Teacher
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MADONNA Sergio
(syllabus)
Introduction to the terrestrial system as a complex and dynamic system: the concept of resilience, and feedback, positive and negative; reserves and natural resources. Geologic hazard and risk: global changes and local catastrophes; fragility of the Italian territory; hydrogeological instability, the role of forest vegetation for soil and water conservation; The costs of hydrogeological instability. Origin and evolution of the Earth system: The hypothesis of the nebula; planetesimals and planetoids; the processes of differentiation of the terrestrial planetoid; evolution of the lithosphere of the atmosphere of the hydrosphere and the biosphere. The appearance of terrestrial vegetation and its effects on erosion processes and rocks cycle. Structure and composition of the Earth: the main subdivisions and methods of observation of the interior of the Earth; astronomical data and direct observations (surface data and probing perforations); seismic waves and seismology. Seismic hazard and risk: earthquakes and tsunamis. The terrestrial system and its dynamics: atmosphere (the main convective cells), hydrosphere (mechanisms of ocean circulation, the hydrogeological cycle), lithosphere (introduction to the theory of plate tectonics); the role of the biosphere. The Earth's magnetic field: role origin and its variations, paleomagnetism and paleomagnetic dating. The representation of the shapes of the terrestrial relief: introduction to the reading of topographic maps. Brief of territorial information systems and open source GIS: the national geoportal and regional portals. Minerals: minerals and crystals: classification principles; morphological approach to the study of crystals; symmetry and crystalline systems; structure and properties of the main groups of minerals making up the rocks, the methods of studying minerals useful for their recognition in the rocks Introduction to the study of rocks: brief on the main groups of rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) and on the principles used for their classification; the description of the rocks in the legend of geological maps (lithostratigraphic units), brief on the technical classification of rocks based on mechanical behavior and permeability; brief on the modes of circulation of groundwater (the main types of aquifers and springs), criteria for the unification of rocks in lithological and geomorphological units having similar characteristics). Introduction to reading geological maps. The Geological Map of Italy on a scale of 1: 100,000; the CARG project and the state of implementation of the New Geological Map of Italy on a scale of 1: 50,000. Brief on the use of online services of the national Geoportal and the Geological Service portal. Plate tectonics and orogenic processes. Rock deformation processes: characteristics and nomenclature of the main types of folds and faults. The processes of physical disintegration and chemical alteration of rocks and their effects on the formation of residual rocks, on the chemism of the waters, on the composition of the atmosphere and on the genesis of sedimentary rocks and soils: the hydrolysis of silicates and the formation of minerals clay; the processes of dissolution of carbonate and evaporitic rocks, karst and pseudocarsic processes and the processes of formation of continental carbonate deposits produced by cold mineralized waters (speleothemes and calcareous tufa). Igneous rocks: processes of consolidation and magmatic differentiation; the main groups of intrusive and effusive igneous rocks (classification, modality of putting in place, description in the legend of the geological maps, hints on the technical characteristics): The intrusive hypoabysmal and Filonian igneous rocks; Pyroclastic rocks; the lavas. Volcanoes and volcanic risk: plate volcanic and tectonic activity; the main types of volcanic activity; the main types of volcanoes; danger and volcanic risk; hydrothermal activity and continental carbonate deposits produced by thermonimeral waters. Sedimentary rocks: transport and sedimentation erosion processes; classification of the main types of sedimentary rocks; the processes of lithification and diagenesis. The principles of stratigraphy and the Italian Guide to Stratigraphic classification and terminology. The geological time and its measure: the fossils and the relative dating; radiometric methods of rock dating; chronostratigraphic and geochronological units; the geological time scale and mass extinction events. The environment and marine deposits: The terrestrial environment, and siliciclastic rocks, turbiditic (Flysch); the carbonate environment and the carbonate marine rocks (limestone and dolomite); transitional, pelagic and abyssal environments and their deposits The environment and the coastal deposits: the action of wave motion, the main types of coastal forms and deposits, the problems of coastal erosion. The environment and continental deposits: gravitational processes and mass transport: debris, slope deposits and colluvial and eluvial deposits; landslides and slow slope movements (creep and solifuction); classification of landslides; the IFFI (Inventory of landslides in Italy) project. The environment and continental deposits: the erosive processes due to the action of surface waters: fluvial processes and forms (linear processes); the concept of a river basin; alluvial and lacustrine deposits, the concept of equilibrium profile and basic level, terraced deposits; floods and instability phenomena related to the action of surface waters; accelerated erosion and soil loss the phenomena of gully erosion. The environment and continental deposits: wind and desert processes The environment and continental deposits: glacial forms and processes Rocks and metamorphic processes; metamorphic structures; classification of metamorphic rocks; plate metamorphism and tectonics. The Earth's climate system: climatic variations and extreme weather events
(reference books)
GROTZINGER J., PRESS F. ,SIEVER R., JORDAN T.H - Understanding Earth - Published 2006 by W. H. Freeman (first published February 1st 2006) BUTLER B. C. M, BELL J. - Interpretation of Geological Maps. Longman Scientific & Technical ISTITUTO GEOGRAFICO MILITARE - Italia - Atlante dei Tipi Geografici Editore:Istituto Geografico Militare Edizione: 2004 Scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.igmi.org/pubblicazioni/atlante_tipi_geografici/index.php . Progetto CARG - Cartografia geologica e geotematica -Linee guida per la realizzazione della Carta Geologica e Geotematica alla scala 1:50.000 Quaderno n1 e n 3 scaricabile gratuitamente dal sito: http://www.apat.gov.it/site/it-IT/Progetti/Progetto_CARG_-_Cartografia_geologica_e_geotematica/Linee_guida/
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