The kingdoms of the living. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The animal cell: PLASMA MEMBRANE: structure and functions. ENDOMEMBRANE system: Rough endoplasmic reticule and ribosomes: Role in protein synthesis and maturation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis and exocytosis. Lysosomes. Basics of METABOLISM. Glycolysis. Aerobic metabolism: Mitochondria, peroxisomes. CYTOSCHELETER and cell motility: Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments. MEMBRANE JUNCTIONS: structural and functional correlation with the cytoskeleton. NUCLEUS (eukaryotic cells): Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, chromatin, nucleus. CELL REPRODUCTION: Mitosis, Meiosis (1CFU) - The genetic basis of variability: mutation, recombination, selection; -Micro and macroevolution. Origin and evolution of species: speciation and speciation mechanisms; - history of evolutionary theories - formal genetics: Mendel's laws; - population genetics: the gene pool, the Hardy-Weinberg theory, natural and experimental distribution and modification of genetic variability, - structure and function of the animal body. The organism: asexual and sexual reproduction, spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization, respiration, circulation, excretion and osmotic regulation, digestion, movement, nervous system and sense organs, embryonic development, direct and indirect development, metamorphosis. - interpretation of animal genomes; physiological adaptation mechanisms of the species in relation to the chemical-physical variables; animal behavior in relation to reproduction and environmental variables. (3CFU) - Main animal phyla (general characteristics): Protists. Porifera. Coelenterates. Platyhelminthes. Nematodes. Rotifers. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. Echinoderms. Chordates. (4 CFU)

- Solomon E.P., Berg L. R., Martin D.W. BIOLOGIA. (settima ediz.) Edises
-Russell P.J., Wolfe S.L., Hertz P.E., Starr C., McMillan B. BIOLOGIA (2010) Edises
-D. SADAVA, H. C. HELLER, G. H ORIANS, W. K PURVES, D. M. HILLIS. Biologia. Quarta edizione italiana. 2015 (event. anche solo voll. 2, 3, 5, 6)
- Raven P.H., Johnson G.B. Biologia. Piccin ed., 2012 (anche singoli volumi).
- Fondamenti di Zoologia. Hickman et al. MC Graw & Hill - Diversità animale. Hickman et al. Mc Graw & Hill