Disease concept; pathogenicity and virulence; phytopathological mycology, bacteriology, and virology; symptoms; etiological, biochemical and molecular diagnosis; elements of physiopathology; disease triangle, epidemiology; Mechanisms of attack of pathogens: abiotic adversities; plant health legislation, resistance to fungicides; mycotoxins; conventional, biological, guided and integrated prevention. Soil fertility and disease-induced resistance. Special part: main fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of grape.

Belli, Elementi di patologia vegetale, Piccin editore.
Teaching material provided by the teacher: the slides of the lessons, texts concerning grape disease and other material useful for the preparation of the student are provided on the Google Classroom University platform.

General entomology
1. Meaning and biodiversity of insects; nomenclature rules and taxonomic categories.
2. External anatomy (cuticle, segmentation and tagmosis, head, thorax, abdomen).
3. Internal anatomy and hints of physiology (muscles and locomotion; nervous system and coordination; endocrine system and hormones; circulatory system; tracheal system and gas exchange; digestive system, digestion and nutrition; excretory system; reproductive organs).
4. Sense organs (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors) and aspects of behavior.
5. Reproduction (encounter between the sexes, courtship, sexual selection, mating, external genitalia, oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity).
6. Development and biological cycles (growth, biological cycle and its phases, mute and its control, voltinism, diapause, migrations, polymorphism, age, environment and development estimates).
7. Diversity, main characteristics, ecological aspects of Proturi, Collembola, Dipluri and the main orders of Insects s. str.
8. Mites (general morphological, physiological and ecological aspects).

For the part of Entomology the presentations of the lessons will be made available.
Tremblay E., Entomologia applicata, vol. I. Liguori Editore.
Gullan P.J., Cranston P.S., Lineamenti di Entomologia. Zanichelli.