Biological Invasions: general concepts and glossary; concept of introduction, naturalization; acclimatization and invasion; examples of biological invasions; factors associated to risk of introduction. Invasive Forest Pathogens: dimension of the problem. Introduction to pathways: living plants trade; timber trade; seed and propagation material trade; unregulated pathways: wood manufactured products; examples. Strategies of invasions: host jump; hybridization; differential evolution. Impacts: economic; on biodiversity; on carbon dioxide fixation; on cultural heritage; examples. Phytosanitary regulations: ICPP, SPS agreement, NPPO, Phytosanitary services; EPPO products, quarantine organisms lists; EPPO standards; Pest Risk Analysis. Invasive Forest Pathogens: European situation; vulnerability of EU countries to invasion. Pest Risk Analysis: concepts and examples. Constraints of the Phytosanitary regulations; possible solutions: search of centers of origin; the sentinel tree strategy. Introduction to diagnostic. Serological diagnostics: polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies; the antigen; the ELISA test; molecular methods: PCR; the concept of markers; characteristics of markers for molecular diagnostics; general and specific primer sets; practical application. Molecular diagnostic: multiplex and nested conventional PCR; quantitative PCR, TaqMan and SYBR Green technologies; examples of application; proof of the vitality of the pathogen: mRNA as a template; the dqRT-PCR approach; the HTS approach; the use of EPPO diagnostic standards. Phytosanitary forest monitoring: introduction; proximal and remote sensing activities, advantages and disadvantages. Phytosanitary monitoring in European countries (the example of France) and Italy. Phytosanitary monitoring: ICP forests monitoring in Europe: Levels 1 and 2. Plant Viruses: structure, cycle, vectors, epidemiology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and control; examples of viral diseases Introduction to Phytoplasmas and Spyroplasmas: disease cycle, vectors, symptomatology, epidemiology, detection & diagnosis; taxonomy; an example of Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas diseases. Introduction to Bacteria: morphology, biology, ecology, symptomatology, phytopathogenic bacteria; diagnosis and taxonomy; an example of bacterial diseases. Oomycetes: taxonomic context; morphology, biology, epidemiology; an example of Phytophthora diseases. Laboratory practical work on specimens collection; binocular observation; microscopic observation; application of identification keys; isolation from samples onto growing media. DNA extraction from fungal cultures; separation on agarose gel and observation; sample preparation for PCR reaction; PCR amplification and run of agarose gel for amplicons separation; Sequence analysis and BLAST on GeneBank.

Teacher PPT presentation; scientific papers; online software; web sites

Vertebrates, origin, general characteristics and classification of the subphylum.
Pisces s.l .: general characteristics and diversity; notes on freshwater fish of the Italian fauna.
Amphibians: general characteristics, adaptations, diversity and classification; the urodeles and the anurans of the Italian fauna.
Reptiles: general characteristics, adaptations, diversity and classification; terrestrial and freshwater reptiles of fauna
Italian.
Birds: general characteristics, adaptations, diversity and classification; the Italian birdlife with particular regard
to forest and mountain environments; notes on the birds of the umde and coastal areas.
Mammals: general characteristics, adaptations, diversity and classification; terrestrial mammals of the Italian fauna
with particular regard to forest and mountain environments; notes on marine mammals.
Conservation aspects of terrestrial vertebrates of Italian fauna (extinct species, threatened species, species
allochthonous, problematic species).
Biogeography of terrestrial vertebrates of Italian fauna.

PPT of the lessons.
Generalità
Baccetti et al., Zoologia - Trattato italiano - Grasso Editoriale, pp. 953-1193.
Westheide W., Rieger R., 2011. Zoologia sistematica. Zanichelli.
Presentazioni delle lezioni
Fauna italiana
AA. VV., La Fauna in Italia. Touring Club Italiano:
Cap. Anfibi, Rettili e Mammiferi, pp. 120-149
Cap. Gli Uccelli, pp. 150-162
Cap. Pesci [no]
Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti d‘acqua dolce, pp. 198-202
Cap. Uccelli degli ambienti costieri, pp. 242-246