Degree Course: Environmental and Forest Conservation and Restoration Syllabus for A.Y. 2020/2021

Monitoraggio e conservazione della biodiversita'

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18393 - Entomologia evolutiva (objectives) a) training objectives - comprehension of the morphology and etology of the insects as result of evolutionary processes. - comprehension of the interactions among different organisms within an ecosystem. b) expected training results - Knowledge on the evolution of some morphological structures of the insects and of some aspects of their etology. - knowledge on the principal relations among the different organisms within the ecosystems. - Acquisition of a fundamental ecological culture for a correct management of the environment. - GUGLIELMINO Adalgisa (syllabus) 1) Examples of structural adaptations to the ecological niche: Mouthparts; respiratory system; locomotory organs; defensory systems. 2) Interactions between different organisms: Insects and plants: coevolution; phytophagy; insects and the reproductive biology of the plants; insects living in specialized structures of the plants. Predation and parasitism in insects: Localisation of the prey/the host; acceptation and manipulation of the prey/the host; selection and specifity of the prey/the host; evolutionary success of predatory and parasitic insects. 3) Insects and ecosystems: Insects of the litter and the soil; insects and dead trees or decomposing wood; insects and excrements; insects and carcasses; insects and fungi; cavernicolous insects. Methods of sampling. (reference books) -Important is the material distributed by the teacher and notes during the lectures of the teacher (pdf files of the presentations). - Penny J. Gullan & Peter S. Cranston – Lineamenti di Entomologia – Zanichelli, 514pp. - R. G. Davies - Lineamenti di Entomologia – Zanichelli, 369pp.	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18395 - Valutazione dei beni e servizi forestali ed ambientali (objectives) • Motivate students towards economic evaluations of forest ecosystem services; • Increase students' familiarity with assessment methods and procedures • Investigate the types of judgment (estimative, financial, economic, social). • Highlight the advantages and limitations of evaluation methods and procedures. - CARBONE Francesco (syllabus) 1. Natural capital, ecosystem services. Asset classification. 2. Comparative evaluations 2.1 The theoretical background Statistics Financial mathematics Classification, method, principles, types of judgment and economic-estimative criteria, procedures Expert report and validation. 2.2 The main comparative assessments in the forest-environmental field 2.1 Forest estimates: forest value; stand value and stain value; cost of use; value of ornamental plants; 2.2 Estimates of limitations of use: fire damage; from wildlife; expropriation; servitude; indemnity and compensation; 2.3 Environmental estimates through market prices: value of the carbon absorption function; cost of recreation; value of individual environmental components; value of assets not listed on the market; 3. Non-comparative evaluations 3.1 Theoretical background Classification of environmental assets. Market failure. The willingness to pay / accept. 3.2 The evaluation approaches The approaches of undetected preferences: defensive expenses; dose response; opportunity cost Approaches of detected preferences: the travel cost method; the hedonymetric price method; the method of contingent valuation; the benefit transfer. 4. The evaluation of plans, programs and projects 4.1 Monetary valuations • Cost Effectiveness Analysis; • Cost-benefit analysis 4.2 Non-monetary valuation • The multicriteria approaches • Environmental assessments of plans, projects and interventions (Strategic Environmental Assessment; Environmental Impact Assessment; Impact Assessment). (reference books) Gallerani V., 2011 Manuale di estimo. McGrow-Hill Tempesta T. 2018. Appunti di estimo ambientale. Cleup Altro materiale del docente	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18394 - Certificazione delle foreste e dei prodotti forestali (objectives) The course is held in Italian A) EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The educational objectives are to provide the student with the knowledge for the certification of sustainable forest management and for the certification of wood, both as a process and product certification. Therefore the student will have training on the certification of sustainable forest management according to the FSC and PEFC schemes and of the chain of custody, on the certification of structural wood, on a Due Diligence system in accordance with EU Regulation n ° 995/2010 (EUTR or Timber Regulation) which contrasts the introduction and marketing, in the territory of the European Union, of illegally cut timber and wood-based products, pursuing the objective of contributing to the formation of a master's degree with skills in the implementation of sustainable forest management. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding Knowledge of the characteristics of forest certification schemes and ability to introduce a company to management and CoC certification, also in relation to the indications of the EU; knowledge of the dictates of the EUTR 995/2010 Regulation; knowledge of the legislation relating to the wood sector and in particular of the certification of structural wood. The knowledge and understanding skills extend those learned during the previous university education and allow analyzes, not only appropriate, but also original, especially according to the principles of environmental sustainability. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding Knowledge and understanding of the voluntary and mandatory legislation concerning the wood sector and the certification of the GFS and CoC according to different certification schemes, being able to effectively use the technical knowledge on the main wood-based products, on traceability and transformation processes , on the sector legislation and on the certification systems of the wood supply chain aimed at satisfying the requirements of the forest certification schemes and the EUTR Regulation. The knowledge and skills acquired are aimed at acquiring the ability to support one's own judgments and resolve complex issues relating to forest management, wood production and its use even in an interdisciplinary context. These skills are developed according to the principles of environmental sustainability, with a professional and ethically correct approach. 3) Making judgments Being able to collect data and interpret results obtained from the observation of forest management, management of the introduction of timber or wooden products on the European market to draw judgments supported by a scientific methodological approach, knowing how to choose the most appropriate methodology in the case of especially, taking into account the sustainability of the processes; be able to manage complex situations related to certification, also in relation to social responsibility and ethics concerning the marketing of "illegal timber". 4) Communication skills Being able to communicate unambiguously in the appropriate language with specialist and non-specialist interlocutors, correctly using the scientific and technical terminology of the sector. 5) Ability to learn (learning skills) Develop learning skills necessary to keep the preparation updated and to continue studying independently. To this end, the use of the Library's electronic resources is recommended. - LO MONACO Angela (syllabus) The course is held in Italian Forests in the world, in Europe, in Italy. Problems related to forest conservation, including in relation to the commercial sector. The stages of the environment-development-sustainability integration process. Introduction to the concept of certification. The forest, wood and forest products as the subject of certification. Forest certification as a tool for sustainable forest and plantation management. Standardization and certification bodies. Accreditation. The certification process. Forestry certifications. The standards of good forest management: FSC and PEFC, history and mission, dissemination. The FSC FM certification scheme. The PEFC certification standards for the sustainable management of forests and plantations. Purpose of the GFS manual. Parts that can make it up. Examples. The Chain of Custody (outline). The regulations in the wood sector, ISO, EN, UNI. The legislation concerning structural wood. The issue of illegality in the wood trade. EUTR 995 and "Due diligence". The subjects and products concerned. The competent authorities. The certification schemes and international standards that simplify the approach to EUTR 995. (reference books) Gli appunti dalle lezioni, che sono resi disponibili dal docente al termine degli argomenti trattati sulla piattaforma Moodle, insieme al programma sono utili quale traccia per lo studio. Su Moodle sono allegati anche testi di approfondimento o di riferimento per la preparazione. Cerullo S, Clerici C, Paradiso D, Zanuttini R. 2013. Il legno pensa al futuro. Compagnia delle foreste. pp 135 (19 euro c’è in Biblioteca, più copie) R. Zanuttini (a cura di) Il legno massiccio : materiale per un'edilizia sostenibile . Compagnia delle Foreste, 2014 (disponibile in Biblioteca) UNI Conlegno, 2010. La figura del Direttore tecnico di Produzione per il legno strutturale. pp 91 (120 euro, c’è in biblioteca) Norme UNI EN ISO e Standard FSC e PEFC per FM e CoC (in biblioteca, solo in consultazione e sui siti dei rispettivi enti normatori) Altro materiale reso disponibile dal docente per approfondimenti. Altri testi di riferimento Giachino DM, 2013. Legno Manuale per progettare in Italia. UTET. pp 311 (90 auro, c’è in biblioteca) MASIERO M., ZORZI G.M. (a cura di). Qualità e certificazione nella filiera del legno. La catena di custodia. Edito da CCIAA di Padova, PST Galileo, CNA Prov.le di Padova, marzo 2006: 148 pp. Berti S, Nocetti M, Sozzi L, 2013. I difetti del legno. Compagnia delle foreste. pp 74 (13 euro in biblioteca)	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118369 - Microbiologia dei suoli forestali (objectives) The Soil and Forest Microbiology highlight the role of Applied Soil Microbiology to natural ecosystem conservation, functioning and restauration with special emphasis to recover beneficial microbial biodiversity - DI MATTIA Elena (syllabus) Definition and aims of Forest Microbiology. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell and nutritional types. The transformation of energetic sources in the prokaryotic cell by fermentation and respiratory process (aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration). Physiology of microbial growth (batch growth, and continuous culture), growth under environmental conditions of nutrient limitation, biofilm growth and control of the biofilm formation. Microbial soil monitoring: microbial counting methods, ecophysiological characterization and biodiversity assessment of microbial communities by molecular techniques. Microbial Ecology: positive and negative relations between different microorganisms, r/K dominance in the microbial successional dynamics and priming effect of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). Microbial ecology in biogeochemical cycling of SOM decomposition, mineralization, humification and methanogenesis. Microbial ecology of bacterial nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, denitrifying and ammonifying bacteria. Plant residues and litter waste for green composting by soil microbiome. Microbiology of rhizosphere: microbial colonization of ectorhizosphere and biofilm on rhizoplane, rhizospheric index (R/S) and relation between plant-microorganisms and forest environment; Biological Nitrogen Fixation and free-living diazotrophic bacteria, free-living diazotrophic associative bacteria and diazotrophic symbiontic bacteria. Beneficial Bacteria: The Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), facultative and beneficial plant microbial Endophytes, Mycorrhiza (ectomycorrhizal fungi and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi). Forest diazotrophic symbiosis: Frankia symbiosis and actinorhizal plants, Frankia in walnut plantations both pure and mixed to accessory trees (Alnus); Rhizobium and tree perennial legumes symbiosis (nodulation, symbiosomes and plant inoculation with effective Rhizobium strains). Strains isolation and characterization, management of rhizobial inoculant and/or actinorhizal inocula (concept of edaphic adaptation). Application and management of forest soil microorganisms: use of microbial inocula for conservation, rehabilitation and restauration of degraded forest environments. (reference books) Microbiologia Agroambientale (a cura di B.Biavati, C. Sorlini), CEA Edizione 2008 ISBN 978-88-408-1383-7. Seconda Edizione CEA-ZANICHELLI ISBN 978-8808-18054-4.	6	AGR/16	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18404 - Attività formativa a scelta	8		64	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118364 - Bioindicatori (objectives) The teaching course consists of lectures and initiatives of a theoretical / practical nature to be carried out in parallel, such as excursions aimed at the observation and sampling of animals in their chosen environments, laboratory practice experiences related to the recognition of taxa, to the application of animal indices for environmental quality assessment. About the expected knowledge and the ability to understand, the student must be able to classify the aquatic environments, determine the most important factors, identify the structuring communities, identify the sampled organisms, describe the main adaptations. He will also have to know the main theories on the zoning of running waters, knowing how to apply environmental quality assessment indices. Regarding terrestrial coenosis (in particular forestry) it will have to be able to recognize structuring communities and taxocoenoses, identify the main taxonomic groups and be able to assess environmental quality through the application of simple indices. Regarding the sandy and rocky marine communities, it will have to be able to assess the environmental quality through the application of specific microbiological indices, based on algae, phanerogams and macroinvertebrates. On the basis of this acquired knowledge, he will have to be able to apply the main biotic indices of environmental quality assessment and obtain, independently, judgments on the main interventions to remove the disturbing causes. Finally, it must be able to communicate these results and its own evaluations through the acquisition of specific languages. These communication skills and the ability to learn will be evaluated. - FOCHETTI Romolo (syllabus) - Systemic quality indicators: structure and composition of macrobenthic communities, trophic-functional articulation. Problems of protection, conservation and enhancement of inland waters, with particular reference to vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. -Application of indexes inspired by the principles of landscape ecology (eg RCE, IFF). Quality objectives in the management of running waters: case studies. - Indicators of soil quality. Soil organisms. Identification, taxonomy and systematics of the main groups. Adaptations of soil organisms. The Biological Soil Quality Index (QBS). - Birds as bioindicators. The MITO project. FBI, WBI, MPBI - Indicators of integrity of terrestrial cenosis. Mites Oribatei, Carabidae and Scolitidi as bioindicators. - Quality indicators of the marine environment. Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). IQB, CARLIT, Posidonia Monitoring, M AMBI - European and national legislation on water monitoring - Sampling methods - Field exercises - Laboratory exercises for the recognition of internal water quality indicators (reference books) ARPA Piemonte. Tecniche di biomonitoraggio della qualità del suolo. (110 pp.) Fondazione Lombardia per l'ambiente: Bioindicatori ambientali. (376 pp.) Fenoglio S., Bo T. Lineamenti di ecologia fluviale. Ed. Cittàstudi. Lecture notes and specialized articles provided by the teacher	6	BIO/05	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
118367 - Analisi e conservazione della flora (objectives) 1) Knowledge and understanding: To improve the skills in the use of analytical keys and innovative tools for the correct identification of vascular plants. Developing skills in the study of Italian vascular flora through field and herbarium research, comparative morphometric analysis, floristic data processing and storage. 2) Applying knowledge and understanding: Develop skills in the use of tools and equipment for the conservation and use of plant collections (i.e., herbaria). the acquisition of skills aimed at the knowledge and monitoring of the valuable components of the Italian flora (endemic species, policy species, endangered species, species of fragile and declining habitats, etc.). 3) Making judgements: To train the student in the respect and conservation of nature through the acquisition of skills aimed at the knowledge of alien plant species and their monitoring, at the knowledge and monitoring of the valuable components of the Italian flora. 4) Communication skills: knowing how to communicate clearly the knowledge acquired. Possess specific multimedia and technological skills. Knowing how to communicate information relating to the conservation status of the flora in the light of the theoretical models learned and the scientific literature. 5) Learning skills: have developed those learning skills that allow the student to continue to deepen their studies and interact with the web independently. - SCOPPOLA Anna (syllabus) 1st part, The floristic analysis: Diagnostic characteristics, evolutionary characteristics and their ecological significance in families, genera and plant species of national and European significance. Basic techniques and advanced techniques for the study and identification of native vascular plants of the Italian flora: some study cases. Use of floras and analytical keys for the identification of plants, Checklists and analytical floras, how to make a floristic list. The portal of the Italian Flora. The Digital Floras. Floristic analysis and interpretation of floristic data. Nomenclatural updates and synonyms. The Italian vascular flora: state of the art, characteristics and consistency. The alien and invasive vascular flora of Italy. Adaptive strategies of vascular species: data collection and field analysis. how to compute biological spectra, chorological spectra and Ellenberg indices and their applications. 2nd part, The flora conservation: The network of Herbaria for the ex-situ study and conservation of native flora. The information content of the herbaria. Organization of databases and computerization. Digital photography and virtual herbaria. Online international indexes and repertories as the main resource for floristic and taxonomic research. The nomenclatural types. Herbaria as cultural heritage. Ex-situ conservation in Germplasm banks and Botanical gardens (outlines). The IUCN, Assessment and Red-listing. Red lists for the Italian flora. The priority vascular species of Directive 92/43 / EEC (outlines). 3rd part, Practical experiences: Species identification of native flora, Interpretation of floristic data on native and non-native flora, Computation of biological and chorological spectra and Ellenberg indices Management and use of the resources of the Herbaria in presence and remotely, with practical experience at the Tuscia Herbarium (UTV). Use of international on-line indexes and repositories, of on-line libraries and virtual Herbaria. (reference books) Texts and other reference materials: Taffetani F. (Ed.), Herbaria. Nardini Ed. Scoppola A., Blasi C., Stato delle conoscenze sulla flora vascolare d'Italia. Palombi ed. Blasi et al., Stato della Biodiversità in Italia, Palombi ed.. Pignatti S., Flora d'Italia, Edagricole 1982. Conti F. et al., An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Palombi Ed. Bartolucci et al. 2018 e Galasso et al. 2018, An updated Checklist … Celesti-Crapow L. et al. (Eds.), 2010 - Flora vascolare alloctona e invasiva delle regioni d'Italia. Ed. Università La Sapienza. Roma. Scientific papers uploaded to Moodle and lecture notes. Indexes, Repertoires, Virtual Herbariums and on-line Libraries. Preparatory bases: Marchi P. et al., Famiglie di piante vascolari italiane, 3 volumes. Ed. Rubettino/Ed. Univ. La Sapienza. Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., Botanica generale e diversità vegetale, Ed. Piccin. PDF of the lessons of Plant Diversity AY 2020-2021.	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119047 - .
- . - ASTOLFI Stefania (syllabus) Introduction: Soil and its definitions Physical Properties of Soil: soil texture, soil structure, and soil temperature Chemical Properties of Soil: pH; Cation and Anion exchange capacity; C:N ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen) Soil degradation Biogeochemical Cycling: Inputs and Outputs of Nutrients to Ecosystems (N, S and P cycle) Soil organic matter (SOM) General characteristics, composition, physical, chemical and biological properties (reference books) There is no single textbook that covers the content of the entire course. Selected chapters of the following textbooks: Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin Maffei, Biochimica vegetale, Piccin Violante, Chimica del suolo e della Nutrizione delle Piante, Edagricole. Hand-outs from lessons Other references will be mentioned during the lectures.	6	AGR/13	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities		ITA
- . (objectives) The main objective of the course is to provide the knowledge nedeed to understand the risks and consequences of the main threats of soil degradation of the forest environment or, more generally, of the slope. The basics of soil physics and hydrology will be provided, useful for understanding the mechanisms of erosion and other types of degradation such as compaction and desertification. The student will learn to interpret the soil maps and its derivatives, laying the foundations for a correct management and planning of the territory. - Priori Simone (syllabus) - Basis of pedology: pedogenetic processes, soil profile and genetic horizons, classification of forest humus - International classification of soils (WRB): the diagnostic horizons, the properties and diagnostic materials, the reference groups (Reference Soil Groups), use of the WRB keys for the classification of soils - Elements of soil physics: concepts and methods of measurement of texture, structure, bulk density, compaction, erodibility - Water-soil relationship: water flows in the soil, water retention curves, field capacity, wilting point, available water (AWC), infiltration and permeability of soils, waterlogging and associated pedogenetic forms. Measurement and monitoring of water content and water tension in the field. - Soil threats and degradation. Desertification - Water and wind erosion of the soil. Analysis of the causes and effects produced, predisposing factors. Data and measurements of erosion in Italy and around the world. Main models for estimating water erosion (USLE, RUSLE) - Landscape and landforms comprehension: references to geomorphology, forms of slope and valley deposits, glacial and periglacial forms, cariscal forms, structural forms. Photointerpretation, digital terrain models. The physiographic units. - Pedological mapping: Soil-landscape paradigm; pedo-landscape hierarchy. Taxonomic units and cartographic units - Criteria for defining cartographic units - The series, type, phase, variants - The composite cartographic units - Associations, complexes - Mapping units in small-scale surveys. Organization of work for soil survey and mapping - Principles of Land Evaluation: Land Capability (land use capacity) and Land Suitability concepts. Land capability classification for forestry - Forest soils in the world and the main threats: effects of forest fires; effects of global warming on cryosols and histosols in tundra and alpine environments; land use change effects in soils with soft epipedon in steppe and prairie environments; effects of deforestation on tropical and sub-tropical soils. - Forest soils as historical archive of climate and past management: Reading of past pedogenetic processes of soil characteristics that indicate a particular event - From soil assessment to conservation and restoration: Principles and techniques of forest soil maintenance. Erosion protection after forest fires. Soil restoration operations after excavations and infrastructural works (reference books) - Dispense fornite dal docente - Basi di pedologia, Giacomo Certini & Fiorenzo Ugolini, Edagricole, 2010. - Fondamenti di pedologia, Carmelo Dazzi, Ed. Le Penseur, 2016. - Soil Survey Division Staff - Key to soil taxonomy. USDA; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 - FAO - World Reference Base for Soil Resources; scaricabile gratuitamente da http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794en.pdf) - Soil Survey Manual, USDA-Soil Science Division Staff; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.iec.cat/mapasols/DocuInteres/PDF/Llibre50.pdf - Linee guida dei metodi di rilevamento ed informatizzazione dei dati pedologici, Edoardo Costantini, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284991599_Il_rilevamento_dei_suoli	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities		ITA

SECOND YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18399 - Conservazione della natura (objectives) Knowledge of the natural dynamics and structure of ecosystems, with particular focus on forests. Quantify the structural and compositive attributes related to naturalness, and the ecological processes that generate them. Quantify the degradation of an ecosystem. - DI FILIPPO Alfredo (syllabus) Ecologia generale e struttura dell’ecosistema. Flusso di energia e struttura dell’ecosistema. Rete trofica. Catene trofiche di pascolo e detrito. Livelli gerarchici di organizzazione dell’ecosistema. Componente Biotica ed abiotica dell’ecosistema. Popolazioni e Comunità. Biomassa e produttività degli ecosistemi. Le componenti della produttività dell’ecosistema. Fattori che influenzano la variabilità di biomassa e produttività degli ecosistemi a scala globale e locale. Suolo e sua importanza per gli ecosistemi. Pedogenesi, struttura in aggregati, profilo e orizzonti del suolo. Struttura, caratteristiche, qualità dei suoli: indicatori biologici, chimico-fisici, strutturali. Cicli biogeochimici e struttura del suolo. Fertilità stazionale e site index. Bioclima. Macro-, meso- e microclima. Classificazioni bioclimatiche, la classificazione fitoclimatica di Pavari. Indici biocimatici: Lang, De Martonne, Emberger, Mitrakos, Thorntwaite. Diagrammi climatici. L’evapotraspirazione potenziale e reale. Il deficit idrico. Gradienti ecologici, clima, bioclima, biomi. Il bioclima ed il suolo controllo sulle caratteristiche ecosistemiche: biomassa, produttività, longevità arborea e turnover demografico, fenologia, trend di crescita. Le dinamiche degli ecosistemi Le Successioni. Processi autogeni ed allogeni (esogeni/endogeni) che guidano le dinamiche degli ecosistemi. Principali cambiamenti ambientali, strutturali e compositivi durante la successione. Il concetto di climax e sue critiche. Successioni primarie e secondarie. Il ciclo silvologico. Le 4 fasi strutturali della coorte arborea: rinnovazione, aggradazione, biostatica, degradazione. Autodiradamento ed autopotatura. I 4 stadi di sviluppo della comunità arborea. Colonizzazione, Autodiradamento, Transizione demografica, Multicoorte. Il mosaico mobile di fasi strutturali. Il regime di disturbo naturale e suo ruolo nelle dinamiche ecosistemiche. NATURALITÀ E FORESTE VETUSTE. Il concetto di naturalità degli ecosistemi. Eredità naturale ed artificiale. Le foreste vetuste in relazione allo sviluppo della comunità arborea. Foreste vetuste primarie e secondarie. Gli attributi strutturali ed i processi ecologici delle foreste vetuste. Biomassa e necromassa. Curva di accumulo della biomassa. Dinamiche strutturali delle foreste naturali. Indicatori strutturali, compositivi e crono-funzionali del grado di vetustà. Disturbo naturale ed artificiale. Eredità naturale ed eredità artificiale. Le definizioni di vetustà dello US Forest Service. Attributi delle foreste vetuste temperate decidue. Indicatori strutturali e crono-funzionali delle faggete italiane: il caso delle faggete appenniniche. Alberi Habitat: definizione e loro importanza. DEGRADO DEGLI ECOSISTEMI Concetto di degrado dell’ecosistema. Degrado forestale. Fattori naturali e antropici di degrado. Degrado e variabilità naturale degli ecosistemi. Definizioni ecologiche e gestionali (FAO, IPCC) del degrado. Resilienza, stati alternativi dell’ecosistema, successione, soglie, tipping points, collasso dell’ecosistema. Criteri strutturali e compositivi per identificare il degrado forestale. Condizioni Naturali di Riferimento degli ecosistemi. Indicatori di Degrado. Bibliografia Assessing forest degradation - Towards the development of globally applicable guidelines. Report FAO http://www.fao.org/3/a-i2479e.pdf ) Lindenmayer, Messier, Sato. Avoiding ecosystem collapse in managed forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology DEGRADO DEL SUOLO Il suolo come risorsa non rinnovabile. Il consumo di suolo in Italia. Copertura ed Uso del suolo. Fattori di degrado del suolo. Principali indicatori di conservazione/ degrado del suolo. Compattazione. Erosione del suolo. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Tipi di erosione, quantificare l’erosione. Pietrosità e rocciosità. FRAMMENTAZIONE FORESTALE. Frammentazione: cause ed impatti sulle dinamiche naturali. Misurare la frammentazione: indici di forma e loro significato. L’indice di integrità forestale. Isolamento, effetto margine, barriere ecologiche, metapopolazioni. L’uso del telerilevamento e GIS nelle misure di frammentazione: uso del suolo CORINE; indici di vegetazione NDVI/EVI; Global Forest Watch e Copertura Forestale; metriche di frammentazione in ambiente GIS. Bibliografia Misurare la frammentazione: http://www.fao.org/3/ad654e/ad654e04.htm Primack, Boitani. Biologia della conservazione. Zanichelli. CONSERVAZIONE DELLA BIODIVERSITÀ La biodiversità. Hotspots di biodiversità. Liste Rosse IUCN. Categorie e criteri di assegnazione. EDGE of Existence. Specie chiave, specie bandiera, ombrello. La Lista Rossa IUCN degli Ecosistemi: categorie, criteri e modalità operative. Lista Rossa IUCN delle specie a rischio. (reference books) Main textbook Primack, Boitani. Biologia della conservazione. Zanichelli. Other textbook for basics in ecology Odum & Barnett. Fondamenti di ecologia. Piccin. Paci. Ecologia Forestale. Edagricole. Pignatti. Ecologia Vegetale. UTET. Other useful textbooks Bernetti. Selvicoltura Speciale. UTET.	6	BIO/03	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18400 - Pianificazione e gestione ecologica dell'ambiente forestale (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the theoretical and applied knowledge for the planning and ecological management of the forest area with particular reference to forest management plans, forest fire prevention plans and park plans. The major strategical themes of forest planning are also addressed in relation to the challenges of sustainable development and in particular to the major themes of the role of forests in mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity as well as in the related Agenda 2030 objectives. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) The origins of Western environmentalism. Historical cases of ecological planning of natural resources. The environmental issue and the foundation of the Ministry of the Environment. Towards sustainable development: from GDP to Fair and Sustainable Wellness (BES). Agenda 2030. The challenge of preserving natural capital (goods, eco-services, and biodiversity). The concept of sustainable use of natural resources: the framing of the problem. FAO report on global forest resources and the state of forests: problems and prospects. Planning of the use of forest resources on the basis of the principles of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Forest Europe - former Ministerial Conferences for the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE). Forest monitoring and sustainable forest management indicators in Italy. The DPSIR logic scheme to frame the indicators. Biogeography, bioclimatology, and macroecology. Landscape ecology. Disturbance ecology and the implications for ecological planning. Agents of abiotic and biotic disturbances. The natural dynamics of the temperate forest: cyclical dynamism and metastable states. The ancient forest. Fragmentation of forest ecosystems: natural processes and processes induced by man. Methods of analysis of the degree of fragmentation of a forest area. Forest ecosystems monitoring techniques in relation to space and time. The descriptors of the state and dynamic trends of forest ecosystems: indicators and indices. Metric for the definition of the integrity of forest ecosystems. Analysis of the status of a forest area and of natural dynamic trends. The case of the natural evolution of forest stands: from the managed forest to the ancient forest. The dendroecological approach: the principles of dendrochronology. Sampling and laboratory analysis. Demographic analysis and dynamism of forest ecosystems: mechanisms of renewal, age distribution, competitive processes and successions. The study of disorders in forest ecosystems: the reconstruction of the regime of fires and infestations. Dendroclimatology: effects of medium and low-frequency climatic variations and high frequency (response functions) on the growth of trees and forest stands; the characteristic intervals. Climate Reconstructions. The study of isotopes in dendroecology. Forest planning. Principles of auxology and forest auxonomy. Forest management plans. Modality of forest compartmentalization. The environmental survey. The concept of a normal forest in forest management. Infrastructures and sustainable management of forest resources. Territorial information systems in forest planning. Forest planning and forest fires. Forest planning and restoration. Silvo-pastoral planning. Planning in protected areas: the park plan. Environmental certification processes. Environmental reporting. LIFE projects: illustration of case studies. Planning in protected areas (Park plan and management of the Natura 2000 network). The site management plan of Unesco World Heritage. (reference books) CANTIANI M., 1980. Appunti di assestamento forestale. Università di Firenze, Firenze. Nuove metodologie nella elaborazione dei piani di assestamento dei boschi. Manuale I.S.E.A. Istituto per lo sviluppo economico dell'appennino centrosettentrionale Bologna. Disponibile sulla piattaforma Moodle	7	AGR/05	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18401 - Progettazione e cantieri forestali (objectives) Corso impartito solo in lingua italiana a) OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI Il corso si rivolge a coloro che vogliano acquisire conoscenze avanzate per operare, a livello manageriale, dirigenziale e di coordinamento, nel settore della difesa del suolo, delle progettazioni forestali e della conservazione della biodiversità. La conoscenza essenziale delle basi di progettazioni forestali e gestione dei cantieri posti in essere. La padronanza degli strumenti legislativi e tecnico scientifici necessari alla progettazione e gestione operativa dei cantieri forestali. Capacità di operare per tali opere anche in qualità di collaudatore. b) RISULTATI DI APPRENDIMENTO ATTESI Al termine dell’insegnamento gli studenti dovranno essere in grado di: 1) conoscere i principi legislativi e tecnici che regolano le progettazioni forestali ed essere in grado di saper leggere e comprendere i progetti in campo forestale; 2) analizzare un progetto forestale esecutivo e comprendere la struttura del cantiere forestale che tecnicamente dovrà essere improntato; 3) saper operare in autonomia nel valutare la corretta esecuzione di opere derivanti da progettazioni forestali ed esecuzione dei relativi cantieri; 4) acquisire capacità comunicative a livello tecnico e scientifico, rivolte a presentare propriamente i propri progetti o valutazioni di opere collaudate. 5) avere le capacità di saper cercare ed apprendere le innovazioni scientifiche e tecnologiche rivolte al settore forestale, facendo uso di banche dati nazionali ed internazionali ufficialmente riconosciute. - PICCHIO Rodolfo (syllabus) c) PROGRAM The main forest designs and forest yards, their general framework and definition. Public and private forest works, differences in planning, management and testing. The design process, pre-feasibility, preliminary design, final design and executive design. The work direction and the figure of the work directorr. The final evaluation of the forest yards. Preliminary design and execution of works for reforestation, afforestation, forest restoration, forest logging, ecological engineering, energy biomass plantations, energy supply chains and woodland urban forestry. Specific design, installation and management of forest yards for cable yarder. Preliminary design, management and execution of forest yards concerning forest roads. Methodologies for drawing up a project. Cost analysis. Metric calculation. Chorographies. Accounting of the works. Yard supervision. Judicial reports. Application management of forest yards, in light of current legislative systems, their functional and managerial analysis in itinere. (reference books) - Slides uploaded on the Moodle site. - Appunti di progettazione forestale / Orazio La Marca, Anna La Marca ; con la collaborazione di Roberto Fratini, Claudia Capponi.	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18404 - Attività formativa a scelta	8		64	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18403 - Geologia applicata all'ambiente (objectives) The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of applied geology and environmental. The course provides tools and techniques for understanding, analyzing and solving geological problems applied to soil and groundwater protection and management. Geotechnical soil and rock properties, hydrogeological properties, slope dynamics are examined in the geomorphological context of reference for sustainable management and for the prevention of geological and environmental hazards. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geotechnical soil and rock properties, erosion processes and dynamics of the slopes, groundwater flow. The student will be able to distinguish the most common forms of erosion and landslides, and to analyze slope dynamics. The student will be able to understand the hydrogeological processes by linking them to the geological characteristics. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to interpret the results of a geotechnical characterization of soils and rocks, to read and interpret landslide maps, to analyze hydrogeological data, to calculate flow rate of aquifers. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze geotechnical characteristics, slope dynamics and hydrogeological features of an area useful for safeguard and monitoring of the soil and groundwater resources. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) I Thematic Unit: Geotechnical soil and rock properties Soil characterization: general types of soils, composition and structure of clay minerals, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart, classification of soils. Effective stress and pore water pressure. Seepage. Compressibility and consolidation. The standard one-dimensional consolidation test. Pressure-void ratio curves. Normally consolidated and overconsolidated soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Direct shear test. Triaxial compression tests: CD, CU, UU. Fundamentals of rock mechanics. Sub-soil exploration: borehole logging, geophysical exploration. II Thematic Unit: Slope dynamics Landslides: types, processes, classification. Methods of stability analysis of slopes: plane surface failure in sands, circular surface failure in clay, plane surface failure in rock mass. Landslide remediation and mitigation. Erosion processes and soil conservation. Soil loss evaluation. Landslide hazard assessment and risk evaluation. Maps of landslides and of landslide hazard. III Thematic Unit: Groundwater The hydrological balance: equations, methods. Main hydrogeological properties of rocks. Types of aquifers. Darcy's Law. Flow equations. Potentiometric contour lines maps. Flow in confined and unconfined aquifers. Groundwater-surface water relationships. Freshwater-salt water relationship. Springs: classification, spring hydrograph, methods of developing. Wells: methods of drilling and conditioning, pumping tests. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell. Fetter C.W. (2000) Applied hydrogeology. Merill Pub. Company.	6	GEO/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18405 - Tirocinio	4		100	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
18406 - Prova finale	16		400	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test		ITA
18402 - Conservazione e restauro dell'ambiente forestale (objectives) Il corso si propone di consolidare e ampliare la conoscenza e la comprensione delle basi dell'evoluzione delle specie forestali e l'interazione ecologico-genetica degli individui e dei popolamenti forestali, fornendo un quadro di riferimento per applicare i metodi di analisi e monitoraggio delle risorse genetiche forestali e della loro conservazione attraverso l’impiego dei principali metodi di biologia molecolare e di bioinformatica.
18402-1 - Ecogenetica forestale (objectives) To improve theoretical and practical knowledge and awareness of the evolutionary patterns of forest trees, and of the ecological-genetic interactions in individuals and populations. To provide a benchmark to analyse, monitor and preserve the genetic reasources of populations and species, through advanced molecular and bioinformatic tools. To improve the students' ability of making judgements, communicate, and learn new developments in the course subject. - SIMEONE Marco Cosimo (syllabus) 1. Basics of Ecoplogy and Genetic: DNA, genes, genomes, hereditability, environment 2. Markers: morphological, biochemical (terpenes, isoenzymes, proteins), molecular (RFLP, SSR, AFLP, SNP) markers, Sanger Sequencing, DNA barcoding, Next Generation Sequencing and RAD sequencing, metagenomics, phylogenomics 3. Population Genetics: evolutive factors and gene frequencies. Mutations, Migration, Selection, Drift. Reproduction, gene flow, demography. Isolamento, bottlenecks, inbreeding. Divergence, speciation, hybridization, introgression. Phylogeny and phylogeography. Landscape Genetics. Coevolution. 4. Natural genetic variation (simple alleles, QTL). Spatial and temporal genetic structures. Quantification of the genetic diversity. Genotype x environment interactions.Candidate Genes. Climate change, Adaptation, migration. 5. Conservation genetics: in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies. (reference books) Lesson notes and PPT presentations	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18402-2 - Restauro dell’ambiente forestale - SCHIRONE Bartolomeo (syllabus) Basic ecological concepts Disturbance and degradation Irreversibility thresholds Indicators of degradation Definition of restoration Forest Restoration, Environmental Restoration and Forest Landscape Restoration When forest restoration is needed Passive Restoration (Conservation) and Active Restoration The categories of restoration The project. The study of the territorial context The general project The executive project The stationary survey Cartographies and surveys Topography and microtopography Geomorphology and Geology Pedology Hydrography Climate. Climate indices Flora and vegetation Fauna Archeology and history The choice of the species to be used Principles of conservation biology Forest successions Self-organization of ecosystems Competition and cooperation The nursery material The choice of intervention techniques Delimitation of the area Preparatory work Sowing and planting Type of plant Processing Density and planting sixth Transport of plants to the planting site Plant material, planting operations Miyawaki method Plant fencing works Fire protection Wind protection Cultural care Restoration in arid areas Desert and Mediterranean environments Work on coastal dunes Restoration interventions in mountain environments (reference books) Notes from lectures, slides and handouts J. Stanturf, D. Lamb, P. Madsen. Forest landscape Restoration. Springer	7	AGR/05	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

Info

118356 - Assetto del territorio - Derived from 14939-2 Assetto del territorio in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 RIPA Maria Nicolina	8	AGR/10	64	-	-	-		-	ITA
118357 - Meccanizzazione agricola - Derived from 14939-1 Meccanizzazione agricola in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 MONARCA Danilo	6	AGR/09	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118360 - Politiche agricole ed evoluzione del mercato - Derived from 14841-1 Politiche agricole ed evoluzione del mercato in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 SEVERINI Simone	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118361 - Gestione dell’impresa agricola e analisi degli investimenti - Derived from 14841-2 Gestione dell’impresa agricola e analisi degli investimenti in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 DONO Gabriele	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118752 - Plagas emergentes de interés para la agricultura en la UE - Derived from 118752 Plagas emergentes de interés para la agricultura en la UE in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 Speranza Stefano	3		18	-	-	-		-	ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

Info

118358 - Strategie in entomologia agraria - Derived from 14842-1 Strategie in entomologia agraria in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 SPERANZA Stefano	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118359 - Strategie in patologia vegetale - Derived from 14842-2 Strategie in patologia vegetale in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 BALESTRA Giorgio mariano	6	AGR/12	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118323 - Research application of forest logging and wood technology	9	AGR/06	72	-	-	-			ITA
118324 - Research application on forest logging - PICCHIO Rodolfo	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118325 - Research application on wood technology - LO MONACO Angela	3	AGR/06	18	-	-	-		-	ITA
118327 - Forest Genetic Resources - SIMEONE Marco Cosimo	3	AGR/05	18	-	-	-		-	ITA

Restauro dell'ambiente e del paesaggio

FIRST YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18393 - Entomologia evolutiva (objectives) a) training objectives - comprehension of the morphology and etology of the insects as result of evolutionary processes. - comprehension of the interactions among different organisms within an ecosystem. b) expected training results - Knowledge on the evolution of some morphological structures of the insects and of some aspects of their etology. - knowledge on the principal relations among the different organisms within the ecosystems. - Acquisition of a fundamental ecological culture for a correct management of the environment. - GUGLIELMINO Adalgisa (syllabus) 1) Examples of structural adaptations to the ecological niche: Mouthparts; respiratory system; locomotory organs; defensory systems. 2) Interactions between different organisms: Insects and plants: coevolution; phytophagy; insects and the reproductive biology of the plants; insects living in specialized structures of the plants. Predation and parasitism in insects: Localisation of the prey/the host; acceptation and manipulation of the prey/the host; selection and specifity of the prey/the host; evolutionary success of predatory and parasitic insects. 3) Insects and ecosystems: Insects of the litter and the soil; insects and dead trees or decomposing wood; insects and excrements; insects and carcasses; insects and fungi; cavernicolous insects. Methods of sampling. (reference books) -Important is the material distributed by the teacher and notes during the lectures of the teacher (pdf files of the presentations). - Penny J. Gullan & Peter S. Cranston – Lineamenti di Entomologia – Zanichelli, 514pp. - R. G. Davies - Lineamenti di Entomologia – Zanichelli, 369pp.	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18395 - Valutazione dei beni e servizi forestali ed ambientali (objectives) • Motivate students towards economic evaluations of forest ecosystem services; • Increase students' familiarity with assessment methods and procedures • Investigate the types of judgment (estimative, financial, economic, social). • Highlight the advantages and limitations of evaluation methods and procedures. - CARBONE Francesco (syllabus) 1. Natural capital, ecosystem services. Asset classification. 2. Comparative evaluations 2.1 The theoretical background Statistics Financial mathematics Classification, method, principles, types of judgment and economic-estimative criteria, procedures Expert report and validation. 2.2 The main comparative assessments in the forest-environmental field 2.1 Forest estimates: forest value; stand value and stain value; cost of use; value of ornamental plants; 2.2 Estimates of limitations of use: fire damage; from wildlife; expropriation; servitude; indemnity and compensation; 2.3 Environmental estimates through market prices: value of the carbon absorption function; cost of recreation; value of individual environmental components; value of assets not listed on the market; 3. Non-comparative evaluations 3.1 Theoretical background Classification of environmental assets. Market failure. The willingness to pay / accept. 3.2 The evaluation approaches The approaches of undetected preferences: defensive expenses; dose response; opportunity cost Approaches of detected preferences: the travel cost method; the hedonymetric price method; the method of contingent valuation; the benefit transfer. 4. The evaluation of plans, programs and projects 4.1 Monetary valuations • Cost Effectiveness Analysis; • Cost-benefit analysis 4.2 Non-monetary valuation • The multicriteria approaches • Environmental assessments of plans, projects and interventions (Strategic Environmental Assessment; Environmental Impact Assessment; Impact Assessment). (reference books) Gallerani V., 2011 Manuale di estimo. McGrow-Hill Tempesta T. 2018. Appunti di estimo ambientale. Cleup Altro materiale del docente	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18407 - Meccanizzazione per gli interventi di restauro forestale (objectives) EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES: The course will be oriented to problem solving, risk analysis and assessment, planning of appropriate interventions in the field of forest restoration and conservation through sustainable mechanization, EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding (knowledge and understanding): It will allow the acquisition of knowledge / skills to: - identify the hazards and assess the risks present in the workplace, including ergonomic risks and work-related stress; - identify the specific prevention and protection measures for the sector, including IPR, with reference to the specific nature of the risk and the work activity; - help identify suitable technical, organizational and procedural security solutions for each type of risk. 2) Knowledge and understanding skills applied (applying knowledge and understanding); possibility of applying knowledge in all work environments, with an understanding of the technical and regulatory terms of occupational safety. Furthermore, the ability to manage both training projects and technical evaluations. 3) Making judgments (making judgments); To understand if the technical and / or legislative settings have been carried out in a workmanlike manner within the company, and to be able to manage the non-conformities present both from a technical and legal point of view. 4) Communication skills (communication skills); Ability to relate also through the design of appropriate training paths. 5) Learning skills: verifying learning also through work groups on specific topics. - Colantoni Andrea (reference books) ---------------------	6	AGR/09	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
118369 - Microbiologia dei suoli forestali (objectives) The Soil and Forest Microbiology highlight the role of Applied Soil Microbiology to natural ecosystem conservation, functioning and restauration with special emphasis to recover beneficial microbial biodiversity - DI MATTIA Elena (syllabus) Definition and aims of Forest Microbiology. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell and nutritional types. The transformation of energetic sources in the prokaryotic cell by fermentation and respiratory process (aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration). Physiology of microbial growth (batch growth, and continuous culture), growth under environmental conditions of nutrient limitation, biofilm growth and control of the biofilm formation. Microbial soil monitoring: microbial counting methods, ecophysiological characterization and biodiversity assessment of microbial communities by molecular techniques. Microbial Ecology: positive and negative relations between different microorganisms, r/K dominance in the microbial successional dynamics and priming effect of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). Microbial ecology in biogeochemical cycling of SOM decomposition, mineralization, humification and methanogenesis. Microbial ecology of bacterial nitrifiers (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, denitrifying and ammonifying bacteria. Plant residues and litter waste for green composting by soil microbiome. Microbiology of rhizosphere: microbial colonization of ectorhizosphere and biofilm on rhizoplane, rhizospheric index (R/S) and relation between plant-microorganisms and forest environment; Biological Nitrogen Fixation and free-living diazotrophic bacteria, free-living diazotrophic associative bacteria and diazotrophic symbiontic bacteria. Beneficial Bacteria: The Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), facultative and beneficial plant microbial Endophytes, Mycorrhiza (ectomycorrhizal fungi and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi). Forest diazotrophic symbiosis: Frankia symbiosis and actinorhizal plants, Frankia in walnut plantations both pure and mixed to accessory trees (Alnus); Rhizobium and tree perennial legumes symbiosis (nodulation, symbiosomes and plant inoculation with effective Rhizobium strains). Strains isolation and characterization, management of rhizobial inoculant and/or actinorhizal inocula (concept of edaphic adaptation). Application and management of forest soil microorganisms: use of microbial inocula for conservation, rehabilitation and restauration of degraded forest environments. (reference books) Microbiologia Agroambientale (a cura di B.Biavati, C. Sorlini), CEA Edizione 2008 ISBN 978-88-408-1383-7. Seconda Edizione CEA-ZANICHELLI ISBN 978-8808-18054-4.	6	AGR/16	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18404 - Attività formativa a scelta	8		64	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119047 - .
- . - ASTOLFI Stefania (syllabus) Introduction: Soil and its definitions Physical Properties of Soil: soil texture, soil structure, and soil temperature Chemical Properties of Soil: pH; Cation and Anion exchange capacity; C:N ratio (Carbon to Nitrogen) Soil degradation Biogeochemical Cycling: Inputs and Outputs of Nutrients to Ecosystems (N, S and P cycle) Soil organic matter (SOM) General characteristics, composition, physical, chemical and biological properties (reference books) There is no single textbook that covers the content of the entire course. Selected chapters of the following textbooks: Taiz e Zeiger, Fisiologia vegetale, Piccin Maffei, Biochimica vegetale, Piccin Violante, Chimica del suolo e della Nutrizione delle Piante, Edagricole. Hand-outs from lessons Other references will be mentioned during the lectures.	6	AGR/13	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities		ITA
- . (objectives) The main objective of the course is to provide the knowledge nedeed to understand the risks and consequences of the main threats of soil degradation of the forest environment or, more generally, of the slope. The basics of soil physics and hydrology will be provided, useful for understanding the mechanisms of erosion and other types of degradation such as compaction and desertification. The student will learn to interpret the soil maps and its derivatives, laying the foundations for a correct management and planning of the territory. - Priori Simone (syllabus) - Basis of pedology: pedogenetic processes, soil profile and genetic horizons, classification of forest humus - International classification of soils (WRB): the diagnostic horizons, the properties and diagnostic materials, the reference groups (Reference Soil Groups), use of the WRB keys for the classification of soils - Elements of soil physics: concepts and methods of measurement of texture, structure, bulk density, compaction, erodibility - Water-soil relationship: water flows in the soil, water retention curves, field capacity, wilting point, available water (AWC), infiltration and permeability of soils, waterlogging and associated pedogenetic forms. Measurement and monitoring of water content and water tension in the field. - Soil threats and degradation. Desertification - Water and wind erosion of the soil. Analysis of the causes and effects produced, predisposing factors. Data and measurements of erosion in Italy and around the world. Main models for estimating water erosion (USLE, RUSLE) - Landscape and landforms comprehension: references to geomorphology, forms of slope and valley deposits, glacial and periglacial forms, cariscal forms, structural forms. Photointerpretation, digital terrain models. The physiographic units. - Pedological mapping: Soil-landscape paradigm; pedo-landscape hierarchy. Taxonomic units and cartographic units - Criteria for defining cartographic units - The series, type, phase, variants - The composite cartographic units - Associations, complexes - Mapping units in small-scale surveys. Organization of work for soil survey and mapping - Principles of Land Evaluation: Land Capability (land use capacity) and Land Suitability concepts. Land capability classification for forestry - Forest soils in the world and the main threats: effects of forest fires; effects of global warming on cryosols and histosols in tundra and alpine environments; land use change effects in soils with soft epipedon in steppe and prairie environments; effects of deforestation on tropical and sub-tropical soils. - Forest soils as historical archive of climate and past management: Reading of past pedogenetic processes of soil characteristics that indicate a particular event - From soil assessment to conservation and restoration: Principles and techniques of forest soil maintenance. Erosion protection after forest fires. Soil restoration operations after excavations and infrastructural works (reference books) - Dispense fornite dal docente - Basi di pedologia, Giacomo Certini & Fiorenzo Ugolini, Edagricole, 2010. - Fondamenti di pedologia, Carmelo Dazzi, Ed. Le Penseur, 2016. - Soil Survey Division Staff - Key to soil taxonomy. USDA; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 - FAO - World Reference Base for Soil Resources; scaricabile gratuitamente da http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3794en.pdf) - Soil Survey Manual, USDA-Soil Science Division Staff; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.iec.cat/mapasols/DocuInteres/PDF/Llibre50.pdf - Linee guida dei metodi di rilevamento ed informatizzazione dei dati pedologici, Edoardo Costantini, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali; scaricabile gratuitamente da https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284991599_Il_rilevamento_dei_suoli	6	AGR/14	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities		ITA
119051 - .
- . (objectives) The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of applied geology and environmental. The course provides tools and techniques for understanding, analyzing and solving geological problems applied to soil and groundwater protection and management. Geotechnical soil and rock properties, hydrogeological properties, slope dynamics are examined in the geomorphological context of reference for sustainable management and for the prevention of geological and environmental hazards. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geotechnical soil and rock properties, erosion processes and dynamics of the slopes, groundwater flow. The student will be able to distinguish the most common forms of erosion and landslides, and to analyze slope dynamics. The student will be able to understand the hydrogeological processes by linking them to the geological characteristics. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to interpret the results of a geotechnical characterization of soils and rocks, to read and interpret landslide maps, to analyze hydrogeological data, to calculate flow rate of aquifers. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze geotechnical characteristics, slope dynamics and hydrogeological features of an area useful for safeguard and monitoring of the soil and groundwater resources. - Derived from 18403 Geologia applicata all'ambiente in CONSERVAZIONE E RESTAURO DELL' AMBIENTE E DELLE FORESTE (LM-73) LM-73 0 PISCOPO Vincenzo	6	GEO/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
- . (objectives) a) Objectives of the course: The course has as its objective the creation of advanced knowledge about the processes involving water engineering topic, from hydrology to water resources management at basin scale. b) Learning abilities Successful learning will be linked to a deep understanding of all the specific variables involved in the water engineering topic. Re-use and process the knowledge achieved in the course. - PETROSELLI Andrea (syllabus) c) Detailed program: Short recall of basic principles on hydrology and hydraulics. Return period concept. Statistical analysis of precipitation in order to define the design rainfall (IDF curves). Hydrograph analysis. Calculation on net rainfall (method of SCS-CN). Advanced rainfall runoff analysis (IUH theory). Description of the main techniques of bioengineering and with low environmental impact in order to restore the riverine ecosystems. The use of common software employed in hydrology and hydraulics: CAD, GIS, hydrological modelling, hydraulic modelling. GIS software: description of ESRI ArcInfo and application of UDIG-JGRASS. Digital Elevation Model and territory representation. DEM properties: slope, elevation, flow direction, flow accumulation, river network extraction, width function. Hydrological and Hydraulic software: description of HEC-RAS and application of FLO-2D. (reference books) material furnished by the teacher	6	AGR/08	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

SECOND YEAR

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18400 - Pianificazione e gestione ecologica dell'ambiente forestale (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide the theoretical and applied knowledge for the planning and ecological management of the forest area with particular reference to forest management plans, forest fire prevention plans and park plans. The major strategical themes of forest planning are also addressed in relation to the challenges of sustainable development and in particular to the major themes of the role of forests in mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity as well as in the related Agenda 2030 objectives. - PIOVESAN Gianluca (syllabus) The origins of Western environmentalism. Historical cases of ecological planning of natural resources. The environmental issue and the foundation of the Ministry of the Environment. Towards sustainable development: from GDP to Fair and Sustainable Wellness (BES). Agenda 2030. The challenge of preserving natural capital (goods, eco-services, and biodiversity). The concept of sustainable use of natural resources: the framing of the problem. FAO report on global forest resources and the state of forests: problems and prospects. Planning of the use of forest resources on the basis of the principles of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. Forest Europe - former Ministerial Conferences for the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE). Forest monitoring and sustainable forest management indicators in Italy. The DPSIR logic scheme to frame the indicators. Biogeography, bioclimatology, and macroecology. Landscape ecology. Disturbance ecology and the implications for ecological planning. Agents of abiotic and biotic disturbances. The natural dynamics of the temperate forest: cyclical dynamism and metastable states. The ancient forest. Fragmentation of forest ecosystems: natural processes and processes induced by man. Methods of analysis of the degree of fragmentation of a forest area. Forest ecosystems monitoring techniques in relation to space and time. The descriptors of the state and dynamic trends of forest ecosystems: indicators and indices. Metric for the definition of the integrity of forest ecosystems. Analysis of the status of a forest area and of natural dynamic trends. The case of the natural evolution of forest stands: from the managed forest to the ancient forest. The dendroecological approach: the principles of dendrochronology. Sampling and laboratory analysis. Demographic analysis and dynamism of forest ecosystems: mechanisms of renewal, age distribution, competitive processes and successions. The study of disorders in forest ecosystems: the reconstruction of the regime of fires and infestations. Dendroclimatology: effects of medium and low-frequency climatic variations and high frequency (response functions) on the growth of trees and forest stands; the characteristic intervals. Climate Reconstructions. The study of isotopes in dendroecology. Forest planning. Principles of auxology and forest auxonomy. Forest management plans. Modality of forest compartmentalization. The environmental survey. The concept of a normal forest in forest management. Infrastructures and sustainable management of forest resources. Territorial information systems in forest planning. Forest planning and forest fires. Forest planning and restoration. Silvo-pastoral planning. Planning in protected areas: the park plan. Environmental certification processes. Environmental reporting. LIFE projects: illustration of case studies. Planning in protected areas (Park plan and management of the Natura 2000 network). The site management plan of Unesco World Heritage. (reference books) CANTIANI M., 1980. Appunti di assestamento forestale. Università di Firenze, Firenze. Nuove metodologie nella elaborazione dei piani di assestamento dei boschi. Manuale I.S.E.A. Istituto per lo sviluppo economico dell'appennino centrosettentrionale Bologna. Disponibile sulla piattaforma Moodle	7	AGR/05	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18401 - Progettazione e cantieri forestali (objectives) Corso impartito solo in lingua italiana a) OBIETTIVI FORMATIVI Il corso si rivolge a coloro che vogliano acquisire conoscenze avanzate per operare, a livello manageriale, dirigenziale e di coordinamento, nel settore della difesa del suolo, delle progettazioni forestali e della conservazione della biodiversità. La conoscenza essenziale delle basi di progettazioni forestali e gestione dei cantieri posti in essere. La padronanza degli strumenti legislativi e tecnico scientifici necessari alla progettazione e gestione operativa dei cantieri forestali. Capacità di operare per tali opere anche in qualità di collaudatore. b) RISULTATI DI APPRENDIMENTO ATTESI Al termine dell’insegnamento gli studenti dovranno essere in grado di: 1) conoscere i principi legislativi e tecnici che regolano le progettazioni forestali ed essere in grado di saper leggere e comprendere i progetti in campo forestale; 2) analizzare un progetto forestale esecutivo e comprendere la struttura del cantiere forestale che tecnicamente dovrà essere improntato; 3) saper operare in autonomia nel valutare la corretta esecuzione di opere derivanti da progettazioni forestali ed esecuzione dei relativi cantieri; 4) acquisire capacità comunicative a livello tecnico e scientifico, rivolte a presentare propriamente i propri progetti o valutazioni di opere collaudate. 5) avere le capacità di saper cercare ed apprendere le innovazioni scientifiche e tecnologiche rivolte al settore forestale, facendo uso di banche dati nazionali ed internazionali ufficialmente riconosciute. - PICCHIO Rodolfo (syllabus) c) PROGRAM The main forest designs and forest yards, their general framework and definition. Public and private forest works, differences in planning, management and testing. The design process, pre-feasibility, preliminary design, final design and executive design. The work direction and the figure of the work directorr. The final evaluation of the forest yards. Preliminary design and execution of works for reforestation, afforestation, forest restoration, forest logging, ecological engineering, energy biomass plantations, energy supply chains and woodland urban forestry. Specific design, installation and management of forest yards for cable yarder. Preliminary design, management and execution of forest yards concerning forest roads. Methodologies for drawing up a project. Cost analysis. Metric calculation. Chorographies. Accounting of the works. Yard supervision. Judicial reports. Application management of forest yards, in light of current legislative systems, their functional and managerial analysis in itinere. (reference books) - Slides uploaded on the Moodle site. - Appunti di progettazione forestale / Orazio La Marca, Anna La Marca ; con la collaborazione di Roberto Fratini, Claudia Capponi.	6	AGR/06	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18404 - Attività formativa a scelta	8		64	-	-	-	Elective activities		ITA
18410 - Analisi e pianificazione del territorio (objectives) The course aims to provide conceptual tools for territorial analysis and evaluation and for understanding the planning system in which these are located; it also intends to develop the ability to solve problems related to territorial analysis in the GIS environment. - RIPA Maria Nicolina (syllabus) ELEMENTS OF CARTOGRAPHY Reference systems and the main systems of map projection, Geographic coordinates, Representation systems: UTM and Gauss Boaga. LANDSCAPE AND SPATIAL PLANNING Aims and principles of landscape and spatial planning. Legislative framework for landscape and spatial planning Main planning tools Methods and tools for spatial planning (reference books) Leone A., Ambiente e pianificazione. Analisi, processi, sostenibilità, Franco Angeli Ed., Milano 2011 Didactic material concerning the theme of the year provided by the teacher and available on the platform Moodle	6	AGR/10	48	-	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
18403 - Geologia applicata all'ambiente (objectives) The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of applied geology and environmental. The course provides tools and techniques for understanding, analyzing and solving geological problems applied to soil and groundwater protection and management. Geotechnical soil and rock properties, hydrogeological properties, slope dynamics are examined in the geomorphological context of reference for sustainable management and for the prevention of geological and environmental hazards. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geotechnical soil and rock properties, erosion processes and dynamics of the slopes, groundwater flow. The student will be able to distinguish the most common forms of erosion and landslides, and to analyze slope dynamics. The student will be able to understand the hydrogeological processes by linking them to the geological characteristics. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to interpret the results of a geotechnical characterization of soils and rocks, to read and interpret landslide maps, to analyze hydrogeological data, to calculate flow rate of aquifers. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different Italian geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze geotechnical characteristics, slope dynamics and hydrogeological features of an area useful for safeguard and monitoring of the soil and groundwater resources. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) I Thematic Unit: Geotechnical soil and rock properties Soil characterization: general types of soils, composition and structure of clay minerals, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart, classification of soils. Effective stress and pore water pressure. Seepage. Compressibility and consolidation. The standard one-dimensional consolidation test. Pressure-void ratio curves. Normally consolidated and overconsolidated soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Direct shear test. Triaxial compression tests: CD, CU, UU. Fundamentals of rock mechanics. Sub-soil exploration: borehole logging, geophysical exploration. II Thematic Unit: Slope dynamics Landslides: types, processes, classification. Methods of stability analysis of slopes: plane surface failure in sands, circular surface failure in clay, plane surface failure in rock mass. Landslide remediation and mitigation. Erosion processes and soil conservation. Soil loss evaluation. Landslide hazard assessment and risk evaluation. Maps of landslides and of landslide hazard. III Thematic Unit: Groundwater The hydrological balance: equations, methods. Main hydrogeological properties of rocks. Types of aquifers. Darcy's Law. Flow equations. Potentiometric contour lines maps. Flow in confined and unconfined aquifers. Groundwater-surface water relationships. Freshwater-salt water relationship. Springs: classification, spring hydrograph, methods of developing. Wells: methods of drilling and conditioning, pumping tests. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell. Fetter C.W. (2000) Applied hydrogeology. Merill Pub. Company.	6	GEO/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18405 - Tirocinio	4		100	-	-	-	Other activities		ITA
18406 - Prova finale	16		400	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test		ITA
18402 - Conservazione e restauro dell'ambiente forestale (objectives) Il corso si propone di consolidare e ampliare la conoscenza e la comprensione delle basi dell'evoluzione delle specie forestali e l'interazione ecologico-genetica degli individui e dei popolamenti forestali, fornendo un quadro di riferimento per applicare i metodi di analisi e monitoraggio delle risorse genetiche forestali e della loro conservazione attraverso l’impiego dei principali metodi di biologia molecolare e di bioinformatica.
18402-1 - Ecogenetica forestale (objectives) To improve theoretical and practical knowledge and awareness of the evolutionary patterns of forest trees, and of the ecological-genetic interactions in individuals and populations. To provide a benchmark to analyse, monitor and preserve the genetic reasources of populations and species, through advanced molecular and bioinformatic tools. To improve the students' ability of making judgements, communicate, and learn new developments in the course subject. - SIMEONE Marco Cosimo (syllabus) 1. Basics of Ecoplogy and Genetic: DNA, genes, genomes, hereditability, environment 2. Markers: morphological, biochemical (terpenes, isoenzymes, proteins), molecular (RFLP, SSR, AFLP, SNP) markers, Sanger Sequencing, DNA barcoding, Next Generation Sequencing and RAD sequencing, metagenomics, phylogenomics 3. Population Genetics: evolutive factors and gene frequencies. Mutations, Migration, Selection, Drift. Reproduction, gene flow, demography. Isolamento, bottlenecks, inbreeding. Divergence, speciation, hybridization, introgression. Phylogeny and phylogeography. Landscape Genetics. Coevolution. 4. Natural genetic variation (simple alleles, QTL). Spatial and temporal genetic structures. Quantification of the genetic diversity. Genotype x environment interactions.Candidate Genes. Climate change, Adaptation, migration. 5. Conservation genetics: in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies. (reference books) Lesson notes and PPT presentations	6	AGR/05	48	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18402-2 - Restauro dell’ambiente forestale - SCHIRONE Bartolomeo (syllabus) Basic ecological concepts Disturbance and degradation Irreversibility thresholds Indicators of degradation Definition of restoration Forest Restoration, Environmental Restoration and Forest Landscape Restoration When forest restoration is needed Passive Restoration (Conservation) and Active Restoration The categories of restoration The project. The study of the territorial context The general project The executive project The stationary survey Cartographies and surveys Topography and microtopography Geomorphology and Geology Pedology Hydrography Climate. Climate indices Flora and vegetation Fauna Archeology and history The choice of the species to be used Principles of conservation biology Forest successions Self-organization of ecosystems Competition and cooperation The nursery material The choice of intervention techniques Delimitation of the area Preparatory work Sowing and planting Type of plant Processing Density and planting sixth Transport of plants to the planting site Plant material, planting operations Miyawaki method Plant fencing works Fire protection Wind protection Cultural care Restoration in arid areas Desert and Mediterranean environments Work on coastal dunes Restoration interventions in mountain environments (reference books) Notes from lectures, slides and handouts J. Stanturf, D. Lamb, P. Madsen. Forest landscape Restoration. Springer	7	AGR/05	56	-	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

Info

118356 - Assetto del territorio - Derived from 14939-2 Assetto del territorio in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 RIPA Maria Nicolina	8	AGR/10	64	-	-	-		-	ITA
118357 - Meccanizzazione agricola - Derived from 14939-1 Meccanizzazione agricola in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 MONARCA Danilo	6	AGR/09	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118360 - Politiche agricole ed evoluzione del mercato - Derived from 14841-1 Politiche agricole ed evoluzione del mercato in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 SEVERINI Simone	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118361 - Gestione dell’impresa agricola e analisi degli investimenti - Derived from 14841-2 Gestione dell’impresa agricola e analisi degli investimenti in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 DONO Gabriele	6	AGR/01	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118282 - Tirocinio	3		-	-	-	-			ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

Info

118358 - Strategie in entomologia agraria - Derived from 14842-1 Strategie in entomologia agraria in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 SPERANZA Stefano	6	AGR/11	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118359 - Strategie in patologia vegetale - Derived from 14842-2 Strategie in patologia vegetale in SCIENZE AGRARIE E AMBIENTALI (LM-69) LM-69 BALESTRA Giorgio mariano	6	AGR/12	48	-	-	-		-	ITA
118282 - Tirocinio	3		-	-	-	-			ITA

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