Teacher
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LO MONACO Angela
(syllabus)
The course is held in Italian Microscopic characteristics of wood. Organization of xylem tissues in the stem. Description of the cellular elements (tracheids, tracheas, fibers, parenchyma, epithelial cells, channels and intercellular spaces). Chemical composition and ultrastructure of wood (outline). Elemental chemical composition, organic components, ultrastructural architecture of the wall, effects of chemical constituents and the ultra-structure on the properties of wood. Use of keys for the microscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Macroscopic characteristics of wood. Fundamental anatomical sections. Sapwood and heartwood. Color. Large anatomical elements. Grain, design, texture, shine, other organoleptic characteristics. Use of keys for macroscopic recognition of the taxon closest to the specific one Variations in the structure of the wood. Variations within a tree, horizontal, vertical, between different trees of the same species. Notes on wood of branches and roots. Defects and anomalies of round and sawn wood Growth anomalies. Anomalies in the anatomical constitution of the stems (reaction wood, chives, resin pockets). Color anomalies. Anomalies due to aging. Defects from abnormal cellular content and extractives. Defects in the shape of the arboreal stems, curvature, irregular and eccentric sections, protuberances, tapering. Knots. Marrow. Biological alterations from bacteria, fungi, insects and other animals. Growth rate. Frost cracks, lightning strikes, top breaking, felling tear, incorrect limbing. Foreign bodies incorporated, natural (concretions) or of other origin. Defects of the sawn timber present at the origin or induced by processing. Alterations to the wood (notes) Abiotic factors. Biotic factors (Bacteria, Fungi, Higher plants, Insects, Marine organisms, other animals). Fire wood relationships. Upper and lower calorific value. Combustion. Carbonization. Fire resistant Test methods, classifications, physical and mechanical characteristics. Technical regulations. Standards and regulatory bodies. Types of evidence. Sampling. Test conditions. Sample size. Structural wood Density Direct determination. Sampling. Factors affecting the density. Density variations. Relations between water and wood. Hygroscopicity. Saturation water and imbibition water. Wood moisture measurement. Moisture in the tree. Air humidity Properties of air-vapor mixtures. Relative humidity measurement. Wood moisture Desorption and adsorption. Maximum moisture content. Moisture content under constant atmospheric conditions. Cell wall saturation point. Moisture content in variable atmospheric conditions. Dimensional variations. Shrinkage and swelling. Factors affecting shrinkage and swelling. Anisotropy of shrinkage and swelling. Determination of shrinkage and swelling. Consequences of dimensional variations. Round and sawn assortments. Mechanical properties of wood Types of stresses. Resistance to compression, traction, bending, shear, impact, penetration or hardness, wear Elementary woodworking, hints. Machining with or without chip removal. Wood characteristics relevant for processing. Band saws, reciprocating and circular, with chain. Sheeters and sheeters Sawn timber Raw material and products. Organization of a sawmill. Production techniques (sawing performance, cutting systems and methods, technological defects). Plants and production lay-out. Seasoning in the air. Factors that influence seasoning. Stacks. Artificial drying. Correction of drying defects. Notes on preservative treatments Notes on derivatives. Peeled, sliced, panels Outlines of forest utilisation
(reference books)
Lo Monaco – Gli appunti dalle lezioni sono utili quale traccia per lo studio dei diversi argomenti sui testi consigliati: G. BONAMINI, L. UZIELLI, R. ZANUTTINI - Elementi di Tecnologia del legno e Utilizzazioni forestali Vol. I Dispensa pubblicata dal Servizio Stamperia e Fotoriproduzione dell'Università degli Studi di Trento, rev. 1996. Disponibile pdf gratuito. R. NARDI BERTI R., La struttura anatomica del legno ed il riconoscimento dei legnami italiani di più corrente impiego. Contributi scientifico pratici per una migliore conoscenza e utilizzazione del legno. CNR IRL. (in Biblioteca, privilegiare l’ultima edizione) Anselmi N. Govi G. Patologia del legno 1996 Edagricole. Disponibile in Biblioteca
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