- Introduction to the course. Introduction to botany. Botany is the science that studies plant organisms. Study of plant diversity.
- Concept of species, systematics, and taxonomy. Methods of classification. Artificial and natural classification systems. Analogy and homology. The taxonomic ranks. The species: morphological concept and biological concept. Phylogenetic classification. Nomenclature. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Main and secondary ranks. Subspecies, varieties, and cultivars. Main rules of the code. Taxon of hybrid origin. Speciation in plants. Polyploid speciation. Apomixis or Agamospermia. Introgression.
- Prokaryotes: Cyanobacteria: outline of cytology, motility, heterocysts. Biological fixation of nitrogen. Systematics. Ecological and evolutionary importance. Cyanobacteria in the mountains.
- Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Reproduction. Algae: microalgae and macroalgae (notes on general characters and ecology). Reproduction in algae. Freshwater algae. Algae and eutrophication.
- Mushrooms: Distinctive characters, elements of morphology, and reproduction. Main phyla (Zygomycota, Myxomycota, Chytridiomycota, Oomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota). Ecological importance. Yeasts. Lichens. Mycorrhizae.
- Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (1st part). The first autotrophic tallophytes. Emergence from the water. Phylogenetic relationships between the main groups of terrestrial plants. The great stages in the evolution of plant organisms. Paleobotany.
- Bryophytes: Musci, Hepaticae, Anthocerotae; bryophytes as bioindicators.
- Autotrophic eukaryotic organisms (2nd part). Vascular plants without seeds or pteridophytes: general characters, diagnostic characters, reproduction, hints of systematics (and ecology): Lycophytes, Monilophytes (Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Polypodiopsida with examples and observation of fresh material).
- Vascular plants with seeds: Gymnosperms: outline of general diagnostic characters, of systematics (and ecology). The angiosperms: general characteristics; diversity and hints on evolution; evolution of the floral morphology; the fruit; hints of systematics; Comparison between the “classical” (Cronquist's system) and molecular (APG- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) subdivision into families.
Main families of herbaceous plants of the Italian flora (according to APG), diagnostic characters, and examples of genera and species (ecology and distribution).
- basal angiosperms (Nymphaeaceae)
- the archaic angiosperms (Magnoliids: Aristolochiaceae, Magnoliaceae).
- Monocotyledons: Alliaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Liliaceae s.s., Iridaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae.
- Eu-dicotyledons: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae. Orobancaceae.
- identification of vascular plants. The identification keys and their use: the Flora of Italy (Pignatti), the Portal to the flora of Italy 2020.1.
- Notes on Italian vascular flora: native f and allochthonous flora, notes on ranges and biological forms. - Erbari, the Herbarium of Tuscia. How to make a personal herbarium.

Libro principale:
• Pasqua G., Abbate G., Forni C., ultima edizione - Botanica generale e diversità vegetale. Piccin.
• Y. Fragnière et al. – “Connaissances botaniques de base en un coup d’oeil” – Ulmer