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13668 -
CHIMICA ORGANICA
(objectives)
A) OBJECTIVES
The course introduces the concepts and the experimental approaches of organic chemistry, working on the consolidation of principles acquired in the field of physics and general and inorganic chemistry to advance the knowledge of carbon chemistry. In the first part of the course, the cultural and practical bases for understanding the structure of organic molecules will be provided, paying particular attention to the existing relationships between the chemical structure and the chemical-physical and biological properties associated with them. The different physical hybridization states of the carbon will allow the three-dimensional vision of the molecules, facilitating the understanding of their role in the cell. The second part of the course is dedicated to the application of properties in the context of chemical reactivity. The student will have the opportunity to have answers to some of the key questions in his study: why do molecules react? What are the experimental factors that control the kinetics of the reactions? When is a reaction under thermodynamic control rather than kinetic? How is it possible to synthesize complex molecules from simple reagents? What is the impact of organic chemistry on the environment and how can it be reduced? This knowledge will allow the student to undertake subsequent study courses with strong structural and molecular expertise.
B) EXPECTED LEARNING RESULTS
Knowledge of the principles governing the formation of the chemical bond, using traditional theories (valence bond theory) and advanced theories (theory of molecular orbital and quantum mechanics ). Knowledge of nomenclature and classification (theory of functional groups) of organic molecules, with particular attention to the association between the family of organic molecules and biological and chemical-physical properties. Knowledge of the reactivity of organic molecules and experimental parameters capable of controlling thermodynamics and kinetics of organic transformations. Knowledge of the relationship between organic molecules and the origin of life.
In addition to the knowledge gained through the study of organic chemistry, students will be able to apply the acquired concepts for the resolution of practical exercises related to the identification and classification of substances based on Their activity on the body, the effect of chirality on pharmacological activity, the possibility of separating organic isomers and the general methodologies for their analysis and their recognition.
Making judgments: The course offers links to other disciplines (Physics, General Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Computational Chemistry and Genetics) by providing an integrated knowledge. The student's critical judgment will be stimulated by constantly referring to the reading of recent studies published in scientific journals, questioning the current issues related to some of the core concepts of the discipline. Thanks to the multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature of organic chemistry, it will be also possible to link the acquired concepts to other disciplines, allowing the student to form his own autonomy of judgment about the effectiveness of an integrated scientific approach.
Communication skills: At the end of each part of the course, the students will be invited to form working groups to develop solutions and compete with others in solving practical exercises. The educational gain is aimed at increasing the communication skills and the ability to know how to work in a group, all aimed at consolidating the acquired concepts.
Learning Skills: Students' learning abilities will be evaluated during the course of the course by exonerary tests that will allow you to individually monitor the maturation state of the knowledge, highlighting the student's ability to return.
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BIZZARRI Bruno Mattia
( syllabus)
Module A STRUCTURE
Alkanes and cycloalkanes. Introduction. Structure. Sp3 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Isomerism of structure. Conformational analysis (ethane, cyclohexane). Stability of cycloalkanes (angle strain, torsional strain, tension steric). Derivatives of cyclohexane (stereoisomery cis-trans). Bicyclic alkanes and polycyclic. Natural role and applications of alkanes.
Alkenes. Introduction .. Structure. Sp2 hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties. Stability (heat of hydrogenation, heat of combustion). Nomenclature system (E) - (Z) for alkenes. Cicloalcheni.Funzione biological.
Alkynes. Introduction. Structure. Sp hybridization. Nomenclature. Physical Properties.
Functional groups and classes of organic compounds. Alkyl halides. Alcohols. Ethers. Amines. Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids. Esters and amides. Introduction. Structure. Nomenclature. Physical Properties.
Stereochemistry. Introduction. Chirality of carbon. Enantiomers and chiral molecules. Graphical representation. Nomenclature (R) (S). Optical activity (specific optical rotation, definition of racemate, optical purity). Diastereoisomers (meso compounds). Chiral molecules without chiral carbons.
Aromatic compounds. Introduction. Benzene. Structure and stability. Huckel rule. Other aromatic compounds. Nomenclature of benzene derivatives. Induction phenomena and resonance. Heterocyclic aromatic compounds. The aromatic compounds in biochemistry.
Carbohydrates. Classification. Monosaccharides. Mutarotation and formation of glucosides. Configuration D or L. Disaccharides. Polysaccharides.
Protein. Structure of the amino acids. Nomenclature. Peptide bond. Oligopeptides.
Nucleic acids. Purine and pyrimidine nucleic bases. Nucleosides. Nucleotides. Oligonucleotides.
Lipids.
Form B. THE REACTIVITY '
Reactions of alkanes and cycloalkanes. Chlorination of methane. Free radicals. Stability and structure. Thermodynamics and kinetics. Halogenation of higher alkanes.
Ionic reactions of substitution and elimination. Formation of carbocations. Stability and structure. Nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN2 reaction. SN1 reaction. Mechanisms and trends stereochimici.Effetti solvent and leaving group. Elimination reactions. E1 reaction. E2 reaction. Competition between substitution and elimination. Substitution reactions and elimination of biological interest.
Reactions of the C = C double bond. Addition reaction. Addition of hydrogen halides. Markovnikov rule.
( reference books)
Chimica Organica Essenziale 2a Edizione a cura di Bruno Botta (ediermes)
Guida Ragionata allo Svolgimento di Esercizi si Chimica Organica. D'Auria, Scafati, Zampella (Loghia)
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7
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CHIM/06
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48
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Basic compulsory activities
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ITA |
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15339 -
MICROBIOLOGIA
(objectives)
The course will enable students to understand the morphological, physiological and metabolic characteristics of microorganisms (with particular reference to prokaryotes), their role in nature and interactions with other organisms including humans. Furthermore it will allow to learn the basic techniques for the manipulation of microorganisms in the laboratory, for their identification and for the study of microbial communities. The course will provide a framework for understanding current issues related to microorganisms and their potential applications (e.g. the importance of microorganisms for humans and other animals, their potential in biotechnology, the dangers of some microorganisms and the necessary countermeasures to cancel potential damages of these). The course will provide the basis for further specialized studies in the field of microbial ecology, environmental and medical microbiology.
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BARGHINI Paolo
( syllabus)
History of microbiology: discovery of the microbial world; the “Abiogeny” dispute, microorganisms and their environment, impact of microorganisms on man.
Citology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: general concepts, structure and ultra-structure of bacterial cells, structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane, transports through the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, structure and function, the cell wall of Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaeal and eukaryotic cell walls, capsules and other envelopes, motility, flagella and chemotaxis, endospores structure and function.
Cell physiology: reminders of chemistry and cell biochemistry (redox reactions, hydrogen and electron transport, high energy compounds), biological energy production, glycolysis and alternative pathways; NAD re-oxidation: fermentations (alcoholic and lactic); aerobic respiration (TCA, electron transport phosphorylation, energy balance in respiration), mentions of anaerobic respiration and biosynthesis.
Microbial growth: growth of a single cell and of a microbial population, diauxic growth, effect of environmental parameters on growth (pH, temperature, etc.), methods for the control of microbial growth.
Microbial genetic: mentions to molecular genetics (replication, transcription, translation, genetic code and mutations, etc.), regulation of protein synthesis and activity, genetic elements, bacterial recombination.
Mention of microbial ecology and environmental biotechnology: isolation and identification of environmental microorganisms, principal biogeochemical cycles (Carbon, Nitrogen, etc.), interaction between microorganisms and other organisms, role of microorganisms in environmental decontamination, aerobic/anaerobic catabolism of environmental pollutants, treatment of water and wastewater.
Basic microbiology laboratory techniques. The microscope and mentions of optical physics, preparation of microscope slides, the electron microscope, the pure culture, mention of microbial nutrition, preparation of culture media, theory and practice of sterilization, measure of microbial growth.
( reference books)
Dehò Gianni e Galli Enrica: Biologia dei microrganismi – III edizione. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana (2018).
Brock Biologia dei microorganismi: microbiologia generale, ambientale e industriale. 14° edizione (2016). Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
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6
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BIO/19
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48
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Core compulsory activities
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ITA |
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17366 -
ECOLOGIA GENERALE E DI POPOLAZIONI
(objectives)
The course aims to provide solid basic knowledge on the structure and functioning of environmental systems, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms that determine both the distribution and abundance of organisms as well as their relations with the environment. The course aims to enhance the hierarchical and interdisciplinary nature of ecology with the aim of encouraging students to deal with complex and multi-scalar disciplines and problems. This objective is reflected in the organization of the program that runs through the hierarchical ladder of ecological organization, from the mechanisms underlying biodiversity (evolutionary ecology), passing through the relationships between organisms and species (population ecology) up to the structure and functioning of communities (community ecology). The course will provide the basis for further specialized studies in ecosystem and applied ecology, biodiversity conservation and sustainable environmental management.
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NASCETTI Giuseppe
( syllabus)
The historical development of ecology; Ecology and its domain; Current state of ecological research in Italy. Ecology of organisms-physical environment relationships: conditions; spatial and temporal variations; adaptations in response to changes in environmental conditions; limiting factors; tolerance range; environmental optimum; biological rhythms - factors and climatic elements; classification of climates; bands and phytogeographic zones; outline of paleoclimatology; the soil (solid, fluid and gaseous phase); hints of pedogenesis; soil classifications; humus; biological activity of the soil. Evolutionary ecology: genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; genetic variability; evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; balanced polymorphism - linkage disequilibrium; super-geniuses; genetic divergence; species concept; reproductive isolation mechanisms; speciation mechanisms; hybrid areas and reinforcement; twin species; biodiversity at the genetic level. Field exercises.
( reference books)
L. Bullini, S. Pignatti, A Virzo De Santo, "Ecologia Generale". UTET E.
Odum, "Basi di Ecologia", Piccin Editore. E.
Odum, G.W. Barret "Fundamentals of Ecology", Brooks/Cole Pub Co.
C.J. Krebs "Ecology", Neebo Ed.
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CANESTRELLI Daniele
( syllabus)
General Ecology - The historical development of ecology; Ecology and its domain; Current state of ecological research in Italy. Ecology of the interactions between organisms and the physical environment: Conditions; Spatial and temporal variations; Adaptations in response to variations in environmental conditions; Limiting factors; Tolerance ranges; Environmental optima; Biological rhythms - climatic factors; Classification of climates; Phytogeographic zonation; Hints of paleoclimatology; Soil (solid, fluid and gaseous phase); Elements of paedogenesis; Soil classification; humus; Biological soil activity.
Evolutionary Ecology - Genetic analysis of populations; Hardy-Weinberg's law; Genetic variability; Evolutionary forces (mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift); inbreeding; Wahlund effect; Balanced polymorphisms; Linkage disequilibrium; supergenes; Genetic divergence; Species concept; Reproductive isolation mechanisms; Speciation mechanisms; Hybrid zones and reinforcement; Sibling species; Biodiversity at the genetic level.
Population ecology - Demography and dynamics: population structure and growth; Demographic parameters; Demographic tables; Intrinsic growth rate - numerical regulation of populations; Density dependent and independent factors; Exponential growth; environmental carrying capacity - logistic growth curve. Interspecific interactions: symbiosis; commensalism; inquilinism; antibiosis; parasitism; adaptations to parasitic life; coevolution; predation - adaptations to predation; cryptism; mimicry; intraspecific competition; interspecific competition; ecological niche; Principle of competitive exclusion; character displacement; r and K selection.
( reference books)
L. Bullini, S. Pignatti, A Virzo De Santo, "Ecologia Generale". UTET
E. Odum, "Basi di Ecologia", Piccin Editore.
M. L. Cain, W. D. Bowman, S. D. Hacker, “Ecologia”. Piccin Editore.
Krebs "Ecology", Neebo Ed.
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10
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BIO/07
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48
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32
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Core compulsory activities
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ITA |
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17367 -
ECOLOGIA ECOSISTEMICA
(objectives)
Goals
The goals of this course are to introduce the general concepts and vocabulary to allow discussion of biological systems at the scale of ecosystems and communities and to learn to use those concepts to understand the emergent properties of complex biological systems.
Learning outcomes
The course gives an overview of ongoing ecological research and constitutes a basis for studies for second-cycle studies and work within fields requiring knowledge in ecosystem functioning, community ecology and nutrient cycling.
On completion of the course, the student should be able to:
a) account for theories and models of ecosystem functioning;
b) have a multidisciplinary perspective when approaching ecosystems, communities and nutrient cycles;
c) quantify and interpret diversity patterns;
d) critically review and discuss primary scientific texts in Ecology;
e) demonstrate an ability to identify his/her need of further knowledge.
f) schematically plan, carry out and statistically evaluate an ecological study.
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ARDUINO Paola
( syllabus)
INTRODUCTION: what is ecology, definitions; levels of organization - parts and wholes; hierarchy and scale; difference between ecology and ecologism and environmental awareness;
ECOSYSTEMS: definition, structure and study methods; examples of ecosystems; cybernetic nature of ecosystems;
ENERGY FLUX IN ECOSYSTEMS: solar radiations, impact with the atmosphere and outcomes; photosynthesis and cellular respiration; biomass, production, productivity; measuring methods in terrestrial and aquatic environments; primary productivity of different ecosystems; subsidiary energy; use of global primary productivity by human populations; quality vs. quantity of energy; trophic levels, ecological pyramids; food chains: pasture vs. detritus; food webs; ecological efficiency: Lindeman, consumption, assimilation, production.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES: definition, models and types, study methods; water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur cycles.
COMMUNITIES: what are communities, definition methods: gradient analysis, statistical approach; structure: composition, richness, abundance, evenness, homogeneity (rank-abundance diagrams, diversity indexes), alpha, beta and gamma diversity; successions: types, modes, outcomes; climax concept; mechanisms of successions; disturbance, stability: resilience and resistance; fragility/robustness, complexity/stability, diversity/disturbance, diversity/productivity (hypotheses and models).
( reference books)
TEXT
Bullini L., Pignatti S., Virzo De Santo A. (1998). Ecologia generale. UTET, Torino.
Available at the Library.
Lecture files are available: please contact me by e-mail: arduino@unitus.it.
OTHER TEXTS (WITH ENGLISH EDITIONS)
Odum E., Barrett G.W. (2006). Fondamenti di ecologia. Piccin. (3° ed. italiana su 5° inglese, 2005).
Odum E. (1988). Basi di Ecologia. Piccin, Padova.
Colinvaux P. (1995). Ecologia. EdiSES.
Townsend C.R., Harper J.L., Begon M. (2001). L'essenziale di ecologia. Zanichelli, Bologna.
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6
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BIO/07
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48
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Core compulsory activities
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ITA |
