The course aims to provide the information necessary for understanding of the theoretical and experimental bases of plant genetics and breeding, both classical and modern. The knowledge obtained will allow students to have the main tools for operating in the field of plant breeding, particularly in the processes of creating new genetic variability and selecting phenotypes of interest. Basic concepts are explained first, such as the structure and function of hereditary material, the flow of genetic information, the chromosomal bases of heredity, and the sources of genetic variability. In the second part of the course, explanations are given on the specific objectives and methods of plant breeding with different reproductive systems. Elements of quantitative and population genetics, as well as the inheritance of complex characteristics will be provided, particularly concerning characteristics of agricultural interest.