a GIS
- Spatial analysis
- Digital terrain models,
Elements of analysis of remote sensing images
- Aerial photos
- Orthophoto card
- Satellite images
- Characteristics of the products available
- Quickbird
- Ikonos
- Sentinel

Notes provided on moodle

Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore.
Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo
Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano

Introduction to the course. Teaching methods, teaching materials, examination methods, illustration of the program, textbooks, exercises and laboratory exercises. Examples.

Introduction to Botany. Subsequent levels of integration of living material. Systematic botany; concepts of similarity and affinity and of analogies and homologies in plants; study of variability: classification methods, taxonomic ranks and nomenclature. Taxonomic framework. Main morphological characters with taxonomic value.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (outline of general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae.
The emergence from the water and the bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators.

Outline on heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms (Macrofungi) and on lichens and mycorrhizae.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or Pteridophytes: general characteristics, diagnostic characters, reproduction, outlines of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida) with examples and observation of fresh material. Vascular plants with seeds: gymnosperms with outlines on general diagnostic characters, on systematics and ecology. The angiosperms: general characteristics; diversity and outlines on evolution; evolution of floral morphology; outlines of systematics; the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids).

The 20 main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora, diagnostic characters and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Violaceae. Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Orchidaceae, Poaceae. Outlines on the main families of tree plants.

Identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti) and the Portal of the Italian Flora. Outlines on Italian vascular flora: natiand non-native flora, outlines on geografical distributions biological forms.

Outline on Herbaria and the Herbarium of Tuscia (UTV). How to make a personal scientific herbarium?

Recommended texts
• Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C. - ultima edizione. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin.
• Marchi P. et al., Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane, 4 volumi (o volume unico). Ed. Rubettino/Ed. Univ. La Sapienza.
• Pignatti S. 1982, Flora d'Italia, 3 voll. Edagricole (disponibile anche in aula collezioni didattiche).
• Scoppola A., Scarici E. 1998, La conservazione delle piante. Guida alla realizzazione di un erbario.

Other materials
• Educational Herbaria available at the classroom of the educational collections and the library
• Didactic materials of the previous AAs available on Moodle.
• Site of the Tuscia Herbarium: http://www.erbario.unitus.it/
• Portal to the Italian vascular flora (http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php)
• Acta Plantarum (https://www.actaplantarum.org/index.php).

PROGRAM

I. Introductory and general concepts
Main chemical constituents of animals and their meaning: elements, inorganic compounds (water, mineral salts) and organic (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell: structure and functions. Mitosis.
Reproduction (agamic and gamic). Meiosis. Hermaphroditism. Generation alternation. Parthenogenesis. Meaning of sexuality. Sexual dimorphism.
Notes on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of animals.
Evolution: theories, mechanisms and tests; Darwinism and synthetic theory.
Species concepts. The typological concept. The biological concept of species, the population as an evolutionary unit.
The mechanisms of speciation (allopatric model, sympatric model).

II. Animals and the environment
Abiotic and biotic factors. Habitat. Concept of population in ecology (growth curves, reproductive strategies, -r and -K selection). Communities (zoocenosis, taxocenosis). Ecosystem. The concept of fauna *.
The interspecific relationships (predation, competition, symbiosis and parasitism, adaptive coloring, mimicry, cryptism) and intraspecific (animal colonies and societies, competition and sexual selection, territory).
The ecological niche. Aquatic environments (marine, inland waters) and terrestrial environments, characteristics and adaptations. The biomes. Notes on zoogeography: general principles, definitions, zoogeographic regions.

III. Animal diversity
The concept of Biodiversity. Animal diversity and its meaning. Principles of Zoological classification, Linnean taxonomic categories.
Systematic ordering at class level, general body organizational plan, biology, ecological role and evolutionary aspects of the "Protozoa" and the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Plathyelminthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nematoda, Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda), Annelida(Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Irudinea), Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda), Echinoderma, Chordata (Urochordata, Cephalochordata). Introduction to Vertebrata.

Part I and II (Introductory and general concepts, Animals and the environment):
1. Hickman C.P. et al., 2008. Fondamenti di Zoologia. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
2. Argano et al., 2007. Zoologia. Evoluzione e adattamento. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna
3. Baccetti et al., 1995. Trattato Italiano di Zoologia, vol. 1. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Part III (Animal diversity)
4. Hickman C.P. et al., 2007. Diversità animale. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
5. Argano R. et al., 2007. Zoologia. Diversità animale. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna.
6. Baccetti B. et al., 1994. Lineamenti di Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli, Bologna.

* For the Concept of Fauna see La Greca M., 2002. Fauna e ambiente. In: Minelli A. et al. eds, La Fauna in Italia. Touring Editore, Min. Ambiente, pp. 10-16. [the book is available at the Faculty of Agriculture library, Univ. Tuscia]

The slides of the lessons are also available from the teacher.

Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept
Energy, energy balance and trophic chains
Climate and biomes
Climate change and ecosystems
International initiatives to contrast climate change
Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P)
Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate
Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges
Ecology of populations
Communities, niches and ecotones
Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem
Biodiversity
Fire as an ecological factor
Main forest biomes

Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger)
Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson)
Material provided by the teacher (Google Drive)

-------------------------------

-------------------------

Construction Science
Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety.
Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip.
Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams.
Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures.
Land survey and cartography
Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Leveling with total station. GNSS.
Design of green areas using CAD software. Design drawings: pot plan, technical report, bill of quantities , price list, special contract specifications.

Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;

lessons (32h)
Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation.

An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS).

Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback).

Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons.

Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data).

Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures.

Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology).

The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources.

Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview.

Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications).

Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy.

Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology.

Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism

Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment.

Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces.

Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk.

Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction.

Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk.

Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification.

Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas.

Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data.
Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic.

Exercises (16 h)
During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on:
Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals.
-Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR)
- Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks;
- Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements;
- Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles;
- Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion.
Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam.

Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material
All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course)

Recommended texts

GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York
GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore
ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php .
MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana
Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/

Dendrology: bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees.
Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation.

Special part
Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and customary uses.
Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris.
THE MEDITERRANEAN STAIN: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics

Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam
Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher.
Additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.

Il suolo
La definizione di suolo
I componenti del suolo

Le proprieta’ fisiche del suolo
La tessitura
La struttura
La densità e la porosità
Consistenza, temperatura, colore

Movimento dell’acqua nel suolo
Rapporti acqua-suolo
Il potenziale dell’acqua nel suolo
Acqua disponibile nel suolo
Il movimento dell’acqua nel suolo

Le proprieta’ chimico-fisiche del suolo
Lo scambio cationico e anionico
Il pH del suolo e sua misura
Potere tampone del suolo
Le reazioni di ossido-riduzione

La sostanza organica
Costituenti della sostanza organica
Sostanze umiche
Umificazione
Estrazione delle sostanze umiche
Immobilizzazione e mineralizzazione della sostanza organica

Le reazioni enzimatiche
Gli enzimi: caratteristiche, struttura, classificazione.
Caratteristiche delle reazioni enzimatiche.
Inibitori, regolazione.

La fotosintesi
Il cloroplasto, i pigmenti fotosintetici, la fase luminosa (fotosistema I e II e trasferimento ciclico degli elettroni), la fase oscura (gli enzimi della carbossilazione, Rubisco e PEPc), le piante C3, C4, CAM.

La respirazione
I mitocondri, la glicolisi, il ciclo degli acidi tricarbossilici (ciclo TCA), la catena respiratoria, la via cianuro resistente, sintesi di ATP.

Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin
Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed
Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed

Hand-outs from lessons

Dendrometry and Principles of forest planning.
Definition and goals of dendrometry
The importance of sampling in dendrometry
Sampling of tree diameter
- dendrometric caliper
- shape and size of sampling plots
- plot delimitation
Measurement of stands: number of stems, basal area, mean diameter, top diameter
Diameter distribution in classes
Measure of the height of a tree
- Blume Leiss hypsometer, Vertex hypsometer, forest clinometer: trigonometric principles and how to you use them
- tree height sampling
- modelling height-diameter curve: graphic and analitical methods
- Stand mean height, top height, stature
- height-diameter ratio
Stand volume:
- stereometric geometry: dendrometric prototypes
- sectionwise measurements on felled trees: Huber formula, Smalian formula, Heyer formula, trapezium rule
- tree volume tables and equation: how to use them
- equations with one (dbh) or two (dbh, height) predictor variables
- absolute and false form factor; general formula to calculate tree volume by sample trees
- sample trees selection methods
- volume of stacked wood
- bark percentage
Direct and indirect tree age estimation.
Angle count sampling theory
- Bitterlich relascope
- choice of basal area factor
- point sampling with and without measurement of diameter of the counted trees
Tree and stand growth
- yield curve of even-aged stands; auxology rules
- annual, mean and percentage increment
- yield tables
- growth of uneven-aged stands
Measurement of stand growth: general formula; Pressler formula; Schneider formula
Growth estimation from successive forest inventories
Introduction to forest planning
- definition and goals of forest planning
- role of forest owner and other stakeholders
- contents of a forest plan
- forest compartments
- the map of the forest management plan.

Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Introduction to the course
Types of woods
Forest management and treatment
Coppice forest
Stumps and shoots
Origin of the shoots
Type of gems and how the stump evolves, longevity and death
Type of coppicing
Coppice in Italy
Advantages and disadvantages of coppice government
Type of high forest Treatment
Development stages of the high forest
Thinning
Type of thinning
Composed coppice
Conversion and transformation of coppice

M. Cappelli: Selvicoltura generale. Edagricole
G. Bernetti, R. Del Favero, M. Pividori. Selvicoltura Produttiva. Compagnia delle Foreste
G. Bernetti. Selvicoltura speciale. Utet

1. Introduction: history of pedology. The role of soil in various grassland and forest ecosystems. Definitions of soil/pedon and morphological characteristics (1 ECITS).
2. The factors of pedogenesis: climate, lithology, geomorphology, biotic, anthropic factor, time. (1 ECTS)
3. Pedogenetic processes: alteration, translocation, addition and loss. Specific soil formation and evolution processes. The description of the profile. The superficial and profound diagnostic horizons. Soil humidity and temperature regimes. Forest soils: characteristics and classification (1 ECTS)
4. The profile and the pedogenetic horizons. The subordinate horizons. The types of humus and their classification. Morphological description of the soil properties and pedogenetic meaning: color, texture and structure (1 ECTS)
5. Classification of soils. Soil classification systems. The characteristics of the soils belonging to the classification orders of the Soil Taxonomy. The causes of degradation and desertification of soils. Soil consumption (1 ECTS)
6. Exercises: profile analysis and field report during an excursion to areas of particular forest interest. The morphological description of the soil and chemical-physical analysis in the laboratory (1 ECTS)

Giacomo Certini e Fiorenzo Cesare Ugolini Basi di Pedologia - Edagricole
Carmelo Dazzi Fondamenti di Pedologia - Le Panseur

Material provided by the teacher – lessons

Part 1
Introduction to the course
Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements
Regulatory aspects

Part 2
Notes on the physical properties of water
Fundamental principles of hydraulics

Part 3
Definition of River Basin
Basin hydrology
Soil erosion
Flooding

Part 4
Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction

References:

1- lecturer's notes
2- pdf files of the presented Power Point
3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.

MATHEMATICS

BASICS:
Sets, elements, membership, inclusion, intersection, union, difference, empty set. Relations, applications or functions, domain, codomain. Numerical sets, intervals, upper and lower endpoints. Natural numbers, relative integers, rational numbers, real numbers, imaginary numbers, complex numbers, logarithms, one-to-one correspondence with the points of a line.
EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES:
Basic concepts and elementary algebra overview, analytic geometry overview, equations and inequalities of first and second degree, exercises on the solution of equations and inequalities of second degree and systems of inequalities by analytical and graphical methods.
COORDINATES, TRIGONOMETRY:
Oriented lines, polar coordinates, cartesian coordinates, distance between two points. Unit circle, trigonometric functions, addition and subtraction formulas, duplication and bisection formulas, transformation between cartesian and polar coordinates.
ELEMENTS OF ENUMERATIVE COMBINATORICS:
Simple dispositions, permutations and combinations, binomial coefficients, properties and definitions.
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:
Definitions and properties of matrices, diagonal matrices, transpose matrix, inverse matrix. Determinant of a square matrix, Laplace theorems, Sarrus rule, general properties of determinants, minors and rank of a matrix.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix.
SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:
Overview on systems of linear equations, Rouché-Capelli theorem, Cramer theorem, systems of m equations in n unknowns, homogeneous systems.
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OVERVIEW:
Cartesian plane, equation of a straight line, parallelism, orthogonality and intersection of straight lines. Circle, ellipse, hyperbola and parabola. General equation of conic sections.
REAL VARIABLE FUNCTIONS:
Trigonometric functions, composition of functions, inverse functions, inf and sup of a function, limits of a function, theorems about limits, uniqueness of limits theorem, permanence of sign theorem, squeeze theorem, limit of a sum, product, quotient, etc. of functions, notable limits.
CONTNUOUS FUNCTIONS:
Definitions and basic properties, continuity, Neper number, maximum and minimum, inverse function.
DERIVATIVES:
Definition and geometric interpretation of derivatives, operations on derivatives and differentiation rules, differentiation of trigonometric functions, differentiation of combined functions and inverse functions, differentiability and continuity, differential, higher derivatives, relative maxima and minima, asymptotes, concavity and convexity, inflection points, graphs of functions. Rolle, Cauchy, Lagrange, De L'Hopital theorems, indeterminate forms.
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS:
Inverse trigonometric functions, logarithm function, exponential function, hyperbolic functions.
FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES:
Definitions, domain, limits and continuity, partial derivatives and higher partial derivatives. Hessian matrix. Brief notes on function of n variables.
INTEGRALS:
Indefinite integrals, definition and properties, relation between integrability e differentiability, notable integrals, definite integrals, calculation of areas. Double integrals.

ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS

Reality description: models, theories, laws and measurements; the international system of units; scalar quantities and vector quantities; sum and difference of vectors; decomposition of vectors along given directions; scalar product, cross product, mixed product.
KINEMATICS:
Basics. Motion of point particles. Coordinate systems. Linear velocity and acceleration. Uniform and non-uniform circular motion; angular velocity and acceleration.
DYNAMICS:
Newton laws (I, II e III) and their applications. Point particles dynamics. Friction forces. Work and kinetic energy. Conservative forces. Potential energy; energy conservation. Power. Non-conservative forces. Momentum and its conservation; collisions and their classification. Motion of rigid bodies and equilibrium conditions. Moment of inertia and angular momentum for rotations around a fixed axis; momentum of forces; second law of rigid body dynamics. Kinetic energy; rolling and the role of frictions. Work and power.
FLUIDS:
Hydrostatics and applications. Fluid dynamics: mass flow rate, conservation law of mass flow rate. Bernoulli theorem and applications. Real fluids: surface tension and capillarity.

"Lezioni di matematica generale" - Alvaro Marucci - Edizioni Sette Città, Viterbo

The rise of Life on Earth. Plant evolution. Miller experience. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Aerobiosis and anaerobiosis. Autotrophy and heterotrophy. Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Innovation through the affirmation of cellular functions.
Structure and functions of the plant cell and its organelles: Protoplast, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton; Golgi, Transition and maturation vesicles. Endoplasmic model (RE). The endomembrane system.
Plastids: types of plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts, amyloplasts, etioplasts), structure and relative functions. Origin from proplastids. Chloroplasts: structure (thylacoids, grain, stroma) in relation to the main reactions involved in chlorophyll photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids).
Mitochondria: structure (relationship and matrix) in relation to the main reactions involved in cellular respiration.
Vacuole. Role of vacuole in cellular metabolism, in water economics and in cellular relaxation processes. Water relations: the water potential and the factors that determine it. Movement of water between cells.
The plasmalemma. Structure of cell membranes. Differential permeability. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Transport of solutes through the membrane.
The cell wall, its constituents and structure. Assembly of the primary wall. Movement of water and solutes in relation to the wall. The wall and the growth by distension of the cell. The secondary wall. Wall modifications (suberification, cutinization, lignification, mineralization). Plasmodesmata.

The cell nucleus (synthesis). The genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis. Importance of genetic information and proteins in relation to cellular metabolism.
Modes of the mitotic division of the nucleus. Cytokinesis. Fragmoplast and wall formation from cell division.
The meiotic division of the nucleus. Consequences of meiosis for the genetic variability of individuals.

Higher plant anatomy. Growth by division, relaxation and differentiation. Dedifferentiation and cellular totipotency. Tissues: classification and cell types of the various tissues. Meristematic and mature tissues. Main types of tissues and their characteristics.
Structure and functions of the root in Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The root system. Apex, structure and function of radical meristems. Quiescent center, positive geotropism, statoliths. Primary structure (actinostele). Formation of the secondary structure. Origin of the lateral roots.
Shoot morphology and anatomy in Angiosperms and Gimnosperms. The bud: vegetative and floral buds; terminal and lateral buds; dormant buds. Knots and internodes. The meristems in the bud. Origin of the vascular bundles. Eustele and atactostele. Origin structure and functioning of the cribro-vascular cambium. Secondary structure of the stem. Annual rings. Structure of homoxylous and heteroxylous wood. Ring porous and diffuse porous wood. Heartwood and sapwood. Origin of the structure and functions of the cork cambium. Periderm and Lenticels.
Morphology and anatomy of the leaf of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. The petiole and the leaf blade. Simple and compound leaves. Homogeneous and heterogeneous mesophyll leaves. Double-sided, equifacial and single-sided leaves; plagiotropic, orthotropic and needle-like leaves. The stomata and the factors that determine the opening and closing mechanism. The hydatodes. Transpiration and chlorophyll photosynthesis in relation to the structure of the leaf. The rise of water in the xylem: the cohesion-tension theory. Phloem loading and photosyntate transport .
Propagation and reproduction systems in plants. Alternation between generations (gametophyte, sporophyte) and reproductive cells (spores and gametes).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of non-vascular embryophytes (moss and liver).
Main characteristics and reproduction cycle of some phyla of vascular embryophytes:
phylum Pterophyta (ferns)
phylum Conipherophyta (conifers)
phylum Antophyta (angiosperms)
Ovule and seed. Seed structure in Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Hypogeal and epigeal germination. Environmental factors favoring seed germination.
Flower structure in plants.
The fruit. From ovary to pericarp. Dried and fleshy fruits, dehiscent and indehiscent. Simple fruits, aggregates, compounds, false fruits. Fruit dispersion mode (anemocora, zoocora, hydrocora, etc.).
Summary of evolutionary theory. Natural and artificial selection, selective pressure, adaptation, fitness, evolution. Genotype and phenotype. Divergent and convergent evolution; coevolution. The concept of species, subspecies, ecotype; the cultivar. Taxa of infraspecific and higher rank. Taxonomy and systematics; the Linnaeus binomial, the systematic categories, notes on the formation of phylogenetic trees.
The ecology. The interactions between plants and their environment. Ecological abiotic factors in relation to plant metabolism: light, temperature, water, essential nutrients.
Morphological adaptations to different environmental contexts: hygromorphism and xeromorphism.

Suggested Textbooks:
Pasqua et al. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale Ed. Piccin.
Raven, Evert, Eichorn. BIOLOGIA DELLE PIANTE VI edizione (No precedenti!) Zanichelli.
Evert, Eichhorn. Biologia delle piante di Raven. Zanichelli.
Mauseth. Botanica. Fondamenti di biologia delle piante. Idelson-Gnocchi

Additional Textbooks and Websites for microscopic plant anatomy:
Speranza, Calzoni. Struttura delle piante per immagini. Zanichelli.
http://www.dipbot.unict.it/frame/botgenit.htm
http://www.atlantebotanica.unito.it/page.asp

The course program includes two parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts of General Chemistry, useful for understanding the second part of the course, devoted to Organic Chemistry, which is the predominant part of the course. The following are the topics covered.
(1) Elements of General Chemistry. Atoms. Isotopes. Orbitals. Electronic configuration of the elements. Periodic table. Periodic properties. Valence electrons. Rule of the octet. Chemical bonds. Moles. Avogadro's number. Balancing of chemical reactions. Chemical behaviour of the most common inorganic compounds. Stoichiometric calculations. Solutions. Units of concentration measurement. Dilution and mixing of solutions. Colligative properties. Theories of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids and bases. pH. Oxidation-reduction reactions.
(2) Organic Chemistry. Classes of compounds. Functional groups. Hybridization. Alkanes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Structural isomers. Conformational isomers. Unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Cis-trans isomers, E/Z. Alkynes: structure, nomenclature and properties. Halogenated compounds: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure, nomenclature and properties. Huckel rule. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Benzene derivatives. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Alcohols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Phenols: structure, nomenclature and properties. Ethers: structure, nomenclature and properties. Aldehydes and ketones: structure, nomenclature and properties. Carboxylic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties. Saturated and unsaturated fats. Dicarboxylic acids. Acidity. Amines: structure, nomenclature and properties. Heterocyclic amines. Basicity. Stereoisomerism. Enantiomers and diasteromers. Chiral carbon. Properties of chiral molecules. Notation R, S. Reactions in organic chemistry. Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, peptides, proteins, purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids: structure, nomenclature and properties.

It is recommended to study the topics of the course using the lecturer's slides, made available on the Moodle platform, deepening the topics and doing the exercises available in the textbooks. The proposed texts are as follows:
(1) Fondamenti di Chimica Generale - R. Chang, K. Goldsby, McGraw-Hill Education
(2) Chimica Organica Essenziale - B. Botta, Edi-ermes

Cell cycle and cell division; Chromosomal bases of inheritance; Ontogenetic cycles; Determination of sex; Mendel experiments; Multiple alleles, co-dominance dominance, gene interactions; genetic maps; chemical composition and structure of nucleic acids; Chromosome structure; Central Dogma; DNA replication; Transcription, role of regulatory sequences, interrupted genes (exons, introns); Genetic code; Protein translation and synthesis; Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations; spontaneous and induced; Regulation of gene expression; Quantitative genetics; Heritability in a broad sense and in a strict sense, response to selection; Population genetics, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Evolutionary factors: mutations, gene flow, selection and genetic drift; their balance action.

Genetica agraria. Genetica e bitecnologie per l'agricoltura di Franco Lorenzetti, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Daniele Rosellini e F. Veronesi.
Griffiths A.J.F, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, (2002) Genetica: principi di analisi formale. Ed. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Elements of geodesy
- Spatial reference systems; definition of datum; main reference systems used in Italian cartography and their transformations
- Main cartographic projection systems
- Main cartographic representation systems
- Geographic coordinates, UTM and Gauss Boaga
- Reading and content of national cartography
- Altimetry
Thematic cartography (forest and environmental).
- Main thematic maps of forest and environmental interest (land use and coverage, altitude, exposure acc.).
The GPS (Global Position System) system
- Operating principles
- GPS surveys in forest environment
Elements of numerical cartography and GIS
- Generalities and functions of the GIS
- Data representation models: raster and vector formats,
- Georeferencing and related issues,
- Concept of scale
- Main functions of a GIS
- Spatial analysis
- Digital terrain models,
Elements of analysis of remote sensing images
- Aerial photos
- Orthophoto card
- Satellite images
- Characteristics of the products available
- Quickbird
- Ikonos
- Sentinel

Notes provided on moodle

Biasini A. et al., La cartografia ed i sistemi informativi per il governo del territorio, Franco Angeli Editore.
Aruta L., P. Marescalchi, Cartografia. Lettura delle carte, Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo
Kumm W. (1993), GPS, Global Position System, Mursia Editore, Milano

Introduction to the course. Teaching methods, teaching materials, examination methods, illustration of the program, textbooks, exercises and laboratory exercises. Examples.

Introduction to Botany. Subsequent levels of integration of living material. Systematic botany; concepts of similarity and affinity and of analogies and homologies in plants; study of variability: classification methods, taxonomic ranks and nomenclature. Taxonomic framework. Main morphological characters with taxonomic value.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (outline of general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae.
The emergence from the water and the bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators.

Outline on heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms (Macrofungi) and on lichens and mycorrhizae.

Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or Pteridophytes: general characteristics, diagnostic characters, reproduction, outlines of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida) with examples and observation of fresh material. Vascular plants with seeds: gymnosperms with outlines on general diagnostic characters, on systematics and ecology. The angiosperms: general characteristics; diversity and outlines on evolution; evolution of floral morphology; outlines of systematics; the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids).

The 20 main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora, diagnostic characters and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution). Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Violaceae. Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Orchidaceae, Poaceae. Outlines on the main families of tree plants.

Identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti) and the Portal of the Italian Flora. Outlines on Italian vascular flora: natiand non-native flora, outlines on geografical distributions biological forms.

Outline on Herbaria and the Herbarium of Tuscia (UTV). How to make a personal scientific herbarium?

Recommended texts
• Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C. - ultima edizione. Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin.
• Marchi P. et al., Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane, 4 volumi (o volume unico). Ed. Rubettino/Ed. Univ. La Sapienza.
• Pignatti S. 1982, Flora d'Italia, 3 voll. Edagricole (disponibile anche in aula collezioni didattiche).
• Scoppola A., Scarici E. 1998, La conservazione delle piante. Guida alla realizzazione di un erbario.

Other materials
• Educational Herbaria available at the classroom of the educational collections and the library
• Didactic materials of the previous AAs available on Moodle.
• Site of the Tuscia Herbarium: http://www.erbario.unitus.it/
• Portal to the Italian vascular flora (http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php)
• Acta Plantarum (https://www.actaplantarum.org/index.php).

PROGRAM

I. Introductory and general concepts
Main chemical constituents of animals and their meaning: elements, inorganic compounds (water, mineral salts) and organic (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids).
Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell: structure and functions. Mitosis.
Reproduction (agamic and gamic). Meiosis. Hermaphroditism. Generation alternation. Parthenogenesis. Meaning of sexuality. Sexual dimorphism.
Notes on the embryonic and post-embryonic development of animals.
Evolution: theories, mechanisms and tests; Darwinism and synthetic theory.
Species concepts. The typological concept. The biological concept of species, the population as an evolutionary unit.
The mechanisms of speciation (allopatric model, sympatric model).

II. Animals and the environment
Abiotic and biotic factors. Habitat. Concept of population in ecology (growth curves, reproductive strategies, -r and -K selection). Communities (zoocenosis, taxocenosis). Ecosystem. The concept of fauna *.
The interspecific relationships (predation, competition, symbiosis and parasitism, adaptive coloring, mimicry, cryptism) and intraspecific (animal colonies and societies, competition and sexual selection, territory).
The ecological niche. Aquatic environments (marine, inland waters) and terrestrial environments, characteristics and adaptations. The biomes. Notes on zoogeography: general principles, definitions, zoogeographic regions.

III. Animal diversity
The concept of Biodiversity. Animal diversity and its meaning. Principles of Zoological classification, Linnean taxonomic categories.
Systematic ordering at class level, general body organizational plan, biology, ecological role and evolutionary aspects of the "Protozoa" and the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Plathyelminthes (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda), Nematoda, Mollusca (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda), Annelida(Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Irudinea), Arthropoda (Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Hexapoda), Echinoderma, Chordata (Urochordata, Cephalochordata). Introduction to Vertebrata.

Part I and II (Introductory and general concepts, Animals and the environment):
1. Hickman C.P. et al., 2008. Fondamenti di Zoologia. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
2. Argano et al., 2007. Zoologia. Evoluzione e adattamento. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna
3. Baccetti et al., 1995. Trattato Italiano di Zoologia, vol. 1. Zanichelli, Bologna.

Part III (Animal diversity)
4. Hickman C.P. et al., 2007. Diversità animale. McGraw-Hill, Milano.
5. Argano R. et al., 2007. Zoologia. Diversità animale. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna.
6. Baccetti B. et al., 1994. Lineamenti di Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli, Bologna.

* For the Concept of Fauna see La Greca M., 2002. Fauna e ambiente. In: Minelli A. et al. eds, La Fauna in Italia. Touring Editore, Min. Ambiente, pp. 10-16. [the book is available at the Faculty of Agriculture library, Univ. Tuscia]

The slides of the lessons are also available from the teacher.

Il suolo
La definizione di suolo
I componenti del suolo

Le proprieta’ fisiche del suolo
La tessitura
La struttura
La densità e la porosità
Consistenza, temperatura, colore

Movimento dell’acqua nel suolo
Rapporti acqua-suolo
Il potenziale dell’acqua nel suolo
Acqua disponibile nel suolo
Il movimento dell’acqua nel suolo

Le proprieta’ chimico-fisiche del suolo
Lo scambio cationico e anionico
Il pH del suolo e sua misura
Potere tampone del suolo
Le reazioni di ossido-riduzione

La sostanza organica
Costituenti della sostanza organica
Sostanze umiche
Umificazione
Estrazione delle sostanze umiche
Immobilizzazione e mineralizzazione della sostanza organica

Le reazioni enzimatiche
Gli enzimi: caratteristiche, struttura, classificazione.
Caratteristiche delle reazioni enzimatiche.
Inibitori, regolazione.

La fotosintesi
Il cloroplasto, i pigmenti fotosintetici, la fase luminosa (fotosistema I e II e trasferimento ciclico degli elettroni), la fase oscura (gli enzimi della carbossilazione, Rubisco e PEPc), le piante C3, C4, CAM.

La respirazione
I mitocondri, la glicolisi, il ciclo degli acidi tricarbossilici (ciclo TCA), la catena respiratoria, la via cianuro resistente, sintesi di ATP.

Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin
Fondamenti di Biochimica Agraria, Patron Ed
Fondamenti di Chimica del Suolo, Patron Ed

Hand-outs from lessons

Introduction to the course and ecosystem concept
Energy, energy balance and trophic chains
Climate and biomes
Climate change and ecosystems
International initiatives to contrast climate change
Biogeochemical cycles (C, water, N, P)
Photosynthesis, respiration and their interactions with climate
Measurement of greenhouse gases exchanges
Ecology of populations
Communities, niches and ecotones
Structure, interactions and dynamics of the forest ecosystem
Biodiversity
Fire as an ecological factor
Main forest biomes

Chapin et al - Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology (Sptinger)
Kimmins - Forest Ecology (Pearson)
Material provided by the teacher (Google Drive)

-------------------------------

-------------------------

Construction Science
Generalities on elastic bodies, Hooke's law; real behavior of bodies under load; coefficients of resistance and safety.
Simple and Compound Solicitations: Solicitations simple structures with straight axis; diagrams of tensions; solids loaded tip.
Theory of beams: constraints; load mode; diagrams of the bending moment and shear; calculation and verification of isostatic beams.
Snow load, wind load. Method semi-probabilistic limit state. The laminated wood. Design and verification of reinforced concrete structures.
Land survey and cartography
Reference surfaces, sphericity error. Theodolite: grinding conditions and construction, rule Bessel, commissioning station. Distance measurement, measurement of the azimuthal angles. Intersection forward, inverse intersection, opening to the ground. Polygonal open simple, open between two known points, open between four known points, closed polygonal. Elevation of point. The elevation difference between two points. Leveling with total station. GNSS.
Design of green areas using CAD software. Design drawings: pot plan, technical report, bill of quantities , price list, special contract specifications.

Lecture notes and teaching material provided by the teacher during the course;

lessons (32h)
Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation.

An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS).

Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback).

Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons.

Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data).

Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures.

Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology).

The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources.

Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview.

Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications).

Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy.

Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology.

Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism

Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment.

Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces.

Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk.

Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction.

Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk.

Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification.

Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas.

Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data.
Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic.

Exercises (16 h)
During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on:
Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals.
-Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR)
- Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks;
- Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements;
- Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles;
- Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion.
Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam.

Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material
All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course)

Recommended texts

GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York
GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore
ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php .
MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana
Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/

Dendrology: bases of nomenclature and evolution. Concept of species. Diagnostic characters for the identification of forest taxa: the habitus, the posture, the bark, the leaf apparatus, the reproductive apparatus. Variability of diagnostic characters. Hybridization in forest trees. Classifications based on morphology and on a molecular basis. Growth and development of trees. Phenological cycles. Predetermined and indeterminate growth. Reproductive cycles in temperate forests. The longevity of forest trees.
Bioclimatology and forest ecoregions. Biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Succession processes and structuring dynamics of forest stands. Old-growth forests and natural levels. Monumental trees and their role in the landscape and nature conservation.

Special part
Dendrology: monographic treatment of species of forest interest in Europe: taxonomy, habitus, chorology, habitat, cenology, xylology and customary uses.
Taxus baccata, Cedrus spp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Abies alba, Mediterranean firs, Pinus halepensis, P. pinea, P. pinaster, P. nigra, P. heldreichii, P. silvestris, P. mugo, P. uncinata P cembra, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus spp., Fagus sylvatica, Castanea sativa, Quercus ilex, Q. coccifera, Q. suber, Q. cerris, Q. macrolepis, Q. trojana, Q. frainetto, Q. pubescens, Q. petraea , Q. robur, Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Alnus cordata, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. viridis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. tremula , P. nigra, Salix caprea, S. alba, S. eleagnos, Ulmus minor, U. glabra, Celtis australis, Juglans regia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos, Acer pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides, A. lobelii, A. opalus , A. campestre, A. monspessulanum, Fraxinus ornus, F. excelsior, F. angustifolia, Laburnum anagyroides, Cercis siliquastrum, Ceratonia siliqua, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, S. aria, S. aucuparia, Prunus aviu m, Pyrus pyraster and Malus sylvestris.
THE MEDITERRANEAN STAIN: distribution, physiognomy, and composition in the main ecological areas (thermo-Mediterranean and meso-Mediterranean region), evolutionary and recessive dynamics

Gellini R. Grossoni P. - Forest botany, Cedam
Trees in Lazio. CD provided by the teacher.
Additional educational material from the lectures available on the Moodle platform.

Dendrometry and Principles of forest planning.
Definition and goals of dendrometry
The importance of sampling in dendrometry
Sampling of tree diameter
- dendrometric caliper
- shape and size of sampling plots
- plot delimitation
Measurement of stands: number of stems, basal area, mean diameter, top diameter
Diameter distribution in classes
Measure of the height of a tree
- Blume Leiss hypsometer, Vertex hypsometer, forest clinometer: trigonometric principles and how to you use them
- tree height sampling
- modelling height-diameter curve: graphic and analitical methods
- Stand mean height, top height, stature
- height-diameter ratio
Stand volume:
- stereometric geometry: dendrometric prototypes
- sectionwise measurements on felled trees: Huber formula, Smalian formula, Heyer formula, trapezium rule
- tree volume tables and equation: how to use them
- equations with one (dbh) or two (dbh, height) predictor variables
- absolute and false form factor; general formula to calculate tree volume by sample trees
- sample trees selection methods
- volume of stacked wood
- bark percentage
Direct and indirect tree age estimation.
Angle count sampling theory
- Bitterlich relascope
- choice of basal area factor
- point sampling with and without measurement of diameter of the counted trees
Tree and stand growth
- yield curve of even-aged stands; auxology rules
- annual, mean and percentage increment
- yield tables
- growth of uneven-aged stands
Measurement of stand growth: general formula; Pressler formula; Schneider formula
Growth estimation from successive forest inventories
Introduction to forest planning
- definition and goals of forest planning
- role of forest owner and other stakeholders
- contents of a forest plan
- forest compartments
- the map of the forest management plan.

Kershaw J.A., Ducey M.J., Beers T.W., Hursh B, 2017 - Forest mensuration, Fifth edition. John Wiley & Sons.

1. Introduction: history of pedology. The role of soil in various grassland and forest ecosystems. Definitions of soil/pedon and morphological characteristics (1 ECITS).
2. The factors of pedogenesis: climate, lithology, geomorphology, biotic, anthropic factor, time. (1 ECTS)
3. Pedogenetic processes: alteration, translocation, addition and loss. Specific soil formation and evolution processes. The description of the profile. The superficial and profound diagnostic horizons. Soil humidity and temperature regimes. Forest soils: characteristics and classification (1 ECTS)
4. The profile and the pedogenetic horizons. The subordinate horizons. The types of humus and their classification. Morphological description of the soil properties and pedogenetic meaning: color, texture and structure (1 ECTS)
5. Classification of soils. Soil classification systems. The characteristics of the soils belonging to the classification orders of the Soil Taxonomy. The causes of degradation and desertification of soils. Soil consumption (1 ECTS)
6. Exercises: profile analysis and field report during an excursion to areas of particular forest interest. The morphological description of the soil and chemical-physical analysis in the laboratory (1 ECTS)

Giacomo Certini e Fiorenzo Cesare Ugolini Basi di Pedologia - Edagricole
Carmelo Dazzi Fondamenti di Pedologia - Le Panseur

Material provided by the teacher – lessons

Part 1
Introduction to the course
Historical notes on hydraulic-forestry arrangements
Regulatory aspects

Part 2
Notes on the physical properties of water
Fundamental principles of hydraulics

Part 3
Definition of River Basin
Basin hydrology
Soil erosion
Flooding

Part 4
Nature based solutions for hydraulic risk reduction

References:

1- lecturer's notes
2- pdf files of the presented Power Point
3- Ferro V. – La sistemazione dei bacini idrografici, Mc Graw Hill, II ed., 2006.

Introduction to the course
Types of woods
Forest management and treatment
Coppice forest
Stumps and shoots
Origin of the shoots
Type of gems and how the stump evolves, longevity and death
Type of coppicing
Coppice in Italy
Advantages and disadvantages of coppice government
Type of high forest Treatment
Development stages of the high forest
Thinning
Type of thinning
Composed coppice
Conversion and transformation of coppice

M. Cappelli: Selvicoltura generale. Edagricole
G. Bernetti, R. Del Favero, M. Pividori. Selvicoltura Produttiva. Compagnia delle Foreste
G. Bernetti. Selvicoltura speciale. Utet

The course is held in Italian

Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati:
G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito.
R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione)
Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca
G. TSOUMIS - Science and Technology of wood. Chapman Hall - New York.
G.GIORDANO - Tecnologia del legno vol. I , II e III – UTET (in Biblioteca)
A. CRIVELLARO F.H. SCHWEINGRUBER - Stem anatomical features of Dicotyledons. Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
H. GÄRTNER F. H. SCHWEINGRUBER – Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
Berti S, Nocetti M, Sozzi L, 2013. I difetti del legno. Compagnia delle foreste. pp 74 (in biblioteca) BONAMINI G., G. GIORDANO 1997 - Antologia del legno - Vol. 1 e 2. Ed. Consorzio LEGNOLEGNO, Reggio Emilia.
C. POLLINI (a cura di) 2006 Manuale per la classificazione visuale qualitativa del legno tondo di abete rosso, abete bianco e larice. Pdf gratuitamente scaricabile: http://www.legnotrentino.it/documenti/Manuale_classificazione_legno_tondo.pdf
A. Gambetta 2010 Funghi e insetti nel legno Diagnosi, Prevenzione, Cura. Nardini editore (disponibile in biblioteca)
Dalprà M. 2007 Degrado biotico del legno : riconoscimento e metodi di lotta. (disponibile in biblioteca)

Energy cycle: primary and secondary energy sources. Pollution and pollutant emissions. Environmental impacted of energy systems. National and European rules regarding renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Fuels and environmental impact. Biomasses: definition and categories; biomass conversion processes (termochemical and biochemical). Energy characterization of biomasses. Anaerobic digestion: process and systems technologies. Gasification: process and systems technologies. Solar thermal and its applications, photovoltaic, wind energy, hydroelectric energy. Biofuels. Energy efficiency. Energy recovery. CHP and CCHP. Heat pumps. Geothermal energy. Life cycle assessment.

lecture notes of the professor
Libro: Sistemi a biomasse (Alessandro Caffarelli - Mauro Villarini - Enrico Bocci - Alessio D'Amato - Andrea Di Carlo) Ed. Maggioli - ISBN / EAN 8891601643 / 9788891601643

TEACHED EXCLUSIVELY IN ITALIAN
see above

c) PROGRAM
Technologies for sustainable forest operations. Efficient use of resources such as energy, water, human workforce. Minimization of global production of residues and emissions, Minimization of impacts on forest structures and environmental functions. In particular, these criteria for sustainable forest management through forest logging will be differentiated according to the various forms of forest management (high forest, coppice), treatment and the various types of crop care. Coppice management sites: simple coppice, coppice with standards. High forest management sites: even-aged, uneven-aged. Forest management sites: main parameters, advantages and disadvantages. Conversion sites of coppices in high forests. Conversion by natural evolution, indirect method, direct method. The transformations. Forest management sites in protected areas: low environmental impact forestry; forest recomposition and reconstitution. Furthermore, on the whole, the bases will be provided to make it possible to quantify and qualify forest logging activities, through the most common harmonized protocols for the study of forest utilization. Specifically, the topics will be: study of working times and productivity, study of logging costs, study of energy balances of forest yards, study of the logging impacts on the ground and above ground.

- Slides uploaded on the Moodle site.
- Verani S., Sperandio G., Picchio R., Savelli S., La raccolta della biomassa forestale. Tecniche, economia e sicurezza sul lavoro. Monterotondo (Roma): Grafica Salaria, 2009, vol. 1, p. 50.

----------------------------------------

Introduzione al corso; La Patologia Forestale e i suoi ambiti; Concetto di malattia e di danno; agenti di malattia biotici e abiotici; triangolo della malattia, classificazione delle malattie; introduzione alla sintomatologia.
La Sintomatologia; classificazione dei sintomi; scale diagrammatiche di malattia; indici di malattia: incidenza, severità, mortalità; calcolo degli indici di malattia; uso degli indici di malattia per valutare stato, gravità e distribuzione in un popolamento forestale; esempio di interazione tra entomologia e patologia forestale: l'ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Ipertrofie e iper plasie; alterazione dei processi: fotosintesi; respirazione; trasporto; riproduzione; trascrizione; Il ciclo della Malattia: svernamento; inoculo primario; disseminazione; inoculazione; attivazione; adesione del patogeno all'ospite; penetrazione passiva e attiva; infezione; colonizzazione apoplastica/simplastica, biotrofica/necrotrofica; evasione del patogeno. Meccanismi di difesa: sfuggenza, tolleranza, resistenza. Resistenza passiva e attiva, morfologica e chimica. Sistema elicitori recettori. La VTA, concetti e utilizzo in ambito urbano; sistemi di classificazione; esercitazioni pratiche su applicazione VTA. Il procedimento diagnostico: anamnesi e diagnosi di campo, fasi del procedimento diagnostico in campo. Casi applicativi: ambrosia beetles e funghi associati; cancro corticale del castagno; mal dell'inchiostro del castagno. Il concetto di sterilità; terreni di crescita, autoclave, cappa a flusso laminare. Il Postulati di Koch, esempio applicativo. Introduzione alla Micologia; il tallo fungino; ecologia dei funghi: simbionti, saprotrofi. I funghi come patogeni di piante, animali, uomo e altri microrganismi; la cellula fungina, nucleo, citoplasma e organuli, la parete cellulare. Il ciclo biologico dei funghi; germinazione della spora; accrescimento ifale; tropismo; colonizzazione necrotrofica e biotrofica; strutture vegetative. Esercitazioni pratiche di osservazione microscopica strutture fungine. Diagnostica biologica: osservazione e dissezione di materiale sintomatico; sterilizzazione e piastramento in cappa a flusso laminare; allestimento camera umida. I corpi fruttiferi; fasi nucleari; inquadramento tassonomico; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; generalità su Ascomycota: tallo vegetativo, riproduzione sessuata (pleomorfismo, telomorfo e anamorfo; gametangiogamia; aschi e ascospore) e asessuata (i conidi); corpi fruttiferi del telomorfo (apotecio, peritecio, cleistotecio, pseudotecio); corpi fruttiferi dell'anamorfo (acervulo, picnidio); tassonomia.
Introduzione ai Basidiomycota; tallo vegetativo; riproduzione sessuata (somatogamia; basidi e basidiospore); corpi fruttiferi (angiocarpo; gimnocarpo; emiangiocarpo); ordine Uredinales, forme riproduttive e ciclo; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes e Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalità, biologia e tassonomia.
Parte speciale: la moria dei semenzali (agenti causali, sintomatologia, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). I mal bianchi: introduzione e inquadramento tassonimico; i Mal Bianchi delle querce, nocciolo, platano, pioppo (agenti causali, sintomatologia, ciclo, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). Le taphrine: introduzione e inquadramento tassonomico; agenti causali; sintomi; ciclo; epidemiologia). Introduzione alle ruggini; le ruggini delle piante forestali: tassonomia, ciclo della malattia, epidemiologia: le ruggini vescicolose dei rami di pino; la ruggine curvatrice dei rami di pino; le ruggini dei pioppi; e ruggini vescicolose degli aghi dell'abete rosso, abete bianco e douglasia; le ruggini del ginepro; gli scopazzi dell'abete bianco.
Le malattie fogliari: ciclo, epidemiologia; necrosi degli aghi di pino (Lophodermium sp.,Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); le necrosi fogliari delle latifoglie; le antracnosi (platano, noce frassino), Il disseccamento dei germogli e dei coni del pino (Sphaeropsis sapinea).
Le tracheomicosi: generalità e ciclo; la Grafiosi dell'olmo; il cancro colorato del platano;le verticillosi.
I cancri a bersaglio: cancri da nectria e cancro del larice. I cancri diffusi: il cancro del cipresso; cancro corticale del castagno
I marciumi radicali: Armillaria, Heterobasidion e Phytophthora

Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro ragazzi - Patron Editore)

1. GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY

Generalities about insects; external morphology; nervous system and sense organs; digestive system; circulatory system; secretion and excretion system; reproductive system; pheromones; post-embryonic development; moults; metamorphoses; means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Penetration mode and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated control (IPM).

2. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY

Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications:
Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press -
A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.

I - Basic elements of economics (3 CFU)
1. Fundamental concepts of the economy
2. Production theory:
3. The offer of products in competitive markets: short-term business and market offer.
4. Valuation of investments: Net Present Value (NPV).
5. Market demand:
6. Closed markets:
7. Open markets: international trade

II – Selected issues on forestry economics (1 CFU).
1. Forest production activities
2. The Italian forest-wood system
3. International trade in wood products

III - Basic notions of economics of natural resources and the environment (0.5 CFU)

IV - Introductory notions of forest and environmental appraisal (2.5 CFU)
1. Appraisal in professional practice.
2. General information on appraisal.
3. The basics of land registry (Cadastre).
4. The basics of financial mathematics.
5. Forest appraisal:
• Estimative metric computation
• Value of staining
• Value of the forest.
6. The basics of environmental appraisal.

• Samuelson P.A. e Nordhaus W.D., Economia, XX edizione [XXI ed., 2019], McGraw-Hill, 2001 [Sito: www.ateneonline.it\samuelson20e].
• Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale, Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 1991. (Otherwise: Bernetti I., Romano S. (a cura di). Economia delle risorse forestali. Liguori Editore, 2007).
• Slides and exercises provided by the instructor.

The course is held in Italian

Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati:
G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito.
R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione)
Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca
G. TSOUMIS - Science and Technology of wood. Chapman Hall - New York.
G.GIORDANO - Tecnologia del legno vol. I , II e III – UTET (in Biblioteca)
A. CRIVELLARO F.H. SCHWEINGRUBER - Stem anatomical features of Dicotyledons. Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
H. GÄRTNER F. H. SCHWEINGRUBER – Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
Berti S, Nocetti M, Sozzi L, 2013. I difetti del legno. Compagnia delle foreste. pp 74 (in biblioteca) BONAMINI G., G. GIORDANO 1997 - Antologia del legno - Vol. 1 e 2. Ed. Consorzio LEGNOLEGNO, Reggio Emilia.
C. POLLINI (a cura di) 2006 Manuale per la classificazione visuale qualitativa del legno tondo di abete rosso, abete bianco e larice. Pdf gratuitamente scaricabile: http://www.legnotrentino.it/documenti/Manuale_classificazione_legno_tondo.pdf
A. Gambetta 2010 Funghi e insetti nel legno Diagnosi, Prevenzione, Cura. Nardini editore (disponibile in biblioteca)
Dalprà M. 2007 Degrado biotico del legno : riconoscimento e metodi di lotta. (disponibile in biblioteca)

Notice: this classroom is taught in Italian only.

Course outline:
Species ranges. Cimatic regions. Historical factors. Habitat factors. Topgraphic heterogeneity. Disturbance. Vegetation dynamics. Landscape heterogeneity. Outline of the Italian vegetation patterns.

- Gerdol R. et al., “La vegetazione delle montagne italiane”, CAI
- Adams J., “Vegetation-Climate Interactions”, Springer
- Bailey R.G., “Ecosystem Geography” , Springer
- Blasi C. et al., “Stato della Biodiversità in Italia”, Palombi
- Blasi C. & Biondi E., “La Flora in Italia”, Ministero dell’Ambiente
- Pignatti S., “Ecologia Vegetale”, UTET
- Pignatti S., “I Boschi d’Italia”, UTET
- Polunin O. & Walters M., “Guida alle vegetazioni d’Europa”, Zanichelli
- Zunino M. & Zullini A., “Biogeografia”, 2nd edition 2004, Ambrosiana

) Introduction to the course and concept of wildlife management. Concept of species and population. Population parameters
2) Wildlife and hunting planning, main regulations
3) Environmental suitability for wildlife; general information and methods of study
4) Ecological models
5) Environmental improvements (periodic, permanent, etc.).
6) Main techniques for monitoring and counting wild populations
7) Systematic classification of Italian wild ungulates
8) Elements of biology, ecology and management of the roe deer
9) Elements of biology, ecology and management of the red deer
10) Elements of biology, ecology and management of the fallow deer
11) Elements of biology, ecology and management of the Alpine and Apennine chamois, ibex, mouflon
12) Elements of biology, ecology and wild boar management
13) Elements of biology, ecology and management of leporidae
14) Elements of biology, ecology and wolf management
15) Elements of biology, ecology and management of the brown bear
16) Elements of biology, ecology and bird management
17) Concepts of wildlife-hunting management: monitoring, wildlife immissions, sustainable collection
18) Interaction between wildlife, agro-forestry environment: types of damage; species, presence indices, means of prevention
19) Elements of wildlife breeding; notes on the main deer, suidae, lagomorphs, galliformes (meat production, reintroduction, restocking)
20) Field and laboratory exercises: recognition of wild species and presence indices, seminars
21) Wild animal capture, wild animal count, breeding, etc.

- Morimando F., Tassoni A. Manuale di gestione faunistica del territorio. REDA, 2004
- A. M. Simonetta, F. Dessì-Fulgheri. Principi e tecniche di gestione faunistico-venatoria. Greentime ed. 1998.
- Lovari S. e Riga F. MANUALE DI GESTIONE DELLA FAUNA. Greentime Editore.
- Slides provided by the teacher

1. Presentation of the course: lessons program, study material, in-depth papers, verification procedure.
2. Livestock systems: extensive (nomadism; transhumance; pastoralism); semi-extensive/semi-intensive; intensive. System components and their interactions.
3. Behavior of domestic animals on pasture
4. Determination of the load of pastures
5. Grazing techniques
6. Grazing in the woods
7. Climate action on grazing animals
8. Assessment of welfare in grazing animals
9. Health problems of grazing animals
10. Pasture
11. Cattle breeds farmed in the Alps
12. Alpine dairy products
13. Breeding of Maremmana cattle
14. Breeding of beef cattle in Apennine areas
15. Breeding of the Podolic cattle
16. Sheep farming
17. Goat farming
18. Meat horse farming
19. Donkey and mule farming
20. Interaction of domestic animals with wild animals
21. Ecosystem functions of extensive animal husbandry
22. Enhancement of typical products

Material provided and/or indicated by the teacher

Introduction to the course, historical notes and examples of invasive organisms with significant economic and social impact.

GENERAL PART
Concept of phytosanitary emergency. Concept of alien or invasive organism. Main causes of phytosanitary emergencies: climate change and its impact on the environment, the host plant and the invasive organism; natural spread and voluntary and involuntary anthropogenic diffusion of invasive organisms; effect of the management changes in agriculture and in the forest environment.
Recall of the basic concepts of plant and forest pathology: disease, damage, injury; the disease triangle; the classification of diseases.
Recall of the main notions related to the biology of the causal agents of phytosanitary emergencies: viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, parasite phanerogams, insects.
The invasive process and the epidemiology of the causal agents of phytosanitary emergencies: transport, establishment, spread and impact. Forecast models of spread.
The diagnostic process in phytosanitary emergencies: critical approach to diagnosis, anamnesis, observations, collection and storage of samples. Basic methodologies: laboratory diagnosis in vivo and in vitro, isolation of the pathogen, microscopic observation of the structures. Modern methodologies: immunological (ELISA, Lateral Flow Assay, etc.) and molecular (standard and real time PCR, PCR applications for the diagnosis and characterization of pathogens and parasites) methods; outline of the use of bioinformatics for the characterization of pathogens.
Management of phytosanitary emergencies: Pre-introduction strategies to limit the entry of invading phytopathogenic organisms into exempt territories. Phytosanitary barriers at the borders: how the phytosanitary services are organized at regional and national level; the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), Lists A1 and A2; the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The Pest Risk Assessment (PRA). Post-introduction strategies: eradication and containment measures. National and European phytosanitary legislation.

SPECIAL SECTION
Past phytosanitary emergencies (case studies of introduced organisms):
- bark chestnut canker by Cryphonectria parasitica;
- Dutch elm disease by Ophiostoma ulmi and novo-ulmi;
- canker stain disease of plane tree by Ceratocystis platani;
- bark canker of cypress by Seiridium cardinale;
- conifers root rot by Heterobasidion annosum s.l .;
- fire blight of pome fruit by Erwinia amylovora;

Recent phytosanitary emergencies (case studies of introduced organisms):
- Olive Quick Decline syndrome by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca;
- bacterial kiwi canker by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae;
- Leaf scorching on forest tree species by Xylella fastidiosa
- Sharka stone by Plum Plox Potyvirus (PPV)
- Poplar canker by Hypoxylon mammatum;
- ash dieback by Chalara fraxinea;
- Sudden death of the oak by Phytophthora ramorum
- Resinous pine canker by Gibberella circinata
- Peer decline by "Candidatus Phytoplasma piri"
- poplar rust by Melampsora medusae

Phytosanitary emergencies not yet occurred (EPPO List A1)
- Oak wilt by Ceratocystis fagacearum;
- Eastern filbert blight by Anisogramma anomala;
- black stain root disease by Ophiostoma wageneri
- Eastern pine gall rust by Cronartium quercuum

Books:
- Parassiti delle piante arboreee forestali ed ornamentali. Specie introdotte e di temuta introduzione, Panconesi A., Moricca S., Ragazzi A., Dellavalle I., Tiberi R. Patron Editore
- Elementi di Patologia Forestale, Capretti P. e Ragazzi A., Patron Editore

The slides of the lessons and the supplementary material proposed during the lessons are provided on Google Classroom.

Introduzione al corso; La Patologia Forestale e i suoi ambiti; Concetto di malattia e di danno; agenti di malattia biotici e abiotici; triangolo della malattia, classificazione delle malattie; introduzione alla sintomatologia.
La Sintomatologia; classificazione dei sintomi; scale diagrammatiche di malattia; indici di malattia: incidenza, severità, mortalità; calcolo degli indici di malattia; uso degli indici di malattia per valutare stato, gravità e distribuzione in un popolamento forestale; esempio di interazione tra entomologia e patologia forestale: l'ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Ipertrofie e iper plasie; alterazione dei processi: fotosintesi; respirazione; trasporto; riproduzione; trascrizione; Il ciclo della Malattia: svernamento; inoculo primario; disseminazione; inoculazione; attivazione; adesione del patogeno all'ospite; penetrazione passiva e attiva; infezione; colonizzazione apoplastica/simplastica, biotrofica/necrotrofica; evasione del patogeno. Meccanismi di difesa: sfuggenza, tolleranza, resistenza. Resistenza passiva e attiva, morfologica e chimica. Sistema elicitori recettori. La VTA, concetti e utilizzo in ambito urbano; sistemi di classificazione; esercitazioni pratiche su applicazione VTA. Il procedimento diagnostico: anamnesi e diagnosi di campo, fasi del procedimento diagnostico in campo. Casi applicativi: ambrosia beetles e funghi associati; cancro corticale del castagno; mal dell'inchiostro del castagno. Il concetto di sterilità; terreni di crescita, autoclave, cappa a flusso laminare. Il Postulati di Koch, esempio applicativo. Introduzione alla Micologia; il tallo fungino; ecologia dei funghi: simbionti, saprotrofi. I funghi come patogeni di piante, animali, uomo e altri microrganismi; la cellula fungina, nucleo, citoplasma e organuli, la parete cellulare. Il ciclo biologico dei funghi; germinazione della spora; accrescimento ifale; tropismo; colonizzazione necrotrofica e biotrofica; strutture vegetative. Esercitazioni pratiche di osservazione microscopica strutture fungine. Diagnostica biologica: osservazione e dissezione di materiale sintomatico; sterilizzazione e piastramento in cappa a flusso laminare; allestimento camera umida. I corpi fruttiferi; fasi nucleari; inquadramento tassonomico; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; generalità su Ascomycota: tallo vegetativo, riproduzione sessuata (pleomorfismo, telomorfo e anamorfo; gametangiogamia; aschi e ascospore) e asessuata (i conidi); corpi fruttiferi del telomorfo (apotecio, peritecio, cleistotecio, pseudotecio); corpi fruttiferi dell'anamorfo (acervulo, picnidio); tassonomia.
Introduzione ai Basidiomycota; tallo vegetativo; riproduzione sessuata (somatogamia; basidi e basidiospore); corpi fruttiferi (angiocarpo; gimnocarpo; emiangiocarpo); ordine Uredinales, forme riproduttive e ciclo; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes e Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalità, biologia e tassonomia.
Parte speciale: la moria dei semenzali (agenti causali, sintomatologia, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). I mal bianchi: introduzione e inquadramento tassonimico; i Mal Bianchi delle querce, nocciolo, platano, pioppo (agenti causali, sintomatologia, ciclo, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). Le taphrine: introduzione e inquadramento tassonomico; agenti causali; sintomi; ciclo; epidemiologia). Introduzione alle ruggini; le ruggini delle piante forestali: tassonomia, ciclo della malattia, epidemiologia: le ruggini vescicolose dei rami di pino; la ruggine curvatrice dei rami di pino; le ruggini dei pioppi; e ruggini vescicolose degli aghi dell'abete rosso, abete bianco e douglasia; le ruggini del ginepro; gli scopazzi dell'abete bianco.
Le malattie fogliari: ciclo, epidemiologia; necrosi degli aghi di pino (Lophodermium sp.,Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); le necrosi fogliari delle latifoglie; le antracnosi (platano, noce frassino), Il disseccamento dei germogli e dei coni del pino (Sphaeropsis sapinea).
Le tracheomicosi: generalità e ciclo; la Grafiosi dell'olmo; il cancro colorato del platano;le verticillosi.
I cancri a bersaglio: cancri da nectria e cancro del larice. I cancri diffusi: il cancro del cipresso; cancro corticale del castagno
I marciumi radicali: Armillaria, Heterobasidion e Phytophthora

Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro ragazzi - Patron Editore)

1. GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY

Generalities about insects; external morphology; nervous system and sense organs; digestive system; circulatory system; secretion and excretion system; reproductive system; pheromones; post-embryonic development; moults; metamorphoses; means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Penetration mode and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated control (IPM).

2. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY

Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications:
Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press -
A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.

I - Basic elements of economics (3 CFU)
1. Fundamental concepts of the economy
2. Production theory:
3. The offer of products in competitive markets: short-term business and market offer.
4. Valuation of investments: Net Present Value (NPV).
5. Market demand:
6. Closed markets:
7. Open markets: international trade

II – Selected issues on forestry economics (1 CFU).
1. Forest production activities
2. The Italian forest-wood system
3. International trade in wood products

III - Basic notions of economics of natural resources and the environment (0.5 CFU)

IV - Introductory notions of forest and environmental appraisal (2.5 CFU)
1. Appraisal in professional practice.
2. General information on appraisal.
3. The basics of land registry (Cadastre).
4. The basics of financial mathematics.
5. Forest appraisal:
• Estimative metric computation
• Value of staining
• Value of the forest.
6. The basics of environmental appraisal.

• Samuelson P.A. e Nordhaus W.D., Economia, XX edizione [XXI ed., 2019], McGraw-Hill, 2001 [Sito: www.ateneonline.it\samuelson20e].
• Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale, Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 1991. (Otherwise: Bernetti I., Romano S. (a cura di). Economia delle risorse forestali. Liguori Editore, 2007).
• Slides and exercises provided by the instructor.

The course is held in Italian

Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati:
G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito.
R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione)
Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca
G. TSOUMIS - Science and Technology of wood. Chapman Hall - New York.
G.GIORDANO - Tecnologia del legno vol. I , II e III – UTET (in Biblioteca)
A. CRIVELLARO F.H. SCHWEINGRUBER - Stem anatomical features of Dicotyledons. Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
H. GÄRTNER F. H. SCHWEINGRUBER – Microscopic Preparation Techniques for Plant Stem Analysis Pdf scaricabile gratuitamente . http://www.forestrybooks.com/
Berti S, Nocetti M, Sozzi L, 2013. I difetti del legno. Compagnia delle foreste. pp 74 (in biblioteca) BONAMINI G., G. GIORDANO 1997 - Antologia del legno - Vol. 1 e 2. Ed. Consorzio LEGNOLEGNO, Reggio Emilia.
C. POLLINI (a cura di) 2006 Manuale per la classificazione visuale qualitativa del legno tondo di abete rosso, abete bianco e larice. Pdf gratuitamente scaricabile: http://www.legnotrentino.it/documenti/Manuale_classificazione_legno_tondo.pdf
A. Gambetta 2010 Funghi e insetti nel legno Diagnosi, Prevenzione, Cura. Nardini editore (disponibile in biblioteca)
Dalprà M. 2007 Degrado biotico del legno : riconoscimento e metodi di lotta. (disponibile in biblioteca)

The course is organized into four major sections:
1) Summary of basic genetic principles (Mendelian and molecular genetics)
2) Population genetics
3) Quantitative genetics
4) Basic principles of genetic improvement of forest trees.

1) SUMMARY OF BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES
- Genetic terminology: trait, gene, locus, allele, genotype and phenotype.

a) Mendelian genetics
- Mendel's principles
Monohybrid crosses: the principles of dominance and segregation; dihybrid crosses: the principle of independent assortment.
- Extension of Mendel's principles: partial dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, genetic linkage, pleiotropy.

b) Molecular genetics and cytogenetics
- Structures of DNA and RNA.
- The central dogma of molecular biology: replication, transcription and translation, the genetic code.
- Gene structure and regulation.
- The organization of DNA in chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis, chromosome theory of inheritance,
- Genomics.
- Mutations.
- Polyploidy.

- Causes and types of variability in forest stands: phenotypic, genetic and environmental variability; experimental methodologies to separate genetic and
environmental effects.

3) POPULATION GENETICS
- Hardy-Weinberg law.
- Effect of inbreeding and evolutionary factors (mutation, migration or gene flow, selection and genetic drift) on the genetic structure of forest species
populations.
- Geographic variation: races, clines and ecotypes

4) QUANTITATIVE GENETICS.
- Characteristics of quantitative traits.
- Study of the amount of phenotypic variation for a quantitative trait; statistical tools: samples and populations, frequency distributions, mean, variance and
standard deviation, correlation and regression analyses.
- Estimating the relative contribution of environmental and genetic effects on the observed phenotypic variability: heritability and its estimation in forest
species.
- Estimating the genotypic value of parental phenotypes by the analysis of offspring: clonal and breeding values; general combining ability and specific
combining ability.
- Genetic gain or genetic progress in a tree improvement program: realized gain and predicted gain on the basis of quantitative genetics theory; clonal and
breeding genetic gain.
- Genetic correlations: genetic correlations between two distinct traits (traits/traits correlations); genetics correlations of the same trait expressed at
different ages (juvenile/mature correlations); genetic correlations of the same trait expressed in different environments (genotype x environment
interaction).

5) BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF FOREST TREES.
- Genetic improvements under natural regeneration systems.
- Scope and structure of forest tree improvement programs.
- Population types and activities in the breeding cycle of tree improvement programs.
- Characteristics of different types of populations: base population, selected population, breeding population, external population.
- Propagation population: clonal seed orchards, seedling seed orchards.
- Objectives and functions of genetic tests in the breeding cycle of tree improvement programs.
 

Notes and slides of the lectures provided by the teacher.

Textbooks
Forest Genetics (2009), Editors: White T.L., Adams W.T., Neale D.B. ISBN 9781845932855;
G. Barcaccia e M. Falcinelli, Genetica e Genomica, Vol. II Miglioramento Genetico, Liguori Editore, 2005.

Wood macroscopic structure
Laboratory
Wood microscopic structure
Laboratory
Chemical characters
laboratory
Dendrochronology
Wood decay and wood durability
Wood physical properties (density, shrinkages, etc.)
Wood mechanica properties
Forest wood chain - classification
Visit to the industries

Nardi Berti (2006). Contributi Scientifico Pratici per una migliore conoscenza del legno
Dispense Bonamini e Uzielli e Zanuttini: Dispense di Tecnologia del Legno, Università degli Studi di Firenze.
Romagnoli M- Dendrocronologia per i Beni Culturali e l’ambiente. Nardini Editore.
Gambetta A 2010. Insetti e Funghi che attaccano il legno. Nardini editore, Firenze.
Liotta G. Insetti che attaccano il legno. Nardini editore
Altri testi di riferimento
Giordano G., 1984. Tecnologia del Legno
Palanti S. 2013.
Dispense distribuite a lezione dal docente.
Normativa tecnica di riferimento
Nocetti M. 2013. I Difetti del legno. Quaderni di Sherwood, Ecoalleco libri
Borghini e Massafra (a cura di) 2002. Legni da Ebanisteria.

The course is composed of four parts:
1. Economic theory and natural resources
2. Growth, development and natural resources
3. Cooperation for sustainable development
4. Designing and managing sustainable development projects in agroforestry

Franco S. , 2018, Le relazioni fra sistemi economici e ambiente. Collana (pas)SAGGI, anno 4, n.9.
United Nations, 2015, The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Scientific articles provided by the professor
Slides of the lectures

Introduzione al corso; La Patologia Forestale e i suoi ambiti; Concetto di malattia e di danno; agenti di malattia biotici e abiotici; triangolo della malattia, classificazione delle malattie; introduzione alla sintomatologia.
La Sintomatologia; classificazione dei sintomi; scale diagrammatiche di malattia; indici di malattia: incidenza, severità, mortalità; calcolo degli indici di malattia; uso degli indici di malattia per valutare stato, gravità e distribuzione in un popolamento forestale; esempio di interazione tra entomologia e patologia forestale: l'ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus. Ipertrofie e iper plasie; alterazione dei processi: fotosintesi; respirazione; trasporto; riproduzione; trascrizione; Il ciclo della Malattia: svernamento; inoculo primario; disseminazione; inoculazione; attivazione; adesione del patogeno all'ospite; penetrazione passiva e attiva; infezione; colonizzazione apoplastica/simplastica, biotrofica/necrotrofica; evasione del patogeno. Meccanismi di difesa: sfuggenza, tolleranza, resistenza. Resistenza passiva e attiva, morfologica e chimica. Sistema elicitori recettori. La VTA, concetti e utilizzo in ambito urbano; sistemi di classificazione; esercitazioni pratiche su applicazione VTA. Il procedimento diagnostico: anamnesi e diagnosi di campo, fasi del procedimento diagnostico in campo. Casi applicativi: ambrosia beetles e funghi associati; cancro corticale del castagno; mal dell'inchiostro del castagno. Il concetto di sterilità; terreni di crescita, autoclave, cappa a flusso laminare. Il Postulati di Koch, esempio applicativo. Introduzione alla Micologia; il tallo fungino; ecologia dei funghi: simbionti, saprotrofi. I funghi come patogeni di piante, animali, uomo e altri microrganismi; la cellula fungina, nucleo, citoplasma e organuli, la parete cellulare. Il ciclo biologico dei funghi; germinazione della spora; accrescimento ifale; tropismo; colonizzazione necrotrofica e biotrofica; strutture vegetative. Esercitazioni pratiche di osservazione microscopica strutture fungine. Diagnostica biologica: osservazione e dissezione di materiale sintomatico; sterilizzazione e piastramento in cappa a flusso laminare; allestimento camera umida. I corpi fruttiferi; fasi nucleari; inquadramento tassonomico; Glomeromycota; Chytridiomycota; Mucoromycotina; generalità su Ascomycota: tallo vegetativo, riproduzione sessuata (pleomorfismo, telomorfo e anamorfo; gametangiogamia; aschi e ascospore) e asessuata (i conidi); corpi fruttiferi del telomorfo (apotecio, peritecio, cleistotecio, pseudotecio); corpi fruttiferi dell'anamorfo (acervulo, picnidio); tassonomia.
Introduzione ai Basidiomycota; tallo vegetativo; riproduzione sessuata (somatogamia; basidi e basidiospore); corpi fruttiferi (angiocarpo; gimnocarpo; emiangiocarpo); ordine Uredinales, forme riproduttive e ciclo; Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetes e Phragmobasidiomycetes. Oomycetes: generalità, biologia e tassonomia.
Parte speciale: la moria dei semenzali (agenti causali, sintomatologia, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). I mal bianchi: introduzione e inquadramento tassonimico; i Mal Bianchi delle querce, nocciolo, platano, pioppo (agenti causali, sintomatologia, ciclo, epidemiologia, metodi di controllo). Le taphrine: introduzione e inquadramento tassonomico; agenti causali; sintomi; ciclo; epidemiologia). Introduzione alle ruggini; le ruggini delle piante forestali: tassonomia, ciclo della malattia, epidemiologia: le ruggini vescicolose dei rami di pino; la ruggine curvatrice dei rami di pino; le ruggini dei pioppi; e ruggini vescicolose degli aghi dell'abete rosso, abete bianco e douglasia; le ruggini del ginepro; gli scopazzi dell'abete bianco.
Le malattie fogliari: ciclo, epidemiologia; necrosi degli aghi di pino (Lophodermium sp.,Phacidium sp., Dothistroma sp.); le necrosi fogliari delle latifoglie; le antracnosi (platano, noce frassino), Il disseccamento dei germogli e dei coni del pino (Sphaeropsis sapinea).
Le tracheomicosi: generalità e ciclo; la Grafiosi dell'olmo; il cancro colorato del platano;le verticillosi.
I cancri a bersaglio: cancri da nectria e cancro del larice. I cancri diffusi: il cancro del cipresso; cancro corticale del castagno
I marciumi radicali: Armillaria, Heterobasidion e Phytophthora

Slides (in ppt downloadable); Elementi di Patologia Forestale (Paolo Capretti e Alessandro ragazzi - Patron Editore)

1. GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY

Generalities about insects; external morphology; nervous system and sense organs; digestive system; circulatory system; secretion and excretion system; reproductive system; pheromones; post-embryonic development; moults; metamorphoses; means of population control: biological, agronomic, cultural, physical, mechanical, chemical. Modern inorganic and organic active ingredients. Microbiological insecticides. Phytotoxicity; Penetration mode and mechanisms of action of insecticides; Selectivity; Human toxicity; Resistance; Legislation; Biological control; Intervention thresholds; Integrated control (IPM).

2. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY

Copies of the slides shown during the lessons, integrated with lesson notes and/or books and publications:
Battisti A. et. al. 2013. Lineamenti di Entomologia Forestale. Padova University Press -
A.Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Ed agricole, Bologna.

I - Basic elements of economics (3 CFU)
1. Fundamental concepts of the economy
2. Production theory:
3. The offer of products in competitive markets: short-term business and market offer.
4. Valuation of investments: Net Present Value (NPV).
5. Market demand:
6. Closed markets:
7. Open markets: international trade

II – Selected issues on forestry economics (1 CFU).
1. Forest production activities
2. The Italian forest-wood system
3. International trade in wood products

III - Basic notions of economics of natural resources and the environment (0.5 CFU)

IV - Introductory notions of forest and environmental appraisal (2.5 CFU)
1. Appraisal in professional practice.
2. General information on appraisal.
3. The basics of land registry (Cadastre).
4. The basics of financial mathematics.
5. Forest appraisal:
• Estimative metric computation
• Value of staining
• Value of the forest.
6. The basics of environmental appraisal.

• Samuelson P.A. e Nordhaus W.D., Economia, XX edizione [XXI ed., 2019], McGraw-Hill, 2001 [Sito: www.ateneonline.it\samuelson20e].
• Merlo M., Elementi di economia ed estimo forestale-ambientale, Pàtron Editore, Bologna, 1991. (Otherwise: Bernetti I., Romano S. (a cura di). Economia delle risorse forestali. Liguori Editore, 2007).
• Slides and exercises provided by the instructor.