Introduction to the course:
Accident statistics (spatial and temporal analysis by type, nature, activity, age)
Risks and dangers (objective and subjective, in snowy, glacial and peri-glacial, summer environments)
Civil protection legislation:
- Law n. 225 of 24 February 1992
- PCM Directive 27 February 2004
- Legislative Decree n. 1 of 2 January 2018 (Civil Protection Code)
- PCM Directive of 12 August 2019
- Legislative Decree n. 40 of 02/28/2021
Avalanche risk:
Accident statistics
Regulation: PCM Directive of 12 August 2019.
National, regional and local AVALANCHE RISK warning system
Areas of expertise: anthropized areas and open territory
Avalanche risk prevention:
Cartography and avalanche register (CLPV, historical maps, monographs, PZEV)
Weather and snow databases
Risk prevention: Active and passive defense systems against avalanches
Artificial release of avalanches (types, methods, principles, PIDAV)
Forest, snow and avalanches (role, relationships, land management)
Avalanche danger forecast:
Snow physics applied to the evaluation of the stability of the snow cover (main processes and mechanisms, densification, sintering, matamorphisms, formation of fragile layers).
Meteorological monitoring (types, instruments, models 1,2,3,4bis and 6)
Stability tests (principles, methods, interpretation, evaluation)
Avalanche danger bulletins (BNV): drafting and interpretation.
Avalanche Forecaster Workflow
European EAWS standards
Typical situations
Avalanche problems
EAWS matrix
European danger scale
Avalanche risk forecast
Avalanche criticality bulletins and warnings (BCV and ACV)
Avalanche emergency
The Local Avalanche Commissions
Municipal civil protection plans
Snow assessments for civil protection purposes
Avalanche rescue: self-rescue and organized rescue
Avalanche accident reports
A case study: the national avalanche emergency in winter 2017 and the Rigopiano avalanch (TE)
Destructive avalanches in the Mediterranean area
Risk in glacial and peri-glacial environments:
Characteristics and nature
DPC Working Group
Work progress
Alpine rescue:
Regulations
Organization
Procedures and intervention

Rudi Mair e Patrick Nairz, 2023 - VALANGA. Edizioni TAPPEINER (edizione italiana a cura di Romeo V.)
Vincenzo Romeo, 2024. Corso Emergenze e soccorso in montagna. Presentazioni/Dispense in power point/pdf.