| Monitoraggio e difesa dell'ambiente montano |
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Code
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16966 |
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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| Module:
(objectives)
The aim of the course is to provide students with the basis for understanding the great biodiversity and importance of insects, particularly in forest and mountain environments. Morphology, anatomy and physiology of insects as well as methods for the evaluation and control of harmful insect populations, according to current legislation, will be addressed. In addition, methods are provided for the identification of the main groups and the knowledge of insects that infested the plant species typical of the mountain and forest environment is deepened.
The course pursues the following educational objectives:
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Development of knowledge of the basic principles of general and applied entomology; identification of the most important insects (order level) in agricultural and natural ecosystems in the mountain area and comprehension of the role these organisms play in ecosystems. Learning the main monitoring strategies of insects and how to apply them correctly. Knowledge of pest control strategies. Knowledge of the main forest insects in the Apennine Mountain environment.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Understanding of experimental approaches to entomology in mountain environments discussed in class and their applications to specific cases.
MAKING JUDGMENTS
Interpretation of entomological issues, in analogy with what was discussed in class. Application of the knowledge acquired in the course to manage the various phytosanitary issues and to preserve taxa of interest.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Use of the correct technical-scientific terminology in the description of the course topics. Synthesis skills and communicative effectiveness in the description of the course topics.
LEARNING SKILLS
Knowledge of the topics of the course and critical ability to understand the crucial aspects of a phytosanitary problem, how to deal with it, and how to carry out the necessary insights.
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Code
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16966-1 |
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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Credits
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6
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Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code
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AGR/11
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Contact Hours
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48
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Type of Activity
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Core compulsory activities
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Teacher
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CONTARINI Mario
(syllabus)
General Part: Biodiversity and importance of insects. Morphology (exoskeleton, head, thorax, abdomen, endoskeleton. Anatomy (circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system, sense organs, etc.). Insect reproduction and development. Insect ecology. Social behaviour. Monitoring and control methods. Systematics and phylogeny. The main orders of insects and identification using dichotomous keys.
Special Part: Main insects and mites of forest and agricultural interest in mountain areas
(reference books)
For the general entomology:
E. Tremblay, 2003. Entomologia applicata. Vol. I, generalità e mezzi di controllo. Liguori Ed. Napoli.
For the applied entomology:
A. Pollini, 2002. Manuale di Entomologia Applicata. Edagricole, Bologna.
P. Luciano, P.F. Roversi, 2001. Fillofagi delle querce in Italia. Industrie grafiche Poddighe, Sassari.
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Dates of beginning and end of teaching activities
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From to |
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Delivery mode
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Traditional
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Attendance
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not mandatory
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Evaluation methods
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Oral exam
A project evaluation
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| Module:
(objectives)
The course aims to deal with the main plant pathogens (mainly fungi, but with examples concerning also bacteria, viruses and insects) of particular importance in forest and mountain environment. Consequently, the main purposes of the course are the understanding of the biology and the epidemiology of these disease agents, and the containment strategies to be adopted (preferably with low environmental impact). Then, the course aims to bring a knowledge of the main factors that trigger the spread of these pathogens (climate change, pathogen pollution and agricultural changes). Finally, the students are driven to the learning of how to recognize an pathogen and what are the possible measures and strategies to minimize the impact of these pathogens (including Legislative rules).
The course pursues the following educational objectives:
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Development of knowledge of the basic principles of plant pathology, Understanding of the ways of occurrence and spread of diseases in plant populations. Recognition and interpretation of plant symptoms. Understanding the main biological aspects of the different categories of biotic causal agents. Learning the main strategies of disease diagnosis and how to apply them correctly. Knowledge of the most important plant diseases in the mountain area and their causative agents.
APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
Understanding of experimental approaches to phytopathology in mountain environments discussed in class and their applications to specific problems
MAKING JUDGMENTS
Interpretation of phytopathological issues, in analogy with what was discussed in class. Application of the knowledge acquired in the course to manage the various phytosanitary issues.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Use of the correct technical-scientific terminology in the description of the course topics. Synthesis skills and communicative effectiveness in the description of the course topics.
LEARNING SKILLS
Knowledge of the topics of the course and critical ability to understand the crucial aspects of a phytosanitary problem, how to deal with it, and how to carry out the necessary insights.
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Code
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16966-2 |
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Language
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ITA |
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Type of certificate
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Profit certificate
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Credits
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6
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Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code
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AGR/12
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Contact Hours
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48
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Type of Activity
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Core compulsory activities
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Teacher
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MAZZAGLIA Angelo
(syllabus)
Introduction to plant and forest pathology, historical facts. Examples of diseases of significant economic and social impact.
GENERAL SECTION
Basic concepts
• Meanings of illness, injury, lesion, healing in plant pathology.
• abiotic (non-infectious) and biotic (infectious) diseases.
• Complex diseases
• Disease triangle
• Classification of diseases
Generalities on Causal Agents of Infectious Diseases
• Viruses and Viroids,
• Phytoplasmas
• Bacteria
• Oomycetes
• True fungi
• Parasite phanerogams
Disease Stages
• from pre-infection to evasion.
• Inoculum Concept: Charge, Density and Potential
Symptomatology
• Difference between symptom and sign
• Types of symptoms: chromatic alterations, necrosis, cankers, tumors, early fall of organs, alteration of shape and size, exudates, water state alterations
• Critical analysis of symptoms
Diagnostics
• Critical approach to diagnosis: history, field observations, sample collection and retention.
• Basic methods: in vivo and in vitro laboratory diagnostics, isolation of the pathogen, microscopic observation of structures.
• Advanced methods: immunological and molecular techniques.
• Koch’s postulates
• Diagnosing wood decay: classical and instrumental analysis
DISEASE-SPECIFIC SECTION
• Abiotic damage from: variations and water imbalances; Variations and thermal imbalances; Exceptional events (hail, snow, lightning, fire, etc.); Nutritional deficits (or excesses); Illumination deficit; Phytotoxic Air Pollutants (IFA); Other pollutants.
• Root rots by Oomycetes: ??chestnut ink disease and other rots by Phytophthora spp.
• Root rots by true fungi: Root rot of hardwood and conifers by Armillaria spp .; “mal del rotondo” by Heterobasidion annosum s.l .; White root rot of deciduous trees by Rosellinia necatrix.
• Tracheomycosis: Dutch Elm Disease by Ophiostoma ulmi and novo-ulmi; Verticillosis of the deciduous trees; Canker stain of plain by Ceratocystis platani; Blue stain of coniferous wood by Ophiostomatales.
• Canker: Cypress canker by Seiridium cardinale; Larch canker by Lachnellula willkommii; Bark canker of chestnut by Cryphonectria parasitica; Charcoal canker of oak by Biscogniauxia mediterranea; Beech canker by Nectria ditissima; Bark canker by Nectria spp.
• Coniferous coniferous diseases: Shoot blight and needle disease of pine by Thyriopsis halepensis; Needle cast by Lophodermium seditiosum and L. pinastri; Red bands needle blight of pine by Dothistroma pini; Needlecast of white fir by Lirula nervisequa; Needlecast of red fir by Lophodermium piceae; brown felt blight by Herpotrichia juniperi; Diplodia blight by Diplodia pinea; Other needle blight tree diseases of pines: Brunchorstia pinea, Phacidium infestans, Cyclaneusma pini; Other disease agents of needles of conifers: Acanthostigma parasiticum, Meria laricis, Brunchorstia laricina, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, Rhadbocline pseudotsugae
• Canopy diseases of broadleaves: oak anthracnose by Apiognomonia quercina; Beech anthracnose by Apiognomonia errabunda; Horse chestnut anthracnose by Guignardia aesculi; Plane anthracnose by Apiognomonia veneta; Other anthracnose causal agents: Discula destructiva, Elsinoe quercus-ilicis; Leaf curl and blisters by Taphrina spp. on wood species: T. populina, T. betulina, T. saccari, T. crataegi, T. tosquinetii, T. kruchii, T. ulmi, T. phagicola, T. wiesneri, T. alni; Powdery mildew of oak by Microsphaera alphtoides; Powdery mildew of plane by Microsphaera platani; Other Powdery mildews of wood species: Phyllactinia guttata, Uncinula salicis; Poplar leaf blight by Marssonina brunnea; WWalnut blight by Marssonina juglandis; Other leaf blight: Marssonina castagnei, M. betulae, M. coronaria, M. salicicola; Chestnut leaf spot by Mycosphaerella maculiformis; Maple tar spot by Rhytisma acerinum; Spring defoliation of poplar by Venturia populina and Venturia macularis; Anthracnose or "black spots" by Gloeosporium spp.
• Rust: needle bladder rust of spruce by Chrysomyxa rhododendri; Spruce needle rust by Chrysomixa abietis; Two-Needle Pine Stem Rust by Cronartium flaccidum; White pine blister rust by Cronartium ribicola; fir broom rust by Melampsorella caryophyllacearum; Juniper and rosaceae (stem swelling) rust by Gymnosporangium sabinae, G. tremelloides, G. clavariiforme; Pine Twisting Rust by Melampsora pinitorqua; Poplar rusts from Melampsora allii-populina, M. larch-populina, M. larch-tremulae, M. pulcherrima, M. rostrupii.
• Wood decays: Micro-environmental Conditioning (CM) theory; Modes of action of white, brown and soft wood decays; Compartmentalization theory (CODIT); diagnosis of wood decay; Main wood decay agents (Phellinus spp., Stereum spp .; Ganoderma spp .; Trametes spp., Pleurotus spp., Fomitiporia spp., Phaeolus spp., Fomitopsis spp .; Lenzites spp., Fistulina spp., Inonotus spp.
• Diseases of forest nursery: Damping-off.
• Diseases of forest populations (complex diseases): Forest decline; Oak decline; Beech decline, etc .; Role of the endophytism of weakness pathogens in complex diseases.
(reference books)
Suggested books:
- Elementi di Patologia Forestale, Capretti P. e Ragazzi A., Patron Editore
- Fondamenti di Patologia Vegetale, Matta A., Patron Editore
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Dates of beginning and end of teaching activities
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From to |
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Delivery mode
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Traditional
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Attendance
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not mandatory
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Evaluation methods
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Oral exam
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