Syllabus - Università degli Studi della Tuscia

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
17730 - ECOLOGIA APPLICATA (objectives) Educational objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of applied ecology useful for correctly framing the environmental themes deriving from the interaction between man and natural ecosystems. The course introduces the main characteristics of ecosystems and analyzes the impacts on these ecosystems deriving from human activities, providing for each theme an overview of the management, technical and regulatory tools used to stem environmental degradation. Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training the student will acquire the knowledge concerning the main anthropic impacts on marine, terrestrial and inland water ecosystems. The student will be able to understand the multiple effects that human activities imply, in terms of the imbalance of the stability of natural ecosystems. Applied knowledge and understanding The student will be able to find out about the technical options that can be applied in solving the most pressing environmental issues and will be able to identify the national and supranational regulatory tools through which these issues can be addressed. Autonomy of judgment During lectures and exercises, open discussion on the main environmental issues addressed is encouraged, in particular with regard to possible solutions to the most current environmental emergencies. The student will therefore acquire autonomy of judgment based on the knowledge learned and the dialectical comparison with colleagues and the teacher. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical-scientific language during the lessons and exercises, through the knowledge of the definitions and the main basic concepts in ecology and applied ecology. Communication skills will be verified during the exam. Ability to learn The student will have to demonstrate to be able to use the concepts learned to hypothesize the possible effects of human activities even in environmental contexts different from those considered as an example, based on the ecological characteristics of the considered environment. - ANGELETTI Dario (syllabus) Course content Lectures Definition of Applied Ecology; definition and classification of ecosystems. The marine ecosystem; definitions and basic concepts in marine ecology; characteristics of the Mediterranean. Primary and secondary production in the marine environment. Factors limiting primary and secondary production in the marine environment. Main human impacts on marine ecosystems. Effects of overfishing; prevention of overfishing and management of fish stocks; restocking; prevention of overfishing and restocking through artificial reefs; aquaculture. Protection of habitats, ecosystems and endangered species. Pollution of marine ecosystems: eutrophication, pollution by oil and chemicals. Response of communities to human impacts in the marine environment; sentinel organisms and biological indicators. Air pollution and global changes. Human impacts on the ecosystem soil: agriculture, grazing, farming, deforestation, urban and industrial settlements and soil consumption. Alterations of inland and transitional waters ecosystems. Waste water purification; waste management; control of pollution and environmental recovery. Legislative measures for ecosystems protection: national laws, EU directives and international conventions: “Natura 2000” and "Marine strategy". Laboratory activities Breeding and release of species for restocking of coastal waters. Sampling and analysis of the benthic community. Estimation of biodiversity at community and population level. Effects of exposure to genotoxic pollutants and DNA damage in sentinel organisms. Didactic excursions Managing of Protected Areas: visits to Natural Reserves, Parks, Oasis Fishery management: visit to aquaculture facilities Waste water purification and waste management: visits to sewage plants and plants for management of solid urban waste (reference books) Recommended educational texts Introduction to applied ecology - Galassi, Ferrari, Viaroli, 2014, Città Studi Ecology and protection of the coastal marine environment - Della Croce, Vietti, Danovaro, 1997, Utet Educational material provided by the lecturer	6	BIO/07	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
18216 - LABORATORIO DI MONITORAGGIO AMBIENTALE I
- MODULE A (objectives) EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES The aim of the course is to provide students with the information necessary to understand the practical bases of the investigations of classical and modern ecology and the theoretical and experimental approaches that have allowed their development today. The bases will be provided for carrying out environmental monitoring activities in the field and on how to set up experimental plants in the laboratory. Expanding knowledge on aquatic organisms from a trophic-functional point of view. Students will have to learn the logic of ecosystem analysis of aquatic environments and the methodologies suitable for evaluating structures and functions of ecosystems in aquatic environments. Notions will be provided to understand the most recent developments in the ecosystem of aquatic environments (food web theory, niche theory, network analysis), and an understanding of the importance of managing these environments will be stimulated. The course aims to provide the basis for further in-depth studies in the fields of inland water ecology and community ecology. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge and understanding. Having developed knowledge of the principles and ecological laws that underlie the ecosystem functioning of aquatic environments. Having acquired the notions useful for undertaking ecosystem analyzes of the various environmental types of aquatic systems. Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. Knowing how to use the notions learned in class and developed in the exercises to interpret structures and functions of the different aquatic organisms and to solve problems in the various fields of field and laboratory applications. Judgment autonomy. Being able to identify the theoretical and experimental paths to be applied to the resolution of new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. Communication skills. Students' ability to talk, reason and discuss the questions raised during the lessons on the topics will be stimulated. Learning ability. Being able to discuss scientific issues concerning environmental monitoring activities and in general the academic ecology of aquatic environments also in its management applications and in its theoretical and experimental implications. This skill will be developed and tested by involving students in classroom discussions. - CERFOLLI Fulvio (syllabus) Environment Monitoring Laboratory program. Module A. Introduction to the history of ecological sciences. Data collection and interpretation. Purpose of sampling activities. Experimental approach to data collection. Monitoring to study ecosystem dynamics. Check list and ecosystem functionality. Determination of interspecific links (statistical, immunodiffusive, radioecological techniques, analysis of stomach contents). Reference texts. Electronic reference programs. Big Data (photo interpretation of satellite data). The use of thematic maps (IGM, vegetation map, habitat map). Use of random number tables. Preparation of sampling techniques in the field. Identification of the areas to be sampled. Subjectivity and objectivity of the sampling areas. Use of the thematic grid. The oscillations of the chemical-physical parameters and relationship with the ecological oscillations. The dynamics of natural populations (r and K) and their interpretation by numerical simulation. Mathematics and ecology statistics: from the Lotka and Volterra equations to the determination of interspecific links. The reason for certain population growths (atypical cycles). The ontogenetic niche shif. Donor-controlled systems. The dynamics of leaching, colonization, macrodetritivoria. Olson's model. The transformation of the debris. Chains and debris nets. The excel sheets to calculate the niche overlap (interference). Field monitoring / sampling activities at Rio Fiume (Tolfa, Rome) (macroinvertebrates and aquatic vertebrates). Collection of plant debris for laboratory experimentation. Use of the stereoscope / microscope and taxonomic determination of the sampling organisms. Use of dichotomous keys (CNR, Sansoni and Tauchet guidelines). Calculation of biodiversity indices (Shannon and Simpson). Analysis of redundancy and eventuality Introduction to the interpretation of the experimental data. The meaning of statistical normalization. The panorama of advanced statistics programs (r-program, PAST, SPSS, Mathlab, Math, Exlstat). Experimentation setup to measure the leaching process (i.e. Eucaliptus and Quercus). Use of the thermostated stove. Use of the analytical balance. Introduction to the statistical analysis of experimental data (average initial dry weight, DS and 2ES). Evaluation of the experimental error. Normalization of the data. Calculation of the densities of natural populations by means of transept and visual sampling census techniques. Preparation of the calculation of densities through spreadsheets Preliminary activity to test the level of ornithological knowledge through dedicated online sites. Taxonomic determination of aquatic birds in the Mediterranean area. Vertebrates: birds and aquatic mammals. Census, check list. Migrations. Ecological niche (spatial and trophic). Alien species. The impact of alien species on native flora and fauna. (reference books) Ecological Methodology - Professor of Zoology Charles J Krebs Benjamin/Cummings, 1999 - 620 pages	6	BIO/07	32	16	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA
- MODULE B (objectives) Educational objectives The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of ecotoxicology useful for correctly framing the issues related to environmental and human health. The course introduces environmental issues related to the presence of xenobiotic chemicals and focuses attention on cellular toxicity mechanisms. The processes that lead to persistence / degradation, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, the use of cell biomarkers and the use of cell cultures in vitro as a useful tool in the study of toxicity at various levels constitute the central topics of the course. The lessons in the laboratory aim to learn the main techniques for in vitro cultivation of mammalian and / or fish cell lines and the procedures necessary to perform cytotoxicity tests Expected learning outcomes Knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on what the chemical / physical characteristics of the contaminants and the biotic and abiotic processes capable of influencing their environmental path and toxicity, will be able to describe the general principles for assessing the direct and indirect effects of different environmental contaminants on the various levels of biological organization, research, evaluation, elaboration of the relevant ecotoxicological information. He will be able to understand, organize and present data relating to an ecotoxicological study. Knowledge and understanding applied At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he is able to experimentally manipulate in vitro cells to be used for ecotoxicological tests. Judgment autonomy During the exercises and the bibliographic study work, the student will acquire critical judgment autonomy on the basis of the knowledge learned for the assessment of environmental risk and possible remedies. Communication skills The student will acquire an appropriate technical language during the study of articles provided in class. The methods learned during the laboratory lessons include a short practical test. Communication and exhibition skills will be verified during the exam. Ability to learn The student must demonstrate that he is able to use the methods learned to investigate different ecotoxicological problems. The student must be able to critically report an ecotoxicological research through a short discussion - WILLEMS Daniela (syllabus) The environmental fate of a pollutant in the different environmental compartments Importance of ecotoxicology and cellular toxicology. Review of the structure and function of the cell and organization of pluricellular organisms (cells, tissues, organs, organisms). Cellular and molecular toxicity. The environment as an agent capable of modifying the phenotype and influencing the molecular aspects of development. Regulation of transcription and environmental interference. Transmission of epigenetic memory between generations, transmission of damage from xenobiotics. The importance of development for health and disease. Relationship between the individual's response and ecological effects. The study of the effects, exposure, absorption, distribution and excretion. Toxicity tests. Use of bacteria, algae, crustaceans, fish and mammals evaluation tests (acute and chronic) and "endpoints" (LC50, EC50, IC50, NOEC, LOEL) Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification. The REACH program and Directive 91/414 / EEC for chemicals. Main classes of synthetic organic pollutants and evidence of their environmental effects The main physico-chemical properties of a pollutant and environmental persistence, degradative pathways found in nature. Persistent contaminants and global contamination. Notes on the forecast models for the assessment of the environmental fate of organic pollutants. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) models. Mixtures of toxic substances in the environment: an approach to the problem. Evaluation of the effects: toxicological tests at different levels of organization and complexity (laboratory, mesocosms etc). Bioindicators, and biomarkers, the search for the primary target of pollutants: the main biomarkers. Bioremediation In vitro cell cultures applied to the ecotoxicological study. Main cell culture techniques (reference books) Ecotossicologia (Vighi e Bacci) UTET Edizioni Introduzione alle colture cellulari (Mariottini, Capicchioni, Guida, Mattioli, Penco, Romano, Scarabelli) Tecniche Nuove Editore During the lessons will be given links to recent journal articles or books on different related topics	6	BIO/06	32	16	-	-	Related or supplementary learning activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course

Credits

Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code

Contact Hours

Exercise Hours

Laboratory Hours

Personal Study Hours

Type of Activity

Optional materials and exam in a foreign language

Language

17369 - STAGE PRESSO IMPRESE ED ENTI

5

-

Per stages e tirocini presso imprese, enti pubblici o privati, ordini professionali (art.10, comma 5, lettera e)

ITA

17372 - ECOLOGIA MARINA E OCEANOGRAFIA BIOLOGICA (objectives)

- MARCELLI Marco (syllabus)

The course includes theoretical lessons, laboratory and field exercises, dealing with the topics specified below.
Historical notes on the birth of oceanography as a science.
Physiographic characteristics of marine environments. Origin and evolution of marine and ocean waters. The cycle of water and the oceans. The chemical composition of sea water, the interaction with the atmosphere, carbon dioxide and the balance of carbonates. Cyclic salts.
The physical properties of sea water. Earth and the solar system. The energy balance of the Earth. The atmosphere and atmospheric circulation. The relationship between climate and oceans. Exchanges of energy between sea and atmosphere. Energy distribution on the earth's surface. The distribution of the fundamental variables of marine and oceanic water masses. The strength of Coriolis. The horizontal and vertical movements of the water masses, the wave motion, the sea currents and other dynamic phenomena.
Pelagic and benthic organisms. The ecotypological classification of marine organisms. Introduction to marine biology: phytoplankton, zooplankton, necton and benthos. Regulatory variables of biological processes and organism distribution. Phytoplankton and primary production. Solar radiation and its ecological significance. Biomass, Production and Biological Productivity. Photosynthesis, production and growth. Environmental regulatory factors of the PP. The limiting factors. Gross and net production. Trophic levels, chains and food networks. Trophic transfer efficiencies. Methods for estimating primary production at sea.
Marine, oceanic and coastal habitats. The benthos zonation and the Mediterranean benthic biocoenoses: the classifications of Perès Picard and Riedl.
Energy flows and biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon cycles). Energy flow and trophic structure of ecosystems: ecological pyramids and efficiencies.
The dynamics of marine ecosystems. Temporal and dimensional scales. Micro-scale processes: the boundary layer, the vertical structure and the biology of the mixed layer. Meso-scale processes: the ecological phenomena associated with upwelling, fronts, tides and internal waves. Macro-scale processes: the ecology of large-scale phenomena (major currents, gyres, vortices). Oceans and Global Change: physical and biological aspects, the role of the biological pump.

(reference books)

9

BIO/07

56

16

-

Related or supplementary learning activities

-

ITA

17743 - GEOLOGIA APPLICATA (objectives)

Educational goals
The objectives of the course are transmission of the basics of applied geology and environmental. The course provides tools and techniques for understanding, analyzing and solving geological problems applied to environmental protection and management. Soil and water are examined in the geomorphological context of reference for sustainable management and natural systems and for the prevention of geological and environmental hazards.

Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on soil and pedogenetic processes, erosion processes and dynamics of the slopes, surface water and groundwater. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types of soils and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the hydrological and hydrogeological processes by linking them to the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the basins.
Applied knowledge and understanding:
At the end of the training activity the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to interpret the results of a soil characterization and to read soil maps, to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze data of a river basin and of a river discharge, to set up and calculate a preliminary water budget, to calculate flow rate of an aquifer.
Making judgments:
Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological Italian environments.
Communication skills:
The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination.
Learning skills:
The student must demonstrate his ability to investigate geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological areas which differ from those considered during the course. The student must be able to analyze geological, geomorphological, hydrological and hydrogeological features of an area useful for the preservation and monitoring of the soil and water resources.

- PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus)

I Thematic Unit: The Soil
Soil and pedology. Physical characteristics: texture, structure, specific weight, plasticity, porosity, color. Soil hydrology: water content, wilting point, field capacity, available water capacity, tensiometric curves, groundwater movements, hydraulic conductivity. Main chemical characteristics: mineral fraction, primary minerals, secondary minerals; organic fraction, humus, humification index; cationic exchange capacity, pH and saturation in bases, redox potential. Soil profile and horizons. Soil formation. Pedogenesis and soil forming factors: climate, parent material, topography, organisms, time. USDA Soil Classification: topsoil and subsoil horizons, Entisols, Inceptisols, Aridosols, Mollisol, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Vertisols, Histosols, Andisols.

II Thematic Unit: Erosive processes and soil conservation
Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes, hazard and risk, risk mitigation. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps.

III Thematic Unit: Surface waters and groundwater
The hydrological cycle. The hydrological balance: precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff, infiltration. Drainage basin, drainage pattern, characteristic elements, watershed time of concentration. River flow: measurement methods, precipitation-outflow relationships. River hydrographs: flow components, streamflow separation. River floods: nature and characteristics of floods, flood routing, flood risk mitigation. Main hydrogeological properties of rocks. Darcy's Law. Types of aquifers. Potentiometric contour lines maps. Flow in confined and unconfined aquifers. Groundwater-surface water relationships. Freshwater-salt water relationship. Springs. Wells.

(reference books)

10

GEO/05

64

16

-

Core compulsory activities

-

ITA

Optional group: LIBERI III anno (opzione tra votazione) - (show)

12

13820 - PROVA FINALE

6

-

Final examination and foreign language test

ITA

Teachings extracurricular: (hide)

118002 - Laboratorio di monitoraggio ambientale II
- Modulo I - BELLATI Adriana	6	BIO/05	24	24	-	-	-	ITA
- Modulo II - SALADINO Raffaele	6	CHIM/12	24	24	-	-	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) Learn basic contents and techniques from Mathematical Analysis, which are needed to study functions, to solve problems relying on integral calculus and to solve simple differential equations. When possible, these themes will be related to applied problems. Students will learn basic concepts: limit, differentiability, study of functions; integral and its applications; differential equations. This concepts will be used to solve concrete problems and to face simple mathematical models. - SEVERINI Maurizio	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Derived from 17547 CHIMICA GENERALE ED INORGANICA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 1 Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 118628_1 Geologia in SCIENZE DELLE FORESTE E DELLA NATURA (L-25) L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course) Recommended texts GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different geological and geomorphological Italian environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate that he is able to use the methods learned to investigate geological and geomorphological conditions other than those considered during the course. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - General (2 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature B - Biological functional systems (2 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals C - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). D - Applications of zoology to environmental monitoring (2 CFU) Evaluation of the biological quality of watercourses with Macroinvertebrates, with field exercises (reference books) Any recent university text in Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity (eg.: Hickman et al. Zoologia. McGraw-Hill ISBN: 978 88 386 1538 2). Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition cards) provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) The course is aimed at students with basic knowledge of English grammar and aims to consolidate them and to develop pre-intermediate level linguistic and communication skills (level B1 in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages - CEFR) . - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 MIDOSSI Maria grazia (syllabus) PROGRAM: Analysis of the salient features of the B1 level of the CEFR GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX: - interrogative forms - possessive and Saxon genitive - Personal pronouns subject - frequency adverbs - comparative and superlative degree of adjectives - relative pronouns - countable and uncountable nouns - main prepositions of time and place - main conjunctions - main verbs + prepositions (Phrasal Verbs) - Present Simple / Present Continuous - Past Simple - Habits in the past: USED TO - Present Perfect - future ("going to", "will" and "Present Continuous") - conditional: type 0 - conditional: type 1 + time subordinates (when, after, etc. + Present Simple) - modal verbs (can, could, must, will, would, should) - have to, don't need to - conditional: type 2 - progressive past (Past Continuous) - future expressed with the simple present - passive form of verbs - indirect speech - position and order of adjectives - verbs with infinity and gerund LEXICON: - physical description of people - relationships (family) - personality - the House - weather - hobbies, sports and leisure - means of transport and holidays - clothing and shops COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS: - talk about your habits and hobbies - talk about the family - request / give information: date and time - talk about the weather - describe people and talk about feelings - to be / disagree - understand / write short messages - understand / write an informal letter - talk about future programs - talk about past experiences - thank and respond to thanks SPECIFIC MICROLINGUA: Presentation of scientific texts. Topics and texts will be specifically defined during the course and will focus on the following aspects: - DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies - Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects - The influence of human activities on ecosystems (reference books) 1. R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use with Answers: A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Learners of English, Cambridge. 2. M. Mann, S. T. Knowles, Destination B1 Grammar & Vocabulary : With Answer Key, MacMillan. 3. N. Kenny, A. Kelly, Ready for Pet coursebook with key, MacMillan.	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) Learn basic contents and techniques from Mathematical Analysis, which are needed to study functions, to solve problems relying on integral calculus and to solve simple differential equations. When possible, these themes will be related to applied problems. Students will learn basic concepts: limit, differentiability, study of functions; integral and its applications; differential equations. This concepts will be used to solve concrete problems and to face simple mathematical models. - SEVERINI Maurizio	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Derived from 17547 CHIMICA GENERALE ED INORGANICA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 1 Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 118628_1 Geologia in SCIENZE DELLE FORESTE E DELLA NATURA (L-25) L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course) Recommended texts GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - General (2 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature B - Biological functional systems (2 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals C - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). D - Applications of zoology to environmental monitoring (2 CFU) Evaluation of the biological quality of watercourses with Macroinvertebrates, with field exercises (reference books) Any recent university text in Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity (eg.: Hickman et al. Zoologia. McGraw-Hill ISBN: 978 88 386 1538 2). Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition cards) provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) The course is aimed at students with basic knowledge of English grammar and aims to consolidate them and to develop pre-intermediate level linguistic and communication skills (level B1 in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages - CEFR) . - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 MIDOSSI Maria grazia (syllabus) PROGRAM: Analysis of the salient features of the B1 level of the CEFR GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX: - interrogative forms - possessive and Saxon genitive - Personal pronouns subject - frequency adverbs - comparative and superlative degree of adjectives - relative pronouns - countable and uncountable nouns - main prepositions of time and place - main conjunctions - main verbs + prepositions (Phrasal Verbs) - Present Simple / Present Continuous - Past Simple - Habits in the past: USED TO - Present Perfect - future ("going to", "will" and "Present Continuous") - conditional: type 0 - conditional: type 1 + time subordinates (when, after, etc. + Present Simple) - modal verbs (can, could, must, will, would, should) - have to, don't need to - conditional: type 2 - progressive past (Past Continuous) - future expressed with the simple present - passive form of verbs - indirect speech - position and order of adjectives - verbs with infinity and gerund LEXICON: - physical description of people - relationships (family) - personality - the House - weather - hobbies, sports and leisure - means of transport and holidays - clothing and shops COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS: - talk about your habits and hobbies - talk about the family - request / give information: date and time - talk about the weather - describe people and talk about feelings - to be / disagree - understand / write short messages - understand / write an informal letter - talk about future programs - talk about past experiences - thank and respond to thanks SPECIFIC MICROLINGUA: Presentation of scientific texts. Topics and texts will be specifically defined during the course and will focus on the following aspects: - DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies - Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects - The influence of human activities on ecosystems (reference books) 1. R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use with Answers: A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Learners of English, Cambridge. 2. M. Mann, S. T. Knowles, Destination B1 Grammar & Vocabulary : With Answer Key, MacMillan. 3. N. Kenny, A. Kelly, Ready for Pet coursebook with key, MacMillan.	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different geological and geomorphological Italian environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate that he is able to use the methods learned to investigate geological and geomorphological conditions other than those considered during the course. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

First semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
118922 - MATHS (objectives) Learn basic contents and techniques from Mathematical Analysis, which are needed to study functions, to solve problems relying on integral calculus and to solve simple differential equations. When possible, these themes will be related to applied problems. Students will learn basic concepts: limit, differentiability, study of functions; integral and its applications; differential equations. This concepts will be used to solve concrete problems and to face simple mathematical models. - SEVERINI Maurizio	9	MAT/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118923 - GENERAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course aims to provide students with an introduction to the language and methodology of studying general chemical phenomena. The course, both through lectures and through exercises, aims to provide the student with the elements to be able to write the structural formulas of the main inorganic compounds and the related nomenclature, to use the size and molar ratios in chemical reactions, to know the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics for the study of the states of aggregation of matter, solutions and chemical equilibria with particular attention to acid-base and precipitation equilibria, also to know the fundamental concepts of chemical kinetics. The knowledge of these concepts is essential to undertake the study of the subsequent courses that characterize the degree course. - Derived from 17547 CHIMICA GENERALE ED INORGANICA in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 1 Sanna Nico (syllabus) 1. Introduction States of aggregation of matter. Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Chemical elements and substances. Main techniques of separation. Chemical and physical transformations. Energy and chemical transformations. Intensive and extensive properties of matter. Fundamental laws of physics. The atom: protons, neutrons and electrons. Atomic number and mass number: isotopes. Atomic masses and relative atomic masses. Chemical symbols and their quantitative meaning. Molecular compounds and ionic compounds. Relative molecular mass. Avogadro number. The mole concept. 2. Chemical formulas and equations Chemical equations and balance. Kind of reactions: combinations, decomposition and combustion. Chemical analysis by combustion. Balanced equations and quantitative information. The concept of limitant reagent. Chemical reaction in solution: acid-base and precipitation. Balancing redox equations. Concentration of solutions and corresponding units. 3. Atomic structure Electromagnetic radiation. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Atomic spectra. De Broglie and the wave nature of matter. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Schrodinger equation. Wave-particle duality. Atomic orbitals. Quantum numbers. Pauli exclusion principle. Electronic configuration of the elements. Principle of Aufbau. The periodic system of the elements. Periodic properties: Dimensions of atoms and ions, ionization energy, electron affinity. Metals, non-metals and metalloids. Notes on coordination compounds and their biological significance. 4. The chemical bond Ionic and covalent bonding. Bond properties: order, distance and energy. Electronegativity and Dipolar moment. Lewis's structures. VSEPR model and geometry of molecules. Chemical bond theory: hybrid orbitals and resonance theory in chemistry. Magnetic properties of matter. Intermolecular forces. Hydrogen bond. 5. The gaseous state Ideal gas state equation. Dalton's Law for gaseous mixtures. Density and relative density of gases and gaseous mixtures. Average molecular mass of a gaseous mixture. Kinetic-molecular theory and velocity distribution. Graham's effusion law. Experimental methods for the determination of the molecular masses of gaseous substances. Real gases, Van der Waals equation. 6. Condensed states The Liquid state Intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions of an electrostatic nature. Enthalpy of vaporization and its dependencies. Hydrogen bond. Phase's equilibria. Vapour pressure. Phase transitions and related enthalpies. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. One component phase diagram. Water Phase diagram of water. The Solid state Crystalline lattices and elementary cells. Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids. Polymorphism and allotropy. X-ray diffraction. Definition of solids based on symmetry and intermolecular interactions. 7. Chemical thermodynamics Definition of thermodynamic system. Status functions. Cyclic and open transformations. Reversible and irreversible transformations. Heat, work and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Enthalpy and Hess's law. Entropy. Second principle of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes. Free energy. Third principle of thermodynamics. Introduction to the concept of chemical equilibrium. 8. Solutions Solubility and dissolving processes. Gas solutions in liquids. Enthalpy of dissolution and effect of temperature on solubilization processes. Ideal solutions and real solutions. Raoult's law. Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering. Colligative properties of the ideal solutions and determination of the molecular masses of compounds. Osmosis. Not ideal solutions. Fractional distillation. Azeotropic mixtures. Henry's law. Activity and ionic strength. 9. Chemical equilibrium Spontaneous processes and thermodynamic equilibrium in chemical reactions. Mass action law. Isoterm and isochoric of van't Hoff. Homogeneous equilibria. The principle of Le Chatelier. Effect of the variation in concentration of a reagent or a product on equilibrium. Effect of variation of volume, pressure and temperature on homogeneous equilibria. Heterogeneous equilibria. 10. Equilibria in Solution Acid-base equilibria: General definitions (Arrhenius, Broensted-Lowry, Lewis). Strength of acids and bases and equilibrium constants. Molecular structure and properties of acid-base. Water autoionization. The pH and the pOH. PH calculation of acidic, basic and saline solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. 11. Chemical Kinetics Reaction rate. Kinetic laws and integrated kinetic laws. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Arrhenius equation. Activation energy. Kinetic mechanism of reactions. Collision theory and theory of activated complex. Catalysis. 12. Electrochemical Galvanic cells. Electrode and electrode reaction. Standard potential. Thermodynamics of galvanic cells. Nerst equation. Stoichiometry: Mole. Molecular and minimal formulas. Nomenclature of the main inorganic compounds. Chemical equations and ponderal ratios. Limiting reactive. Law of gases and gaseous species in chemical reactions. Indirect analysis. Solutions and volumetric analysis. Gaseous, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical balances. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics of reactions. Colligative properties of non-electrolytes and electrolytes solutions. PH calculation of acid, base and salts solutions. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of salts. (reference books) Recommended texts; M. Speranza et al., General and inorganic chemistry, Edi-Ermes Editor (2013). F. Cacace and M. Schiavello, Stoichiometry, Bulzoni Editor (1995). NOTE: The teacher will communicate at the beginning of the course the link to the additional teaching material available to the students.	7	CHIM/03	40	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE A - PHYSICS (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basic notions of physics useful for correctly framing environmental issues and natural sciences.The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application to processes and phenomena of interest in environmental sciences. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. In particular, the course aims to introduce the student to the fundamental principles of Physics in particular of the Scientific Method, Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics of fluids, Thermodynamics, Electromagnetism, providing him with the fundamental knowledge of physics for a correct application to the processes and phenomena of interest. of Natural and Environmental Sciences. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of the course the student is expected to have learned the theoretical and experimental foundations of Classical Physics, its fundamental laws and to have acquired the ability to apply the laws of physics to solve simple problems. An important expected result is the understanding of the scientific method and methods of research in Physics, combined with the ability to present the topics covered during the course. The course aims to develop the ability to identify the essential aspects of physical phenomena and the logical and critical skills that allow you to propose and / or verify phenomenological models capable of describing them. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. The student is expected to know how to use the notions learned even in contexts other than those presented. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. The student is expected to develop critical analytical skills and be able to solve new problems even if similar to those discussed in class. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. Students' ability to discuss the implications of concepts presented in class and the possible questions that may emerge from the topics covered will be stimulated. LEARNING SKILLS. The student is expected to become able to discuss fundamental scientific issues of Physics and its applications. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) First part of the course MEASUREMENT UNIT AND NOTICE OF ERROR THEORY Physical quantities. Dimensional analysis. The International System. Measurements of physical quantities. General characteristics of measuring instruments. Methods and tools for measuring physical quantities and for the analysis of experimental data. Measurement of a physical quantity. Features measuring instruments. Confidence interval. Systematic errors, reading errors, random errors, errors, significant figures, error propagation. Significant figures and confidence interval, Significant figures and relative error. Representation results: truncation and rounding. Tables of experimental measurements Vectors and scalars. Vector components. Unit vectors. Vector sum. Scalar product. Vector product. MECHANICS Reference systems. Position, trajectory, speed, acceleration. Motion description: kinematics in one dimension. Kinematics in two dimensions; carriers. Force, mass. Newton's laws. Uniform circular motion. Friction. Hooke's law. Kinetic energy and work. Kinetic energy theorem. Power. Conservative forces. Law of universal gravitation. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Amount of motion. Conservation of momentum. Shock (notes). Moment of inertia. Moment of a force. Angular momentum. Angular quantities and motion of rigid bodies. Cardinal equations of dynamics. Statics of rigid bodies (outline). Simple harmonic motion. Energy of harmonic motion. Waves. Types of waves. Equation and characteristic quantities of waves. Intensity, frequency, period, speed and wavelength. Energy carried by the waves. Wave on a rope. Sound waves. FLUIDS Statics and fluid dynamics. Density and specific weight. Pressure. Principle of Archimedes. Pascal's principle. Equation of continuity. Bernoulli equation. Real fluids, Viscosity, Poiseuille's Law, Motion regimes: laminar and turbulent motion, Reynolds number, Cohesion and adhesion forces, Surface tension, Capillary effects THERMODYNAMICS Concepts of Temperature, Heat, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat, Work, Outline of the principles of thermodynamics. Heat transmission. Entropy. Carnot cycle. Thermal machines. Thermal expansion of materials. ELECTROMAGNETISM Electric charge. Coulomb's law. Electric field. Electric dipole. Gauss's law. Electrical potential. Capacitors. Dielectrics. Electric current. Resistance. Ohm's law. Electromotive force. Electrical circuits. Power in electrical circuits. Electric circuits in direct current (outline). Magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic dipole. Biot-Savart law. Ampere's law. Solenoid. Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's law. Inductance. Electromagnetic interactions. Electromagnetic waves. (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	8	FIS/07	56	-	8	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE A - GEOLOGY (objectives) The course has three main objectives: 1) to provide some fundamental elements of Earth Sciences aimed at understanding the evolution of the Earth's system and its dynamic character; 2) provide basic notions for the interpretation and use of geological data available at national and regional level (for non-geological professionals); 3) highlight the multiple hazards and geological risk factors that characterize the national territory. Taking into account that the application of the European INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) directive implemented in Italy with Legislative Decree 32/2010, has completely changed the management and distribution of territorial data and, in particular, geological data. The course also provides indications on how to use the geothematic data made available by standard OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) services, of the leading national and regional geoportals, which have become the main (and often the only) source of information and acquisition of such data. 1) knowledge and understanding At the end of the training activity the student will acquire knowledge on the main dynamic processes affecting the terrestrial system, on the hazard and risk factors associated with them and will be able to understand the terminology and symbols used in geological maps, as well as to have the basic knowledge necessary to acquire geological data from the leading national and regional geoportals 2) applying knowledge and understanding. At the end of the training activity, the student must demonstrate that he can perform a search for geothematic data (and in particular those relating to geological cartography) made available by the leading national and regional geoportals and to use them to carry out a brief description of the physical characteristics of the territory with particular reference to its geological hazard factors and relative risk. 3) making judgements. Through the examples proposed during the lessons and the exercises, the student must be able to evaluate the quality of the geological data acquired or the limits related to their use in territorial studies. He must also be able to correctly cite the source of information obtained to distinguish bibliographic data from his interpretations clearly. 4) communication skills. The student must acquire a primary technical language relating to the topics covered during the lessons and exercises to be able to dialogue with professionals and experts engaged in environmental, territorial analysis, management, and design. Communication skills will be verified during the ongoing tests and during the final exam. 5) learning skills The student will have to demonstrate that he possesses the essential notions to be able to carry out a general analysis of the geological data available (on a limited territorial area), and also to be able to acquire further knowledge. Then acquire data for a more in-depth analysis of specific, variable aspects depending on the local characteristics and, therefore, also different from those treated in the examples considered during the course and exercises. - Derived from 118628_1 Geologia in SCIENZE DELLE FORESTE E DELLA NATURA (L-25) L-25 MADONNA Sergio (syllabus) lessons (32h) Introduction -geology, economy and sustainable development; natural reserve and resources; geologic hazard and risk; global changes and local catastrophes; the Italian territory's fragility from hazard to risk; Hydrogeological instability, and the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation. An overview on geologic time and its measure – the geologic record, the scientific method, the principles of geology; the Age of the Earth, the geological time scale, radiometric methods of rock dating; The Precambrian, origin, and evolution of the Earth system, planetesimals and planetoids, differentiation of the Earth's core, mantle and crust, the giant impact and the origin of the moon, the evolution of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; The Phanerozoic, the fossils and the relative dating, chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the broad subdivision of geological time and mass extinction events, the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (ICS). Earth as a system of interacting dynamic components - Earth's shape and surface (hypsographic curve); the Earth's layered structure; driving forces (internal heat, external solar input), Earth's rotation and Coriolis effect; the big Eart's cycles (atmospheric and oceanic circulation; hydrologic cycle, mantle convection and plate tectonics, the rocks cycle, the geochemical cycle); the biosphere (geobiological events in Earth's History); the cryosphere, albedo and land use; balancing the geosystems; (trigger effects and feedback). Exploring Earth's Interior - astronomical data; direct observations: surface data and deep boreholes (Kola borehole); seismic waves and seismology; internal layering and their composition; seismic tomography; Earth's gravity field, the geoid; Earth's internal heat and temperature; heat flow; the geothermal gradient; the Earth's magnetic field and its variations; paleomagnetism; Thermoremanent Magnetization (TRM), Depositional Remanent Magnetization (DRM ); magnetic stratigraphy, the paleomagnetic time scale, chrons, and sub-chrons. Seismic hazard and risk - Elastic rebound theory, fault rupture during Earthquakes, seismographs and seismogram; seismic wawes (P-Wawe, S-Wave, surface wave); hypocenter and epicenter; Richter magnitude scale; moment magnitude; modified Mercalli intensity scale; earthquake and capable fault, Itahca Project (ITaly HAzards from CApable faulting – ISPRA); earthquakes and tsunamis; seismic classification of the national territory; earthquake recurrence interval, Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (INGV); Catalogue of the Italian Tsunamis (INGV); seismic microzonation (regional data). Minerals as the building blocks of the rocks - Minerals and crystals definitions, amorphous and crystalline minerals; crystals morphology and symmetry (systems, classes; and space groups); chemical classes of minerals; the atomic structure of minerals; physical and chemical properties of the most common rock-forming minerals; minerals and rocks main structures and textures. Introduction to the study of rocks an overview - the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic); origin, occurrence, and basic principles of their classification; the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), the technical classification of rocks (the relationship between lithology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, and pedology). The Hydrologic cycle and groundwaters - the distribution of waters on Earth; water cycle and hydrogeological balance; water flow through soils and rocks (permeability and porosity); the groundwater table (vadose and phreatic zone); the main types of aquifers and springs; Hydrothermal waters; salinization, pollution, and the crisis of water resources. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes – plate tectonics the unifying theory; the engine of plate tectonics; the mosaic of plates; continental and oceanic crust; shields, orogens, basins (foreland basin, forearc, and backarc basin), large igneous provinces, rift zones, mid-ocean ridge (MOR), hot spots, trenches, passive margins; plate tectonic and orogenic processes (subduction and continental collision); orogenic systems (thrust belt, foreland basin, wedge top basin, foredeep, forebulge, backbulge), orogenic cycle (Wilson cycle); the geological evolution of Italy an overview. Mapping geologic units and structures – the deformation processes of the rocks; the measuring of strike and dip; rock’s deformation structure (nomenclature of the main types of folds and fault), thrusts, horst, and graben; the geologic maps legend, stratigraphic units; geologic cross-sections; tectonic units; structural maps; introduction to reading geological maps; the 1:100,000 Geological Map of Italy; The CARG project and the 1: 50,000 geological and geothematic maps of Italy; The Geological Survey of Italy Geoportal, (geomapviewer and WebGIS applications). Igneous rocks and processes: magma consolidation and magmatic differentiation processes; the chemical and mineral composition of igneous rocks, common minerals in igneous rocks; intrusive bodies; volcanoes (eruptive styles); the main igneous rocks types (basic textures, structures, geometry, and landforms); intrusive and hypabyssal (subvolcanic); Pyroclastic; Lavas - hydrothermal activity and deposits; igneous activity and plate tectonics; volcanic hazards and risk in Italy. Sedimentary rocks and processes - sedimentary environments; sedimentary processes – sedimentary stage of the rock cycle (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, burial, and diagenesis); sedimentary basins; classification of sedimentary rocks (clastic, chemical/evaporite, biochemical, organic/carbon compounds); sedimentary structures and facies; the principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. Metamorphic rocks and processes - causes of metamorphism; type of metamorphism: regional, contact, burial, seafloor (hydrothermally altered), impact, cataclastic; grade of metamorphism, metamorphic facies; metamorphic structures and textures (fabric); classification of low-grade metamorphic rock by protolith (-meta, -ortho, -para); classification of metamorphic rocks by texture (foliated, granoblastic, porphyroblastic rocks), by bulk chemical composition; (pelitic /clay-aluminous minerals, quartzo-feldspathic, calcareous, mafic, magnesian, ferruginous, manganiferous); classification of metamorphic rocks by mineral composition (qualifier terms); plate tectonics and metamorphism Marine and coastal environment, processes and deposits - coastal environment (coastal forms, coastal erosion problems); tidal and subtidal environments, continental shelf environment; evaporite environment (Messinian salinity crisis); terrigenous-siliciclastic environment (turbidites deposits); carbonate environment (platform, reef, barrier reef, mound, atoll); deep-sea environment. Weathering - the main factors controls on weathering; chemical weathering (hydrolysis, dissolution, oxidation), carbon dioxide, weathering, and the climate system; physical weathering and erosion; the residue of weathering eluvial deposits, soil formation; plate tectonic, erosion cycle and planation surfaces. Mass Wasting (gravitational processes) deposits and landform: deposits produced primarily by gravitational processes (debris cone and talus), landslides, mass movements classification (Cruden & Varnes, 1996), the IFFI Project (Italian Landslide Inventory) landslide hazard and risk. Slope deposits and landform made by gravity and running water: floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; rain splash and sheet erosion, rill, and gully erosion, accelerated soil erosion, soil loss, badlands, colluvial deposits, fan cone, alluvial fan, mud fan, soil creep and solifluction. Stream deposits and landform: drainage network, drainage basin; drainage patterns, stream valley, and channels types; stream waters flow (laminar and turbulent); sediment erosion, transport (bed load, suspended load, saltation) and deposition ( grain size, velocity relationship graph); primary sediment bedforms (dunes and ripples); deltas types (lobate, estuarine, arcuate, bird’s foot); the longitudinal profile, graded stream, and base levels concept; alluvial fan; fluvial terraces; continental carbonate deposits (calcareous tufa), lake deposits; stream discharge; flood; flood recurrence interval; flood hazard and risk. Wind deposits processes environments, and landforms - wind as erosion, transport, and deposition agent; wind belts and atmospheric circulation; wind strength; wind sediments particle size, windblown dust, sand; loess; sandblasting and deflation; desert pavement; desert landforms; the wind environment (hot desert, glacial outwash plain, coast affected by predominantly onshore winds), major desert area in the world; desert weathering; playa lakes and evaporite; desert landscape, pediment; soil loss and desertification. Karst deposits, forms, and processes - karst and pseudokarst processes; factors affecting karst processes; sketch of a typic karst system (exokarst, epikarst endokarst, vadose and saturated zone) main karst landforms (karren, limestone pavement, sinkhole/doline, uvala, Poje, Foibe, Cockpit, karst towers, hum disappearing or sinking streams/dry valley, blind valley, ponor, caverns/caves); the cycle of erosion in a karst topography; karst deposit/speleothems (stalactites stalagmites, columns); karst landscape and inventories (caves and sinkholes) in Italy, hazard and risk in karst areas. Glacial processes, landscape, and deposits: ice as a rock; valley glaciers, continental glaciers; glacial budgets (accumulation and ablation); glacial flow, plastic flow, basal slip, valley glaciers, glacial erosional landforms (U-shaped valley, cirque, horn, arete, hanging valley, fjord, roche montonee, glacial striations); glacial deposits (till, moraine), outwash plain and water-laid deposits and landforms (karner, kettles, eskers, drumlins, varve); permafrost; glaciation and sea-level change; glaciation and graded stream profile change. The geologic record of glaciations, proxy data. Climate change – climate forcing, components of the climate system: internal (plate tectonics, orogen, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, greenhouse gases and aerosols, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, biotic and anthropic factors, albedo) and external (solar forcing/solar input – solar activity and Milankovitch cycles,), radiation balance, and long term climatic variations; climatic proxies; timing and extent of Proterozoic glaciations; catastrophic climate change (deep impacts, supervolcano eruptions, continental food basalts/traps); major Phanerozoic mass extinctions; interactions between the plate tectonic and climate system; greenhouse and icehouse oceanic circulation; quaternary glaciation; climate change during the Holocene, the younger dryas; the little ice Age (LIA); greenhouse effect and climate changes induced by anthropic. Exercises (16 h) During the course theoretical/practical exercises will be carried out on: Acquisition and management of geological data: notes on territorial information systems and open source GIS; the INSPIRE Protocol, the national geoportal, and the regional portals. -Reading the forms of the survey through the topographical maps of the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) and the Regional Technical Maps (CTR) - Macroscopic recognition of the main types of rocks; - Examples of representation on geological maps of the main types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and the main tectonic elements; - Construction and interpretation of topographic and geological profiles; - Use topographic, geological, and geothematic maps to frame the physical characteristics of a limited territorial portion. Attendance is recommended, but in the case of impediments, students could contact the teacher to receive assistance for the preparation of the exam. (reference books) Presentations of the lessons and supplementary teaching material All the presentations of the lessons, lecture notes and other supplementary teaching materials can be downloaded from the moodle platform. The material is protected by a password that will be provided to students attending the course (the password to open the files can be requested at any time from the teacher by sending an email to sermad@unitus.it specifying year of attendance, matriculation and course) Recommended texts GROTZINGER J., JORDAN T.H, PRESS F., SIEVER R. - Understanding Earth - W.H Freeman and Company New York GISOTTI G.- Le unità di paesaggio - Analisi geomorfologica per la pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica- Dario Flacovio Editore ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore: Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . MINISTERO DELL’AMBIENTE- I Quaderni Habitat - Collana - 24 volumi scaricabili gratuitamente dal sito: https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/i-quaderni-habitat-collana Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Lettura e interpretazione delle carte geologiche. Zanichelli, Bologna PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Edizione italiana di Scientifc American -"500 numeri di Le Scienze" -doppio DVD-Rom contenente la raccolta di tutti gli articoli dei primi 500 numeri. PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. - il globo terrestre e la sua evoluzione Ed. Zanichelli - contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiaglobo6ed/ PALMIERI E. L. & PAROTTO M. Osservare e capire la terra -Ed. Zanichelli - Varie edizioni -contenuti multimediali test ed esercizi, accessibili al sito della Casa editrice Zanichelli http://online.scuola.zanichelli.it/lupiascienzeterra/ SAURO et al. (2005). Dalla carta topografica al paesaggio - Atlante Ragionato. ZetaBeta SOCIETÀ GEOLOGICA ITALIANA -AVV -Guide Geologiche regionali - VOL 5 LAZIO -BE-MA editrice MOTTANA A., CRESPI R., LIBORIO G.- Minerali e rocce. Mondadori, Milano. Le Scienze Italian edition of Scientific American "500 numeri di Le Scienze" double DVD-Rom containing the collection of all the articles of the first 500 numbers	6	GEO/02	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Second semester

Course	Credits	Scientific Disciplinary Sector Code	Contact Hours	Exercise Hours	Laboratory Hours	Personal Study Hours	Type of Activity	Optional materials and exam in a foreign language	Language
119005 - PHYSICS WITH LABORATORY (objectives) The objectives of the course as a whole are the transmission of the basics of physics useful for correctly framing environmental and natural sciences topics The course introduces the definition, understanding and use of physical quantities and fundamental physical laws and their application processes and phenomena of interest to environmental sciences. In addition, the course intends to acquire the necessary tools to design and carry out a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical methods). The course also aims to allow students to acquire the ability to present a topic orally and to draw up a related scientific report with related data analysis. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematics treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphic representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena.
- MODULE B - PHYSICS LABORATORY (objectives) The aim of the course is to provide students with further basic notions of physics beyond those introduced during Module A and the tools necessary to design and implement a scientific experiment and analyze the data obtained using the most appropriate statistical analysis tools (using graphical and analytical). The course aims to make students acquire the ability to present an argument orally and to write a scientific report. This within a simple, but rigorous modeling and mathematical treatment aimed at familiarizing students with graphical representations and estimates of the scales of quantities and physical phenomena. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. at the end of the training activity the person will be able to: A) define the measurement of a physical quantity directly and indirectly; B) describe a physical quantity using numerical and graphical methods, linear and non-linear; C) identify the right dimensional equations and the system of measurement units; D) describe the functioning of an instrument and highlight its properties; E) distinguish systematic and random errors of measuring instruments in their absolute and relative representation; F) define a propagation of the error in derived quantities; G) define the significant figures of a measure; H) outline the concept of probability distribution; I) identify a confidence interval; L) make a comparison between experimental results; M) design an experiment in mechanics, calorimetry and concerning the study of direct current circuits able to determine with good approximation some fundamental constants of physics or physical properties of the apparatuses; N) write a scientific report that gives the protocol and the data collected in a clear, complete and immediate control. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. At the end of this didactic activity, in an exercise or exam context, the student must demonstrate to be able to know: A) associate the quantities to be measured with the physical laws that describe the system; B) estimate the effects that modify the expected value of the measured quantity within the approximation in force for the application of the law; C) carry out an experiment and the optimal conditions for obtaining a measurement; D) to give an uncertainty value to a measurement, however precise, carried out by him; E) analytically evaluate how the error propagates on indirectly measured quantities; F) choose the most effective way to obtain the value to be measured that is affected by the minimum random error and systematic uncertainties; G) analyze the significance of the results through statistics. AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT. At the end of this didactic activity, the student must demonstrate to be able to: A) know how to choose a working condition or an approximation for the experimental verification of a physical law; B) formulate and support appropriate hypotheses on the type of experiment best suited to obtain an experimental result; C) apply the most appropriate protocols to increase the sensitivity of the measurement; D) apply the most appropriate protocols to reduce accidental and systematic errors. COMMUNICATION SKILLS. The student must demonstrate to be able to describe in a scientific report the physical law subject of the experience, the experimental conditions and the theory most suitable for determining the measurement of physical quantity, data collection and statistical analysis. Communication skills will be verified through the evaluation of the reports that each group of students will have to carry out to report on the experiments carried out during the course. They will then be verified during the examination. LEARNING SKILLS. At the end of this training activity, the student will have to demonstrate that he is able to use the experimental method learned to investigate the characteristics of other systems other than those considered during this course. - DELFINO Ines (syllabus) Second part Physics insights Photoelectric effect. Elements of modern physics. Wave-particle duality. Quantum theory and models of the atom. Bohr atom. Molecules and solids. De Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Principle of operation of the laser. Characteristics and applications of lasers. Nucleus and radioactivity. Radioactive decay. Biological effects of radiation. Data Analysis methods Graphical representation of the experimental data. Repeated measures. Histograms. Average, and mean weighted mean, standard deviation. Probability. Distributions and distributions limit. Gaussian distribution. Confidence limit. Error function. Rejection of data, Chauvenet criterion. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical models. Fitting procedures. Principle of maximum likelihood. Linear fit. Method of least squares. Covariance. Linear correlation coefficient. Adaptation of the method of least squares to other curves. Weighted Fit. Linearization of a function and method of least squares Hypothesis tests. Chi2 test. Poisson distribution. Procedure, methods and tools for measuring various physical quantities. Instruments for measuring currents, ddp, resistors, etc .. Voltage generators (real and ideal) AC and DC Principle of operation of the multimeter. Using the multimeter to measure resistance, current, potential differences. Instruments for measuring quantities in AC circuits . Measurement of doses of ionizing radiation. Instruments for measuring ionizing radiation. Operating principle of the Geiger counter. General safety rules for laboratory operations. Experiments and specific data analysis examples to be carried on during laboratory lessons Statistics Mechanics: Calorimetry Ohm's law in direct current. Optics. Radioactive decays (reference books) Giancoli, "Fisica" (Edizione con Fisica Moderna), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Taylor, “Introduzione all’analisi degli errori”, Casa Editrice Zanichelli.	4	FIS/07	8	-	24	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118926 - ZOOLOGY (objectives) The course, which deals with a basic subject in the initial phase of the study path, has as its fundamental objective the formation of critical analysis skills based on scientific methodology, integrating general and contextual knowledge with those concerning specific technical and methodological tools of the zoological discipline, with particular reference to environmental aspects. It is proposed to provide basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of animals, on the principles of evolution by selection, on adaptations to aquatic and terrestrial environments. It also provides for the acquisition of skills on the rules of taxonomy and zoological nomenclature and the achievement of orientation skills in the recognition of fauna, with particular regard to Italian fauna. EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS 1) Knowledge and understanding The acquired knowledge will concern elements of general biology (cell, reproduction, genetic code, evolution); zoological techniques and methods (nomenclature, taxonomy, methods of data collection and analysis); topics of general zoology (structure and apparatus, species and reproductive isolation, ethology); biodiversity (knowledge and summary identification of the fauna with particular regard to the Italian fauna). Understanding skills will be achieved through the practice of rules and methods specific to the subject (for example, taxonomy and nomenclature rules). 2) Knowledge and comprehension skills applied The aspects concerning the application of knowledge involve the ability to analyze and interpret scientific contributions in the field of Zoology, and to identify fauna at a summary level for environmental assessment purposes. 3) Autonomy of judgment The exercise of critical analysis and knowledge, although at a general level, of fundamental methods and concepts will allow the ability to formulate independent assessments. 4) Communication skills These skills will be developed through the exercise of one's own expression (interventions during the lessons) and with a brief knowledge of the methods of scientific communication. 5) Ability to learn The notions and the use of the sources and the relative information can allow the application of the learning modalities to contexts different from those treated specifically in the course. - BELFIORE Carlo (syllabus) A - General (2 CFU) 1. Animals among the living organisms; 2. Definitions of Taxonomy, Identification, Classification, Faunistics and Biogeography; 3. Taxonomic categories and taxa; 4. Analogy, homology, adaptive convergence; 5. Classification criteria and methods; 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction; 7. Species concepts; 8. The structure of the species; 9. Properties of the species: variability; 10. Properties of the species: dispersal capacity and ecological tolerance; 11. Evolutionary mechanisms; 12. Natural selection; 13. Speciation; 14. Reproductive isolation; 15. Rules of zoological nomenclature B - Biological functional systems (2 CFU) 1. Phases of embryonic development; 2. Cavity of the body; 3. Symmetry; 4. Classification of the Animalia Kingdom; 5. Reproduction: generality and comparison between sexual and asexual reproduction; 6. Types of asexual reproduction; 7. Gonocorism: sexual characteristics; 8. Gonocorism: partner recognition and synchronization; 9. Gonocorism: copula; 10. Hermaphroditism; 11. Parthenogenesis; 12. Reproductive strategies and parental care; 13. Digestive systems and food function; 14. Food strategies in animals; 15. Functions and structure of the integument; 16. Colors in animals; 17. Adaptive colors; 18. Respiratory Functions; 19. Physical factors in respiration; 20. Biological and environmental factors in respiration; 21. Respiratory structures in animals C - Systematics (3 CFU) 1) PROTOZOI; 2) PORIFERS; 3) RADIATES (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scifozoa, Anthozoa Hexacorallia, Anthozoans Octocorallia), Ctenophora; 4) PLATELMINTI (Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda); 5) NEMATODA; 6) ANNELIDA (Polychaeta (Echiura, Errantia, Sedentaria), Oligochaeta, Irudinea); 7) MOLLUSCA (Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda (Nautiloida, Coleoida); 8) CHELICERATA Arthropods (Merostomata, Arachnida: Scorpiones, Araneae, Opilionida, Pseudoscorpiones, Acarina); 9) CRUSTACEA Arthropods (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca); UNIRAMIA Arthropods (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha - Insecta: Tisanura, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Plecoptera, Isoptera, Blattaria, Dermaptera, Phasmida, Mantodea, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Homoptera,Aphaniptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera; 10) ECHINODERMATA (Crinoida, Holoturida, Ophiurida, Asteroida, Echinoida); 11) CHORDATA (Ascidiacea, Agnata, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia: Anura, Urodela; Reptiles: Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia; Aves, Mammalia: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, Cetartiodactyla). D - Applications of zoology to environmental monitoring (2 CFU) Evaluation of the biological quality of watercourses with Macroinvertebrates, with field exercises (reference books) Any recent university text in Zoology, Animal Biology or Animal Biodiversity (eg.: Hickman et al. Zoologia. McGraw-Hill ISBN: 978 88 386 1538 2). Other material (pdf, ppt, recognition cards) provided by the teacher.	9	BIO/05	56	16	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118927 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (objectives) The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise. B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life. In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition. Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach. Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts. Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return. - SALADINO Raffaele (syllabus) Module A STRUCTURE Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes. Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological. Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons. Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry. Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides. Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides. Lipids. Form B. THE REACTIVITY ' Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes. Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest. Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule. (reference books) - Chimica Organica Essenziale, Bruno Botta, Editore EdiTes (most recent edition). - Chimica Organica, Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Nielson Boyd, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione Zanichelli (edizione più recente).	7	CHIM/06	56	-	-	-	Basic compulsory activities	-	ITA
118424 - English (objectives) The course is aimed at students with basic knowledge of English grammar and aims to consolidate them and to develop pre-intermediate level linguistic and communication skills (level B1 in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages - CEFR) . - Derived from 13645 LINGUA INGLESE in SCIENZE BIOLOGICHE (L-13) L-13 2 MIDOSSI Maria grazia (syllabus) PROGRAM: Analysis of the salient features of the B1 level of the CEFR GRAMMAR AND SYNTAX: - interrogative forms - possessive and Saxon genitive - Personal pronouns subject - frequency adverbs - comparative and superlative degree of adjectives - relative pronouns - countable and uncountable nouns - main prepositions of time and place - main conjunctions - main verbs + prepositions (Phrasal Verbs) - Present Simple / Present Continuous - Past Simple - Habits in the past: USED TO - Present Perfect - future ("going to", "will" and "Present Continuous") - conditional: type 0 - conditional: type 1 + time subordinates (when, after, etc. + Present Simple) - modal verbs (can, could, must, will, would, should) - have to, don't need to - conditional: type 2 - progressive past (Past Continuous) - future expressed with the simple present - passive form of verbs - indirect speech - position and order of adjectives - verbs with infinity and gerund LEXICON: - physical description of people - relationships (family) - personality - the House - weather - hobbies, sports and leisure - means of transport and holidays - clothing and shops COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS: - talk about your habits and hobbies - talk about the family - request / give information: date and time - talk about the weather - describe people and talk about feelings - to be / disagree - understand / write short messages - understand / write an informal letter - talk about future programs - talk about past experiences - thank and respond to thanks SPECIFIC MICROLINGUA: Presentation of scientific texts. Topics and texts will be specifically defined during the course and will focus on the following aspects: - DNA: discovery, structure and development of related technologies - Biotechnology: ancient and modern techniques, applications and problematic aspects - The influence of human activities on ecosystems (reference books) 1. R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use with Answers: A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Learners of English, Cambridge. 2. M. Mann, S. T. Knowles, Destination B1 Grammar & Vocabulary : With Answer Key, MacMillan. 3. N. Kenny, A. Kelly, Ready for Pet coursebook with key, MacMillan.	4		32	-	-	-	Final examination and foreign language test	-	ITA
118928 - FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH SCIENCES (objectives) Aims The course is aimed at providing some basic elements of Earth Sciences for the interpretation and use of the geo-thematic territorial data made available by the application of the INSPIRE protocol (standard OGC services of the National and Regional geoportals). The course introduces the composition of the Earth and focuses attention on the lithogenetic cycle. The exogenous and endogenous processes that supervise the formation of the rocks and their position constitute central themes of the course.
- MODULE B - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND APPLIED GEOLOGY (objectives) The objectives of the course are the transmission of the basics of geomorphology and applied geology. The course introduces the understanding and analysis of the Earth surface processes and landform, also in relation to human activities. The main characteristics of geomaterials are also introduced and the main geological risks are considered. Knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity, the student will acquire knowledge on geomorphology, erosional processes and slope dynamics, geological risks. The student will be able to distinguish the most common types and forms of erosion by linking them to their origins. The student will be able to understand the processes that determine the geological risks. Applied knowledge and understanding: At the end of the training activity the student will have to demonstrate that he is able: to read and interpret geomorphological maps, to analyze geological data for the site characterization and for risks assessment. Making judgments: Through the examples presented during the lessons and exercises, the student will acquire autonomy of judgment based on the acquired knowledge, analyzing different geological and geomorphological Italian environments. Communication skills: The student will acquire an appropriate technical language both during the lessons and during the exercises so that they can interact with professionals and experts involved in environmental analysis, management and design. Communication skills will be verified during intermediate tests and/or final examination. Learning skills: The student must demonstrate that he is able to use the methods learned to investigate geological and geomorphological conditions other than those considered during the course. - PISCOPO Vincenzo (syllabus) Geomorphology: morphogenetic processes, climatic and non-climatic geomorphology, morphoclimatic equilibrium. Weathering. Slow soil flow and creep. Water erosion: sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion. Soil loss and measurement methods. River processes: erosion, transport and deposition; river landforms. Coastal processes and landforms. Glacier and glacial morphology. Arid geomorphology. Landslides: Varnes classification, morphology, causes. Structural geomorphology. Karst geomorphology. Geomorphological maps. Soil characterization: general types of soils, index properties and classification, soil particle size, grain size distribution curves, relative density of cohesionless soils, consistency of clay soils, Atterberg limits, plasticity chart. Physical and elastic characteristics of rocks. Rock mass. Compressibility and consolidation of soils. Concept of shearing resistance and shearing strength. Landslide hazard and risk and risk mitigation. Volcanic risk. Seismic risk. (reference books) Bell F.G. (1998) Environmental geology: principles and methods. Wiley-Blackwell.	6	GEO/05	32	16	-	-	Core compulsory activities	-	ITA

Degree Course: Natural and Environmental Sciences Syllabus for A.Y. 2020/2021