Teacher
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MAZZAGLIA Angelo
(syllabus)
Introduction to the course, historical notes and examples of invasive organisms with significant economic and social impact.
GENERAL PART Concept of phytosanitary emergency. Concept of alien or invasive organism. Main causes of phytosanitary emergencies: climate change and its impact on the environment, the host plant and the invasive organism; natural spread and voluntary and involuntary anthropogenic diffusion of invasive organisms; effect of the management changes in agriculture and in the forest environment. Recall of the basic concepts of plant and forest pathology: disease, damage, injury; the disease triangle; the classification of diseases. Recall of the main notions related to the biology of the causal agents of phytosanitary emergencies: viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, parasite phanerogams, insects. The invasive process and the epidemiology of the causal agents of phytosanitary emergencies: transport, establishment, spread and impact. Forecast models of spread. The diagnostic process in phytosanitary emergencies: critical approach to diagnosis, anamnesis, observations, collection and storage of samples. Basic methodologies: laboratory diagnosis in vivo and in vitro, isolation of the pathogen, microscopic observation of the structures. Modern methodologies: immunological (ELISA, Lateral Flow Assay, etc.) and molecular (standard and real time PCR, PCR applications for the diagnosis and characterization of pathogens and parasites) methods; outline of the use of bioinformatics for the characterization of pathogens. Management of phytosanitary emergencies: Pre-introduction strategies to limit the entry of invading phytopathogenic organisms into exempt territories. Phytosanitary barriers at the borders: how the phytosanitary services are organized at regional and national level; the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), Lists A1 and A2; the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The Pest Risk Assessment (PRA). Post-introduction strategies: eradication and containment measures. National and European phytosanitary legislation.
SPECIAL SECTION Past phytosanitary emergencies (case studies of introduced organisms): - bark chestnut canker by Cryphonectria parasitica; - Dutch elm disease by Ophiostoma ulmi and novo-ulmi; - canker stain disease of plane tree by Ceratocystis platani; - bark canker of cypress by Seiridium cardinale; - conifers root rot by Heterobasidion annosum s.l .; - fire blight of pome fruit by Erwinia amylovora;
Recent phytosanitary emergencies (case studies of introduced organisms): - Olive Quick Decline syndrome by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca; - bacterial kiwi canker by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae; - Leaf scorching on forest tree species by Xylella fastidiosa - Sharka stone by Plum Plox Potyvirus (PPV) - Poplar canker by Hypoxylon mammatum; - ash dieback by Chalara fraxinea; - Sudden death of the oak by Phytophthora ramorum - Resinous pine canker by Gibberella circinata - Peer decline by "Candidatus Phytoplasma piri" - poplar rust by Melampsora medusae
Phytosanitary emergencies not yet occurred (EPPO List A1) - Oak wilt by Ceratocystis fagacearum; - Eastern filbert blight by Anisogramma anomala; - black stain root disease by Ophiostoma wageneri - Eastern pine gall rust by Cronartium quercuum
(reference books)
Books: - Parassiti delle piante arboreee forestali ed ornamentali. Specie introdotte e di temuta introduzione, Panconesi A., Moricca S., Ragazzi A., Dellavalle I., Tiberi R. Patron Editore - Elementi di Patologia Forestale, Capretti P. e Ragazzi A., Patron Editore
The slides of the lessons and the supplementary material proposed during the lessons are provided on Google Classroom.
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